gold rush淘金熱英文簡介

TheGoldRush2021/5/91Agoldrush

isaperiodoffeverishmigrationofworkerstoanareathathashadadramaticdiscoveryofgold

deposits.Majorgoldrushestookplaceinthe19thcenturyinAustralia,NewZealand,Brazil,Canada,SouthAfrica,andtheUnitedStates,whilesmallergoldrushestookplaceelsewhere.Briefintroduction2021/5/92TheCaliforniaGoldRush(1848–1855)beganonJanuary24,1848,whengoldwasfoundbyJamesW.MarshallatSutter'sMillinColoma,California.ThefirsttohearconfirmedinformationofthegoldrushwerethepeopleinOregon,theSandwichIslands(Hawaii),andLatinAmerica,whowerethefirsttostartflockingtothestateinlate1848.Allinall,thenewsofgoldbroughtsome300,000peopletoCaliforniafromtherestoftheUnitedStatesandabroad.Ofthe300,000,approximatelyhalfarrivedbyseaandhalfcamefromtheeastoverlandontheCaliforniaTrailandtheGilaRivertrail.

2021/5/93Thegold-seekers,called"forty-niners"(asareferenceto1849),oftenfacedsubstantialhardshipsonthetrip.WhilemostofthenewlyarrivedwereAmericans,theGoldRushattractedtensofthousandsfromLatinAmerica,Europe,Australia,andChina.Atfirst,thegoldnuggetscouldbepickedupofftheground.Later,goldwasrecoveredfromstreamsandriverbedsusingsimpletechniques,suchaspanning.Moresophisticatedmethodsweredevelopedandlateradoptedelsewhere.Atitspeak,technologicaladvancesreachedapointwheresignificantfinancingwasrequired,increasingtheproportionofgoldcompaniestoindividualminers.Goldworthtensofbillionsoftoday'sdollarswasrecovered,whichledtogreatwealthforafew.However,manyreturnedhomewithlittlemorethantheyhadstartedwith.

2021/5/94Inthe19thandearly20thcenturies,therewereseveralmajorgoldrushes.Thepermanentwealththatresultedwasdistributedwidelybecauseofreducedmigrationcostsandlowbarrierstoentry.Whilegoldminingitselfwasunprofitableformostdiggersandmineowners,somepeoplemadelargefortunes,andthemerchantsandtransportationfacilitiesmadelargeprofits.Theresultingincreaseintheworld'sgoldsupplystimulatedglobaltradeandinvestment.Historianshavewrittenextensivelyaboutthemigration,trade,colonization,andenvironmentalhistoryassociatedwithgoldrushes.2021/5/95TheeffectsoftheGoldRushweresubstantial.SanFranciscogrewfromasmallsettlementofabout200residentsin1846toaboomtownofabout36,000by1852.Roads,churches,schoolsandothertownswerebuiltthroughoutCalifornia.In1849astateconstitutionwaswritten,agovernorandlegislaturechosenandCaliforniabecameastatein1850aspartoftheCompromiseof1850whichdividedpossibleUSterritoriesintofreeandslavestates.

2021/5/96Newmethodsoftransportationdevelopedassteamshipscameintoregularservice.By1869railroadswerebuiltacrossthecountryfromCaliforniatotheeasternUnitedStates.Agricultureandranchingexpandedthroughoutthestatetomeettheneedsofthesettlers.AtthebeginningoftheGoldRush,therewasnolawregardingpropertyrightsinthegoldfieldsandasystemof"stakingclaims"wasdeveloped.TheGoldRushalsohadnegativeeffects:NativeAmericanswereattackedandpushedofftheirlandsandthemininghascausedenvironmentalharm.Anestimated100,000CaliforniaIndiansdiedbetween1848and1868asaresultofAmericanimmigration.2021/5/97panning:washingsoilorsmallstonesinapantofindgoldorothervaluableminerals（用淘選盤）淘洗；淘金panout:(ofeventsorasituation)todevelopinaparticularway（事情或局面）發(fā)展成……panthework:toseverelycriticizethework嚴(yán)厲批評、抨擊作品

2021/5/98Inapinch的意思是“必要時(shí)、在緊要關(guān)頭”，有人說它起源于淘金熱（goldrush），也有人認(rèn)為這種說法并不可靠。那它究竟起源于何處呢？關(guān)于inapinch起源于淘金熱的說法是有一段小故事的。據(jù)說當(dāng)時(shí)淘金者買東西時(shí)，商人們會把手伸進(jìn)淘金者裝金沙的袋子中，捏（pinch）一撮金沙作為交換。為了能得到更多的金沙，商人們通常會雇傭一些手掌較大的人來完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)。因?yàn)檫@個(gè)過程關(guān)系到商人的既得利益，所以inapinch演變成“在緊要關(guān)頭”的意思也不無道理。

2021/5/99goldbrick指的是anidleworthlessperson（吊兒郎當(dāng)?shù)膽袧h），它的淵源則可追溯到19世紀(jì)美國的“淘金熱”。淘金時(shí)，人們?yōu)榱吮阌谘b運(yùn)黃金，遂把挖出的金塊鑄成磚形，于是，goldbrick應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，在當(dāng)時(shí)指的可是真的“金磚”。不過，到了1879，由于一樁轟動全美的詐騙案，“金磚”在現(xiàn)在倒成了“贗品”和“詐騙”的代名詞。隨著時(shí)間的推移，goldbrick的詞義慢慢擴(kuò)大，現(xiàn)在用來指“游手好閑，吊兒郎當(dāng)?shù)膽袧h、怠工者或騙子”。

2021/5/910grassrootscommunity就是指“基層社區(qū)”。Grassro