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STYLEREF"標(biāo)題1"\n3STYLEREF"標(biāo)題1"討論研究結(jié)果文獻(xiàn)檢索與篩選結(jié)果本研究在各數(shù)據(jù)庫中共檢索到2348篇文獻(xiàn),可能被納入的全文有105篇,最終只有20篇文獻(xiàn)符合本研究,共包含677位研究對(duì)象。見圖1-1。數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索文獻(xiàn)(n=2348)去除重復(fù)文獻(xiàn)后去除重復(fù)文獻(xiàn)后(n=1422)根據(jù)題目和摘要(n=根據(jù)題目和摘要(n=1317)閱讀全文后排除(n=閱讀全文后排除(n=85)研究對(duì)象不符合:n=31干預(yù)措施不符合:n=24對(duì)照措施不符合:n=5結(jié)局指標(biāo)不符合:n=2不是RCT:n=5灰色文獻(xiàn):n=10計(jì)劃書:n=3非英語:n=2二次發(fā)表:n=3納入研究的全文(n=105)納入定性分析的文獻(xiàn)納入定性分析的文獻(xiàn)(n=20)納入定量分析的文獻(xiàn)納入定量分析的文獻(xiàn)(Meta分析)(n=19)圖1-1系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)和Meta分析的PRISMA流程圖納入文獻(xiàn)的基本特征本研究納入的20篇文獻(xiàn)分布在美國、澳大利亞、新西蘭、伊朗、瑞典、巴西、加拿大等國家,發(fā)表于1986年至2018年期間。樣本量最少的是13例ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[66],最大者為96例ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>vanVilsteren</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>42310</RecNum><DisplayText>[70]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>42310</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tpp2zwtvifwwrrezes8xtr9ipptf5as5xd9f"timestamp="1544345414">42310</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>vanVilsteren,Mcba</author><author>deGreef,M.H.G.</author><author>Huisman,R.M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Theeffectsofalow-to-moderateintensitypre-conditioningexerciseprogrammelinkedwithexercisecounsellingforsedentaryhaemodialysispatientsinTheNetherlands:resultsofarandomizedclinicaltrial</title><secondary-title>NephrologyDialysisTransplantation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NephrologyDialysisTransplantation</full-title></periodical><pages>141-146</pages><volume>20</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0931-0509</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000226702200021</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><styleface="underline"font="default"size="100%"><GotoISI>://WOS:000226702200021</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1093/ndt/gfh560</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[70]。納入的研究對(duì)象中平均年齡最小的是36歲,平均年齡的最大的是70歲ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[97]。一個(gè)研究中可能包含兩到三種干預(yù)方式,如Afshar的研究中包含有氧和抗阻形式ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Afshar</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>42086</RecNum><DisplayText>[27]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>42086</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tpp2zwtvifwwrrezes8xtr9ipptf5as5xd9f"timestamp="1542339107">42086</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Afshar,R.</author><author>Shegarfy,L.</author><author>Shavandi,N.</author><author>Sanavi,S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effectsofaerobicexerciseandresistancetrainingonlipidprofilesandinflammationstatusinpatientsonmaintenancehemodialysis</title><secondary-title>Indianjournalofnephrology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Indianjournalofnephrology</full-title></periodical><pages>185‐189</pages><volume>20</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><accession-num>CN-00797858</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><styleface="underline"font="default"size="100%">/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-00797858/full</style></url></related-urls></urls><research-notes><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">有氧強(qiáng)度12-16;抗阻強(qiáng)度是15-17;阻力、中強(qiáng)有氧、對(duì)照—尿素清除率</style></research-notes></record></Cite></EndNote>[27],Konstantinidou的研究中則涉及居家有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)、門診結(jié)合運(yùn)動(dòng),血透中結(jié)合運(yùn)動(dòng)三種運(yùn)動(dòng)類型ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[98]。本研究納入的文獻(xiàn)共納入25個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)類型,其中有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)最受歡迎,高達(dá)14個(gè)ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[27,28,51,65,66,71,80,82,97-101](Reboredo2011、Dobsak2012、Koh2010、Afshar2010、Konstantinidou2002、Kouidi2010、Reboredo2010、Goldberg1986、Toussaint2008、Cooke2018、groussard2015、deligiannis1999、PARSONS2004),緊接著是7個(gè)結(jié)合運(yùn)動(dòng)ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[28,70,79,98,99,102],最后就是4個(gè)抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[25-27,83]。18個(gè)研究均在血透中運(yùn)動(dòng)ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[27,65,71,80,82,97-100],其余在非血透時(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[25,28,66,82,98],包括居家、門診、血透前進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)。干預(yù)時(shí)間在8周ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[27,66]至12個(gè)月之間ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[99,101]。干預(yù)持續(xù)時(shí)間為3個(gè)月ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[25,26,51,70,80,97,100,102]和6個(gè)月ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[82,98](16,24)的研究居多。在運(yùn)動(dòng)頻率方面,干預(yù)頻率為每周3次的研究最多ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATAADDINEN.CITE.DATA[25-28,51,65,66,79,80,82,83,97-102],其他研究為每周2到3次ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[79],研究頻率最多的為每周5次ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[28,98],還有一項(xiàng)研究未報(bào)道干預(yù)頻率ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[101](27)。運(yùn)動(dòng)的強(qiáng)度常用55%—60%的peakVO2和14—16分Borg自覺費(fèi)力程度表測(cè)量ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[25,27,28,65,70,80,98,101](13,14,23,24,27,30,35,37)。單次運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間在15分鐘ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[66,82](16,31)到90分鐘ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[28,79,98,99](25,30,33,34)之間。納入本研究的每個(gè)文獻(xiàn)的特點(diǎn)均呈現(xiàn)在表1-1中。表1-1納入文獻(xiàn)的基本特征Author,yearCountrySamplesize(male)MeanageMeanyearsofHD(months)TimeTypeDurationFrequencyInterventionOutcomesInterventionControlInterventionControlInterventionControlGoldberg1986America13(8)12(7)40±1436±1023±1840±31unclearAE12monthsUnclear70%–80%ofVO2max

