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FGM/FGC

GlobalConsultationThePoliticsofFGM/FGCPartnershipBuildingandCommunityAccountabilityMechanism:CaseStudy,UgandaByMargaretThuoAdviser,BehaviourChangeCommunicationandAdvocacy1BackgroundKapchorwadistrictlieswithintheEasternRegionofUganda;about5hoursdrivefromKampalathecapitalcity.Totalnetenrolmentofchildrentoprimaryschoolis91.8%(92.2%forfemales),Malesandfemaleswhocompletesecondaryeducationandaged20+yearsare6.2%.

Outofthetotalfemalesaged20+yearsonly3.6%completesecondaryschoolcomparedto8.8%ofthetotalmalesofthesameage.The2002Censusresultshowthat6.1%ofgirlsagedbetween12and17yearsinthisdistrictaremothers.2KapchorwaDistrictSabinytribeisoneoftheveryfewtribesinUgandathattraditionallypracticeFemaleGenitalCutting(FGC)asaRiteofPassagetoadulthoodandtomarriage.

FGCisperformedbi-annually(evenyear)duringthemonthofDecember.3ThePoliticsofFGM/FGC

Attemptstoeliminatefemalegenitalcuttingmadesincethe80sbythemoreenlightenedmembersofthecommunityandreligiousgroups.HeavyoppositionfromthecommunityencounteredasthiswasseenasanexternalthreattotheSabinyCultureDistrictLocalGovernmentChairman,Mr.PeterKamuroncommissionedastudyontheviewsoftheSabinycommunityregardingFGCMajorityvotedtoretainFGCKamouronandthemembersoftheDistrictCouncilpassedaResolutiontomakeFGCmandatoryCommunityusedtheResolutiontotoharassandforceallgirlstobecut4ParliamentIntervenesMembersofSabinyEldersAssociation(SEA)mobilizedsomegirlstogotoKampalatoreportthemattertoParliament

MinisterforWomeninDevelopmentandtheDeputyMinisterforLocalGovernmentflewtoKapchorwatodialogueonimplicationsoftheResolutionPeterKamuronandhiscommitteeapologizedAnewresolutionpassedtomakeFGCoptionalforfemalesaged18yearsandabove5Pro-FGCCampaignstartsaPro-FGCgroupformedin1998topromoteFGCandtocounteractmessagesfromtheProjectfightingfortheeliminationofFGC(REACH)andSEA.Thepro-FGCgroupwasledbylearnedindividualsincludingprofessors,magistrates,AgriculturalOfficers,LocalGovernmentleadershipandteachers.Thepro-FGCgroupcontributedenoughmoneytoprovidegiftsincludingmoneytofamiliesthatsupportexcision,Pro-FGCcampaignverysuccessfulin1998,withincreaseof36.3%ofFGCprevalenceoverthepreviousperiodEffortsofthepro-culturegroupmobilizefundingwerenotsustained.REACHandSEAcontinuedmobilization,lobbyingandadvocacy6MinistryofHealth—Areyouforusoragainstus?Before2000,DistrictDirectorofMedicalServicesorientedmalecircumcisersandfemale‘surgeons’onhowtoprotectthemselvesandtheirclientsfromHIVandissuedcertificatesMOHmadeitmandatorytouseofoneknifeperclientThecommunitysawthisasaweapontofightREACHprojectandsaid,“EventheMinistryofHealthgivescertificatetoconductFGC,itmustbeOK〞REACHandSEAapproachedtheMinistryofHealthandin2000,itstoppedissuingcertificatestofemale‘‘surgeons’’withastrongwarningtostopFGC.7Caution:PeerEducatorprogrammecanbepoliticizedREACHandSEArecruitedgirlsaspeereducatorstolobbysupportforeliminationofFGCwithintheschoolenvironmentThoseselectedwerethebrighteststudentswithspecificresponsibilityatschoolThiseliminatedgirlsfrompoorfamilieswhowereoftennotgoodperformersbecauseoflackofopportunitiestostudyThepoorgirlsrebelledandoptedtobecutThepeereducators’recruitmentprogrammewasstoppedin1999buttherewerealready354peereducatorswhocontinuedtofightagainstFGC.8CultureorsurvivalTheuneducatedyouthsseeFGCisanopportunitytogetsheepandcowsTheyaredifficultgrouptowinThereasonistocontinuewith‘AgeSet’celebrations(whenagrouppassesthroughariteofpassage)--theyseethisastheonlysourceofincomeTheyarealsousedbythepro-FGCgrouptocontinuetoopposetheeliminationofFGC9Concientization(learning,reflection,questioningandparticipation)canbeviewedaspoliticalIn2002,REACHviewedasanentrypointtopoliticsThepoliticalpowerstruggleledtothekillingoftheKapchorwaChiefDistrictAdministrativeOfficerinDecember2002whowasalsotheSignatoryofREACHproject.Whowasnext?ThehusbandofBeatricethecoordinatorThiscreatedanotherhumanrightsproblemforBeatrice,Thein-lawsinsistedthatshemustbeinheritedotherwiseshelosesallpropertyrightsBeatricerefusedtobeinheritedandshelostallpropertyrightsincludinglossofhertenacresoflandfordefyingthetraditionThedeterminationandcommitmentofBeatricetofightforwomen’srightsisunequalled.

10FightfromallanglesThePro-FGCGroupsometimeshavehiddenpoliticalAgenda

ThevocalPro-FGCgrouparetheeducatedandenlightenedpeople,yettheythemselvesdonotallowtheirdaughterstobecutFewPoliticalleaderswhoforfearlosingvoteslackcommitmenttospeakoutagainstFGCLetusthereforenotforgetthepoliticalangleofFGM/FGCLetusrememberourstaffinthefrontlinewhosecouragehasmadeusreachwhereweare

11PartnershipBuilding:WinningtheOppositionPeterKamuronisamongthoseinterviewedandispresentlyaHumanRightsActivistespeciallyforwomenandhasestablishedandanHumanRightsNGO.Hismessageis:‘Oncethegirliscut,sheiscutoff’

12WinningtheOppositionMaryYapkwopei,aformerpro-FGMandnowacouncillorandasupporter/advocatefortheeliminationofFGC

13ThenewgenerationSimonAlele,DistrictPopulationofficer,BukwaDistrictandthesonofMaryYapkwopei14Partnership:LawEnforcementInstitutionsTheChiefMagistratemiddle,TheProsecutorleft,PolicemanrightallwithonemindtobringtoanendFGCinkapchorwa15TheGovernmentSupportMinistryofHealthintheforefrontandtheadvocates16OurFutureWeneedtobuildpartnershipwiththeyoungonestoo17CommunityAccountabilityMechanismReligiousleaders,bothMuslimandChristians,elders,advocates,womengroupsmeettoaccountfortheireffortstostopthecutting18CommunityAccountabilityMechanismEventhepolicearenotspared19Kapchorwa:FGCTrendin20065sub-countiesregisteringZeroFGCprevalence—notasinglegirlwascut5subcounties,FGCprevalencetrendisgoingdown4subcountiesFGCrisingVision:TohavezeroprevalenceofFGCby202120WherearewewithREACHin2007Followingtheassessment,UNFPARepresentative,Ugandausedthelessonslearnedtomobilize