Endurancetrainingfor45min(cyclingusing

bicycleergometerandwalking-jogging)VO2peakCheema,2007NewZealand24(17)25(17)60±15.365.0±12.926.4intradialyticRE12weeks3times/weekBorgscale15to17

twosetsofeightrepetitionsof10exercisesusingfree-weightdumbbells,weightedanklecuffsandThera-Bandtubing.6MWT,spKt/VToussaint,2008Australia9(4)10(6)677035±3172±56intradialyticAE3months3times/weekatanintensitydeterminedbypatients’ownperceivedlevelofexertion

usingbicycleergometersforminimum30minSBP,DBPAfshar,2010Iran7(7)7(7)50.7±21.0653±19.425.71±7.6124.86±15.44intradialyticAE8weeks3times/weekatBorgRPEof12–16

5-minwarmup,10–30minstationarycyclingatanintensityof12–16,5-mincooldownspKt/VAfshar,2010Iran7(7)7(7)51±16.453±19.424.86±18.6924.86±15.44intradialyticRE8weeks3times/weekatanintensityof15–17

10–30minusingankleweightsforkneeextension,hipabductionandflexionsspKt/VKoh,2010Australia15(11)16(8)52.3±10.951.3±14.430.5±26.630.5±26.6intradialyticAE6months3times/weekatthefirst2hours

atBorgRPEof12-13(low)

trainedoncycleergometersofdialysisatleast15minutesperexercisesessioninthefirst2weeksandprogressto30minutesperexercisesessionbyweek12and45minutesbyweek246MWT,PCS,MCS,SBP,DBPKoh,2010Australia15(10)16(8)52.1±13.651.3±14.430.5±26.630.5±26.6HomeAE6months3times/weekatBorgRPEof12-13(low)

startat15min/sessionandprogressto45minutesbyweek246MWT,PCS,MCS,SBP,DBP表1-1(續(xù))Author,yearCountrySamplesize(male)MeanageMeanyearsofHD(months)TimeTypeDurationFrequencyInterventionOutcomesInterventionControlInterventionControlInterventionControlKouidi,2010Greece242046.3±11.245.8±10.873.2±55.275.6±58.8intradialyticAE12months3times/weekduringthefirst2hoftheHDtreatment

11–13

between60and90min:5-minwarm-up,a30–60minactivecycling,a20-minstrengtheningprogram,anda5-mincool-downperiodVO2peakReboredo,2010Brazil11(4)11(4)49.6±10.643.5±12.841.9±42.460.1±54.4intradialyticAE12weeks3times/weekduringthefirsttwohoursofhemodialysis

betweenfourandsix

Warmupcomprisedstretchingthelowerlimbsforapproximately10minutes,Conditioningconsistedofaerobicexercisetrainingforupto35minutesspKt/VReboredo,2011Brazil12(7)12(7)50.7±10.742.2±1339.6±40.857.6±52.8intradialyticAE12weeks3times/weekduringthefirst2hoursofHD

between4and6a10-pointBorgscale

warmed-upfor10minutes,35minutesofaerobicexerciseVO2peakDobsak,2012CzechRepublic11(4)10(4)58.2±7.260.1±8.249.2±25.249.2±27.6intradialyticAE20weeks3times/weekperformedbetweenthe2ndandthe3rdhourofHD

atthelevelof60%oftheindividualWpeak

5minofwarm-upperiod,bicycleergometer2*20minafterthefirst5weekswhichincluding20minbicyclingPCS,MCS,spKt/V,6MWTSong,2012Korea20(8)20(12)52.1±12.454.6±10.138.9±26.145.9±56.2PredialysisRE12weeks3times/weekin11to15

Predialysis

5minwarmupand5mincooldown,20minPRTtostrengthentheparticipants'upperand

lowerbodymuscles,usingelasticbandsandsandbags.PCS,MCSPellizzaro,2013Brazil14(7)14(8)48.9±10.151.9±11.65454intradialyticRE10weeks3times/weekinthefirst2hofHD

50%of1RM

threesetsof15kneeextensionrepetitions6MWT,spKt/V表1-1(續(xù))Author,yearCountrySamplesize(male)MeanageMeanyearsofHD(months)TimeTypeDurationFrequencyInterventionOutcomesInterventionControlInterventionControlInterventionControlCooke,2018Canada10(7)10(7)58.2±17.252.5±15.4unclearintradialyticAE4months3times/weekForsafety,nopatientexercisedpastthehalfwaymarkoftheirdialysissession.

12–16outof20points

pedalingSBP、DBPDeligiannis,1999Greece16(11)12(4)46.4±13.950.2±7.978±6279±86Non-intradialyticCE6months3times/week60to70%oftheHRmax

90mineachtime,including10minwarmuponacycle-ergometerortreadmill,a50-minintermittentaerobicexerciseprogram,anda10mincooldown

IO-minstretchingandlow-weightresistanceprogramafterfirsttwomonths

Afterthefirst3monthstheyoungerpatientswereplayingbasketballandfootballonceaweek,whereastheolderpatientswereswimming.VO2peak,SBP,DBPDeligiannis,1999Greece10(8)12(4)51.4±12.550.2±7.962±3779±86HomeAE6months5times/weekheartrateofSOto60%

cycle30mineachtime,

performedsimpleflexibilityandmuscularextensionexercises.VO2peak,SBP,DBPDePaul,2002Canada20(10)18(13)55±1654±1450.4±57.655.2±54intradialyticCE12weeks3times/weekBorgscale13(“somewhatstrong”)

20minutesofaerobictraining

progressivestrengthtraining:1setof10

repetitions;numberofsets:1–36MWT,SF-36Konstantinidou,2002Greece16(11)12(4)46.4±13.950.2±7.978±6279±86OutpatientCE6months3times/week60–70%oftheHRmax

10-minwarmup,a30minintermittentaerobicexerciseprogram,a10-minstretchingandlow-weightresistanceprogram10-mincooldownVO2peak表1-1(續(xù))Author,yearCountrySamplesize(male)MeanageMeanyearsofHD(months)TimeTypeDurationFrequencyInterventionOutcomesInterventionControlInterventionControlInterventionControlKonstantinidou,2002Greece10(8)12(4)48.3±12.150.2±7.972±6679±86intradialyticCE6months3times/weekfirst2hoursoftheirHDsessions.

70%ofHrmax

Aerobicandstrengthtrainingfor60min

program3timesperwk(30minwithabed

bicycleergometerand30minforstrength

andflexibility)VO2peakKonstantinidou,2002Greece10(8)12(4)51.4±12.550.2±7.962±3779±86HomeAE6monthsAtleast5times/weekheartrateof50–60%ofthemaximalheartrate

cycling30mineachtimeVO2peakParsons,2004Canada6(3)7(4)60±1749.0±25.035±2549±26HomeAE8weeks3times/weekfirst3hoursoftheirHDsessions.

40%–50%maximalworkcapacity

Cycleergometryexercisefor15minspKt/V,PCS,MCSvanVilsteren,2005Netherlands53(33)43(30)52±1558±1638.6±4946.8±52.9intradialyticCE12weeks2-3times/weekBorgscale12–16(<60%maximalcapacity)

A5-to10-minwarm-upandcool-down;a20-

minexerciseprogramincludingcalisthenics,

steps,flexibility,andlowweightresistance

training

Cycling20–30min2–3timesperwk

Thetechniquesbasedonthetranstheoretical

model,motivationalinterviewing,andhealth

counselingVO2peak,SBP,DBP,PCS,MCS,spKt/V表1-1(續(xù))Abbreviations:AE,AEexercise;CE,combinedexercsie;DBP,diatolicbloodpressure;MCS,mentalcomponentdimensions;PCS,phycisalcompenontscore;RE,resistanceexercise;SBP,systolicbloodpressure;6MWT,6-minuteWalkTest.Author,yearCountrySamplesize(male)MeanageMeanyearsofHD(months)TimeTypeDurationFrequencyInterventionOutcomesInterventionControlInterventionControlInterventionControlKouidi,2009America30(18)29(16)54.6±8.953.2±6.175.6±44.474.4±46.8intradialyticCE10months3times/weekduringthefirst2hoursofHDsessions.

13(somewhathard)ontheBorg

90minutes(10minuteswarm-up,activecycling40gressivemusclestrengthening3setsof15repetitionsusing

Thera-Bandtubingaandweightstothelimbs

and10mincool-down.VO2peakOuzouni,2009Greece19(14)14(13)47.4±15.750.5±11.792.4±84103.2±72intradialyticCE10months3times/weekthefirst2hoursoftheirhaemodialysis

at13–14(somewhathard)oftheBorg

60–90min(cycling:30min,strengthening:30min,flexibilityexercise:30min)VO2peak,SBP,DBP,PCS,MCSGroussard2015France8(5)10(7)66.5±4.668.4±3.736.6±8.241.2±8.1intradialyticAE3months3days/weekthefirst2hofdialysis.

at55%–60%ofthepeakpower

AEexerciseconsistingof30mincycling(5-minwarm-up,15–30minatatolerablepaceand5-mincool-down)VO2peak,6MWT納入文獻(xiàn)的質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)本研究使用Cochrane5.1.0手冊(cè)對(duì)納入文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行了質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià),結(jié)果見圖1-2,每篇文獻(xiàn)的詳細(xì)評(píng)價(jià)見圖1-3。納入的20篇文獻(xiàn)的質(zhì)量等級(jí)均為B級(jí),表示每個(gè)研究發(fā)生偏倚的可能性均為中級(jí)。盡管每篇文獻(xiàn)都使用了隨機(jī)方法,但只有4篇文獻(xiàn)(20%)詳細(xì)闡述了隨機(jī)序列是如何產(chǎn)生的,如計(jì)算機(jī)隨機(jī)生成的數(shù)字;4篇文獻(xiàn)(20%)展示了分配隱藏的方法,包括使用密封、不透明的信封等。鑒于本研究的干預(yù)措施為運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練,不可能完成對(duì)實(shí)施者和參與者雙盲,故此項(xiàng)均為高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏倚。在結(jié)局評(píng)估中的盲法方面,也僅有4篇文獻(xiàn)中(20%)提到結(jié)局指標(biāo)的測(cè)量者既不是干預(yù)方法的實(shí)施者,也完全不知道研究對(duì)象的分組情況。大多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)(90%)均報(bào)告了失訪人數(shù)及原因,但僅有1篇文獻(xiàn)對(duì)失訪數(shù)據(jù)做了意向性分析ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[102]。80%的文獻(xiàn)均呈現(xiàn)完整的結(jié)局?jǐn)?shù)據(jù),少數(shù)文獻(xiàn)則未提供完整的結(jié)果,如Goldberg的研究結(jié)果中因?yàn)楦审w重和血壓未有顯著性變化則未給出詳細(xì)數(shù)據(jù)ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[101],Pellizzaro的SF-36量表中的一個(gè)維度的數(shù)據(jù)則未給出ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[83]。17篇文獻(xiàn)(85%)的干預(yù)組和對(duì)照組在性別和年齡方面的基線水平相同。圖1-2偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)總結(jié)圖圖1-3風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏倚圖納入文獻(xiàn)的結(jié)果透析效能(spKt/V)8個(gè)研究將spKt/V作為結(jié)局指標(biāo),其中干預(yù)組包含133位研究對(duì)象,對(duì)照組有124名研究對(duì)象。結(jié)果顯示運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)對(duì)spKt/V的提高沒有顯著性的影響(SMD=0.19,95%CI:-0.06to0.43,P=0.14;I2=0%,P=0.79)。具體結(jié)果見圖1-4。本研究采用Egger’stest檢驗(yàn)發(fā)表偏倚,顯示不存在發(fā)表偏倚(P=0.907>0.05)。研究經(jīng)過STATA軟件當(dāng)中的敏感性分析對(duì)spKt/V的結(jié)果進(jìn)行測(cè)試,結(jié)果未發(fā)生變化,說明該研究結(jié)果比較穩(wěn)定。圖1-4運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)spKt/V的影響靜息狀態(tài)血壓(BP)收縮壓(systolicbloodpressure,SBP)7個(gè)研究將靜息狀態(tài)下SBP作為結(jié)局指標(biāo),其中干預(yù)組包含137位研究對(duì)象,對(duì)照組有123位研究對(duì)象。結(jié)果顯示運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練并未顯著性降低HD患者靜息狀態(tài)下的SBP(SMD=-0.17,95%CI:-0.41to0.08,P=0.18;I2=8%,P=0.37)。具體結(jié)果見圖1-5。本研究采用Egger’stest檢驗(yàn)發(fā)表偏倚,顯示不存在發(fā)表偏倚(P=0.518>0.05)。對(duì)本結(jié)果進(jìn)行敏感性分析,結(jié)果沒有發(fā)生變化,說明該研究結(jié)果比較穩(wěn)定。圖1-5運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)SBP的影響舒張壓(diastolicbloodpressure,DBP)當(dāng)結(jié)局指標(biāo)為靜息狀態(tài)下DBP時(shí),共有7個(gè)研究。包括干預(yù)組137位研究對(duì)象,對(duì)照組123位研究對(duì)象。整體研究結(jié)果顯示運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練不能降低HD患者靜息狀態(tài)下的DBP(SMD=-0.23,95%CI:-0.69to0.24,P=0.34)。因其存在高等程度異質(zhì)性,故采用亞組分析(I2=68%,P=0.005)。當(dāng)干預(yù)類型為有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),同樣未對(duì)DBP的降低產(chǎn)生顯著性影響,且存在高異質(zhì)性(SMD=0.07,95%CI:-0.32to0.46,P=0.73;I2=0%,P=0.40)。暫未有將抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)做為研究類型的文獻(xiàn),故不做分析。有3篇文獻(xiàn)為結(jié)合運(yùn)動(dòng),結(jié)果同樣顯示未能顯著性降低靜息狀態(tài)下DBP,存在低異質(zhì)性(SMD=-0.62,95%CI:-1.60to0.37,P=0.22;I2=86%,P=0.0009)。具體結(jié)果見圖1-6。本研究采用Egger’stest檢驗(yàn)發(fā)表偏倚,顯示不存在發(fā)表偏倚(P=0.296>0.05)。經(jīng)過敏感性分析之后,結(jié)果沒有發(fā)生變化,說明該研究結(jié)果比較穩(wěn)定。圖1-6運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)DBP的影響運(yùn)動(dòng)耐力(VO2peak)當(dāng)結(jié)局指標(biāo)為運(yùn)動(dòng)耐力(VO2peak)時(shí),共有10個(gè)研究,干預(yù)組包括196位研究對(duì)象,對(duì)照組為175位研究對(duì)象。在總的研究中,運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練在增加VO2peak方面有顯著性的效果。(SMD=0.73,95%CI:0.52to0.95,P<0.00001)。結(jié)果存在高異質(zhì)性,故進(jìn)行亞組分析,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析(I2=71%,P=0.0002)。當(dāng)干預(yù)類型為有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),可顯著提高HD患者的VO2peak(SMD=0.64,95%CI:0.28to1.01,P=0.0006;I2=77%,P=0.002)。暫未有以抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)為研究形式的文獻(xiàn),故不做分析。有5篇文獻(xiàn)為結(jié)合運(yùn)動(dòng),也可以顯著性提高VO2peak(SMD=0.78,95%CI:0.51to1.05,P<0.00001;I2=71%,P=0.007)。具體結(jié)果見圖1-7。本研究采用Egger’stest和漏斗圖(見圖1-8)檢驗(yàn)發(fā)表偏倚,顯示不存在發(fā)表偏倚(P=0.998>0.05)。當(dāng)對(duì)該研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行敏感性分析時(shí),研究結(jié)果未出現(xiàn)改變,證明該研究結(jié)果比較穩(wěn)定。圖1-7運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)VO2peak的影響圖1-8VO2peak的漏斗圖運(yùn)動(dòng)能力(6MWT)當(dāng)結(jié)局指標(biāo)為6MWT時(shí),共納入了7個(gè)研究,其中干預(yù)組包括100位研究對(duì)象,對(duì)照組為105位研究對(duì)象。整體分析顯示,運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練可顯著增加HD患者的6MWT。(SMD=1.01,95%CI:0.26to1.76,P=0.008)。結(jié)果顯示有高異質(zhì)性,故進(jìn)行亞組分析(I2=83%,P<0.00001),采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析。當(dāng)干預(yù)形式為有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),對(duì)6MWT有顯著性影響(SMD=0.79,95%CI:0.01to1.56,P=0.05)。但是在抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)亞組分析中,HD患者在6分鐘內(nèi)步行的距離并沒有明顯增加(SMD=2.12,95%CI:-1.02to5.26,P=0.19),具體結(jié)果見圖1-9。同時(shí),本研究中僅有一個(gè)研究探討結(jié)合運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)6MWT的影響,結(jié)果顯示兩組之間并未有顯著性差異。本研究采用Egger’stest檢驗(yàn)發(fā)表偏倚,顯示存在發(fā)表偏倚(P=0.02<0.05),經(jīng)剪補(bǔ)法檢驗(yàn)之后,沒有明顯的數(shù)據(jù)變化,表示結(jié)果比較穩(wěn)健,可信度較高。研究經(jīng)過敏感性分析之后,結(jié)果未改變,說明該研究結(jié)果比較穩(wěn)定。圖1-9運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)6MWT的影響健康相關(guān)生活質(zhì)量(SF-36)軀體健康得分(PCS)7個(gè)研究將軀體健康得分(PCS)作為結(jié)局指標(biāo),其中干預(yù)組包含139位研究對(duì)象,對(duì)照組有124位研究對(duì)象。結(jié)果顯示運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練可以顯著性提高HD患者PCS(SMD=0.34,95%CI:0.09to0.59,P=0.007;I2=27%,P=0.22)。具體結(jié)果見圖1-10。本研究采用Egger’stest檢驗(yàn)發(fā)表偏倚,顯示不存在發(fā)表偏倚(P=0.744>0.05)。對(duì)本研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行敏感性分時(shí),研究結(jié)果未發(fā)生改變,說明該研究結(jié)果穩(wěn)定性高。圖1-10運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)PCS的影響精神健康得分(MCS)7個(gè)研究將精神健康得分(MCS)作為結(jié)局指標(biāo),其中干預(yù)組包含139位研究對(duì)象,對(duì)照組有126位研究對(duì)象。結(jié)果顯示運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練可以顯著性提高M(jìn)HD患者M(jìn)CS(SMD=0.27,95%CI:0.02to0.51,P=0.03;I2=0%,P=0.75)。具體結(jié)果見圖1-11。本研究采用Egger’stest檢驗(yàn)發(fā)表偏倚,顯示不存在發(fā)表偏倚(P=0.592>0.05)。在對(duì)本研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行敏感性分析時(shí),結(jié)果沒有發(fā)生改變,說明研究結(jié)果比較穩(wěn)定。圖1-11運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)MCS的影響

討論本研究系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)了運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)對(duì)HD患者在透析效能、血壓、運(yùn)動(dòng)能力和健康相關(guān)生活質(zhì)量方面的影響。本研究共納入文獻(xiàn)20篇,研究對(duì)象677例。系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)的結(jié)果顯示規(guī)律的(≥8周)、持續(xù)的(2~3次/周)、中等強(qiáng)度及以上的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)或結(jié)合運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)HD患者有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)能力(VO2peak、6MWT)和健康相關(guān)的生理和心理狀態(tài)均有明顯的提高效果。但運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)HD患者的透析效能和血壓則未產(chǎn)生明顯的影響。此外,由于本系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)納入的研究在具體的干預(yù)方法、測(cè)量方法、干預(yù)時(shí)間等方面仍各有不同,且納入的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)均為中等偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn),缺乏低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、高質(zhì)量的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)的支持,故對(duì)本研究的結(jié)論應(yīng)采用謹(jǐn)慎客觀的態(tài)度對(duì)待。納入文獻(xiàn)的質(zhì)量本研究納入的研究均為RCT,在證據(jù)金字塔中屬于高質(zhì)量的研究設(shè)計(jì)。本研究嚴(yán)格按照Cochrane5.1.0手冊(cè)RCT的質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)納入的研究進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。結(jié)果為納入的20篇研究的質(zhì)量等級(jí)均為B級(jí),存在中等偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體現(xiàn)在7個(gè)方面,其中導(dǎo)致研究質(zhì)量不高的原因主要為不能詳細(xì)體現(xiàn)隨機(jī)方法、達(dá)不到雙盲以及結(jié)局評(píng)估的盲法。研究當(dāng)中雖然都說明使用了隨機(jī)方法,但是大部分研究都沒有詳細(xì)描述隨機(jī)序列的產(chǎn)生方法以及分配隱藏的具體步驟。這可能與研究者們?nèi)狈?duì)隨機(jī)方法的正確認(rèn)識(shí)有關(guān),因此未嚴(yán)格遵循Cochrane5.1.0手冊(cè)提供的隨機(jī)對(duì)照的方法對(duì)研究對(duì)象進(jìn)行隨機(jī)分組,呈現(xiàn)的文獻(xiàn)中僅用“隨機(jī)分組”代替隨機(jī)序列的產(chǎn)生和分配隱藏兩個(gè)步驟。另一方面,研究者們可能認(rèn)為用“隨機(jī)分組”是正確的描述方法,即使研究中是按照Cochrane5.1.0手冊(cè)當(dāng)中的要求進(jìn)行試驗(yàn),但未將其詳細(xì)展示出,導(dǎo)致這兩項(xiàng)評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果較低,為高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指標(biāo)。在雙盲方面,由于本研究為研究者面對(duì)面對(duì)研究對(duì)象進(jìn)行指導(dǎo)、監(jiān)測(cè)研究方法的情況,達(dá)不到雙盲的要求,故在評(píng)價(jià)雙盲時(shí),納入的研究均被評(píng)為高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指標(biāo)。在結(jié)局指標(biāo)的測(cè)量方面,僅有小部分的研究使用盲法,其他均未提及結(jié)局指標(biāo)的測(cè)量者。這可能與參與研究的研究者人數(shù)較少,分配的任務(wù)較多,不能實(shí)施盲法有關(guān)。有關(guān)意向性分析,由于本研究的性質(zhì)為干預(yù)研究,且研究對(duì)象可能存在轉(zhuǎn)院、進(jìn)行腎移植治療等情況,持續(xù)追蹤HD患者的結(jié)局指標(biāo)的難度較大,故大部分研究當(dāng)中僅能做到描述患者退出實(shí)驗(yàn)的原因及例數(shù),而無法獲取脫落患者的后續(xù)數(shù)據(jù)以繼續(xù)分析。運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)HD患者的影響運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)HD患者的透析效能無影響據(jù)報(bào)道,血透過程中運(yùn)動(dòng)通過增加血流速度和灌流量并擴(kuò)大血管表面積,可加快肌肉中產(chǎn)生的毒素轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到血液循環(huán)中的速度,再通過HD排出ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[3,88]。雖然本指標(biāo)納入的文獻(xiàn)均為血透過程當(dāng)中進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練,但是Meta分析的結(jié)果顯示運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)HD患者的spKt/V無顯著性影響(P=0.14>0.05),即使干預(yù)組當(dāng)中的效應(yīng)量大于對(duì)照組,但是沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,未能給上述機(jī)制提供有力的證據(jù)。值得注意的是,本指標(biāo)納入的所有抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)均未顯示對(duì)spKt/V有顯著改善作用。這與Scapini等研究者的網(wǎng)狀Meta分析結(jié)果相同,其結(jié)果表示抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)spKt/V無影響ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Scapini</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>42644</RecNum><DisplayText>[68]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>42644</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tpp2zwtvifwwrrezes8xtr9ipptf5as5xd9f"timestamp="1559222985">42644</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Scapini,KatiaB.</author><author>Bohlke,Maristela</author><author>Moraes,OscarA.</author><author>Rodrigues,ClarissaG.</author><author>Inacio,JoseF.S.</author><author>Sbruzzi,Graciele</author><author>Leguisamo,CamilaP.</author><author>Sanches,IrisC.</author><author>TourinhoFilho,Hugo</author><author>Irigoyen,MariaC.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Combinedtrainingisthemosteffectivetrainingmodalitytoimproveaerobiccapacityandbloodpressurecontrolinpeoplerequiringhaemodialysisforend-stagerenaldisease:systematicreviewandnetworkmeta-analysis</title><secondary-title>JournalofPhysiotherapy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofPhysiotherapy</full-title></periodical><pages>4-15</pages><volume>65</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2019</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1836-9553</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000454723900003</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000454723900003</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.jphys.2018.11.008</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[68]。根據(jù)上述的機(jī)制可知,這可能與抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)未能達(dá)到肌肉形態(tài)閾以至于不能增加足夠的肌肉血流供毒素轉(zhuǎn)移到血管內(nèi)腔有關(guān)ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[83]。也就是說,抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)不適合HD患者用于提高透析效能。此外,根據(jù)上述機(jī)制可知,單次運(yùn)動(dòng)也可提高spKt/V,并且之前的研究也證明單次運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)透析效能有顯著提高作用ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[3,103]。與此同時(shí),多個(gè)研究觀察到長期的運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)也可提高spKt/V。這說明透析效能不僅在受單次運(yùn)動(dòng)的作用,而且也受到持續(xù)時(shí)間的影響。但是有關(guān)本指標(biāo)的大多數(shù)的研究僅僅測(cè)量了兩次spKt/V,一次為基線測(cè)量,另一次為干預(yù)結(jié)束后測(cè)量。僅有少數(shù)的研究測(cè)量了研究過程中多個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)中spKt/V的值。Parsons等研究者在20周的研究過程中,每4周對(duì)spKt/V進(jìn)行測(cè)量并與對(duì)照組進(jìn)行比較。研究結(jié)果顯示spKt/V在干預(yù)4周后已增加了11%,在干預(yù)16周后維持在19%,在干預(yù)20周時(shí)為18%,與基線相比均有顯著性統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Parsons</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>42602</RecNum><DisplayText>[33]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>42602</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tpp2zwtvifwwrrezes8xtr9ipptf5as5xd9f"timestamp="1557762586">42602</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Parsons,T.L.</author><author>Toffelmire,E.B.</author><author>King-VanVlack,C.E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Exercisetrainingduringhemodialysisimprovesdialysisefficacyandphysicalperformance</title><secondary-title>ArchivesofPhysicalMedicineandRehabilitation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ArchivesofPhysicalMedicineandRehabilitation</full-title></periodical><pages>680-687</pages><volume>87</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0003-9993</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000237333900011</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><styleface="underline"font="default"size="100%"><GotoISI>://WOS:000237333900011</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.apmr.2005.12.044</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[33]。這表明干預(yù)持續(xù)時(shí)間越長,HD效果可能越好,透析效率就越高。但是持續(xù)時(shí)間和運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)二者對(duì)spKt/V的交互作用仍未受到廣泛關(guān)注。較少的研究將運(yùn)動(dòng)持續(xù)時(shí)間作為影響spKt/V的重要因子進(jìn)行觀察,尤其是在長期運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)中。再者,測(cè)量spKt/V的間隔時(shí)間可以縮短至每月一次,以更詳細(xì)地觀察時(shí)間對(duì)spKt/V的影響。運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)HD患者SBP和DBP的影響運(yùn)動(dòng)被認(rèn)為是通過調(diào)節(jié)水鈉潴留來控制血壓的重要非藥物方法ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Agarwal</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>42620</RecNum><DisplayText>[14]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>42620</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tpp2zwtvifwwrrezes8xtr9ipptf5as5xd9f"timestamp="1558403750">42620</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Agarwal,Rajiv</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>EpidemiologyofInterdialyticAmbulatoryHypertensionandtheRoleofVolumeExcess</title><secondary-title>AmericanJournalofNephrology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AmericanJournalofNephrology</full-title></periodical><pages>381-390</pages><volume>34</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>2011</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0250-8095</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000294545600012</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000294545600012</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1159/000331067</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[14],但本研究中SBP的效應(yīng)值為-0.18mmHg(95%CI:-0.42—0.07),無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,未能為上述機(jī)制提供有力的證據(jù)。且該亞組結(jié)果表明,有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)和綜合運(yùn)動(dòng)也不能降低DBP。這可以用神經(jīng)體液機(jī)制來解釋,而不是運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練在很大程度上驅(qū)動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)適應(yīng)性改變(如,血管重塑或血管生成)ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Mihaescu</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>39193</RecNum><DisplayText>[73]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>39193</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tpp2zwtvifwwrrezes8xtr9ipptf5as5xd9f"timestamp="1540520569">39193</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mihaescu,A.</author><author>Avram,C.</author><author>Bob,F.</author><author>Gaita,D.</author><author>Schiller,O.</author><author>Schiller,A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Benefitsofexercisetrainingduringhemodialysissessions:aprospectivecohortstudy</title><secondary-title>NephronClinPract</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NephronClinPract</full-title><abbr-1>Nephron.Clinicalpractice</abbr-1></periodical><pages>72-78</pages><volume>124</volume><number>1-2</number><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>CohortStudies</keyword><keyword>CombinedModalityTherapy/methods</keyword><keyword>ExerciseTherapy/*methods</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>KidneyFailure,Chronic/*diagnosis/*therapy</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>MiddleAged</keyword><keyword>PhysicalFitness</keyword><keyword>ProspectiveStudies</keyword><keyword>RenalDialysis/*methods</keyword><keyword>TreatmentOutcome</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year></dates><isbn>1660-2110</isbn><accession-num>24157432</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/Article/Pdf/355856</url></related-urls></urls><custom1><styleface="bolditalic"font="default"size="100%">HM</style></custom1><electronic-resource-num>10.1159/00035585610.1159/000355856.Epub2013Oct18.</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[73]。而且,結(jié)構(gòu)適應(yīng)中存在“滯后現(xiàn)象”,這會(huì)改變周圍的血管阻力。這可能需要在每周鍛煉三次的基礎(chǔ)上,適當(dāng)增加強(qiáng)度并延長鍛煉時(shí)間ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ok</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>42621</RecNum><DisplayText>[104]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>42621</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tpp2zwtvifwwrrezes8xtr9ipptf5as5xd9f"timestamp="1558403872">42621</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ok,Ercan</author><author>Asci,Gulay</author><author>Chazot,Charles</author><author>Ozkahya,Mehmet</author><author>Mees,EvertJ.Dorhout</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Controversiesandproblemsofvolumecontrolandhypertensioninhaemodialysis</title><secondary-title>Lancet</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Lancet</full-title></periodical><pages>285-293</pages><volume>388</volume><number>10041</number><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Jul16</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0140-6736</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000379736100033</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000379736100033</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30389-0</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[104]。對(duì)于結(jié)構(gòu)適應(yīng)性變化,可能需要運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和持續(xù)時(shí)間的組合。本指標(biāo)納入的試驗(yàn)中,Koh等研究者的實(shí)驗(yàn)當(dāng)中,兩個(gè)不同運(yùn)動(dòng)類型的干預(yù)組均進(jìn)行了長達(dá)6個(gè)月的運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù),但是為低強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)。結(jié)果表明,試驗(yàn)結(jié)束時(shí),干預(yù)組的SBP和DBP與對(duì)照組無差異ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[82]。在ToussaintADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[97]和vanVilsterenADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>vanVilsteren</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>42310</RecNum><DisplayText>[70]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>42310</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tpp2zwtvifwwrrezes8xtr9ipptf5as5xd9f"timestamp="1544345414">42310</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>vanVilsteren,Mcba</author><author>deGreef,M.H.G.</author><author>Huisman,R.M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Theeffectsofalow-to-moderateintensitypre-conditioningexerciseprogrammelinkedwithexercisecounsellingforsedentaryhaemodialysispatientsinTheNetherlands:resultsofarandomizedclinicaltrial</title><secondary-title>NephrologyDialysisTransplantation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NephrologyDialysisTransplantation</full-title></periodical><pages>141-146</pages><volume>20</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0931-0509</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000226702200021</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><styleface="underline"font="default"size="100%"><GotoISI>://WOS:000226702200021</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1093/ndt/gfh560</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[70]的試驗(yàn)中,SBP和DBP也均未降低。這是因?yàn)楸M管在以上二者的研究中運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)雖為中等強(qiáng)度,但可能是因?yàn)檫\(yùn)動(dòng)僅持續(xù)了3個(gè)月,時(shí)間過短,因此呈現(xiàn)陰性結(jié)果。值得注意的是,在本研究中沒有關(guān)于抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。未來的抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)可以將BP作為觀察運(yùn)動(dòng)療效的結(jié)局指標(biāo)之一,為運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練系統(tǒng)提供更可靠的證據(jù)。綜上,當(dāng)HD患者堅(jiān)持進(jìn)行≥3個(gè)月的中等強(qiáng)度及以上的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)或結(jié)合運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),其SBP和DBP才有可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生適應(yīng)性改變,才會(huì)產(chǎn)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義上的改善。此外,只有一項(xiàng)研究僅展示了SBP和DBP在干預(yù)前后的平均差值,未提供標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差。這些數(shù)據(jù)未能納入Meta分析中進(jìn)行分析,而通過描述進(jìn)行對(duì)其進(jìn)行分析。Cooke在干預(yù)組進(jìn)行了4個(gè)月的適度透析內(nèi)有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Cooke</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>42080</RecNum><DisplayText>[71]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>42080</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="tpp2zwtvifwwrrezes8xtr9ipptf5as5xd9f"timestamp="1542338806">42080</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cooke,A.B.</author><author>Ta,V.</author><author>Iqbal,

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