甲烷(-中學(xué)化學(xué)雙語(yǔ)教學(xué)-省常中-房壽高)

organicchemistry(有機(jī)化學(xué)）originallymeantchemistryof“organisms”有機(jī)體organiccompoundsoncethoughttohavea“l(fā)ifeforce”，itcouldproduceorganiccompounds.Protein(蛋白質(zhì)）urea

['ju?ri?]

(inorganic)NH4OCN?H2N-C-NH2=ODammoniumcyanate['sai?,neit](organic)1828

氰酸銨尿素Germanchemist1828

GermanchemistIn1828,heissuedthetheoryofartificialurea,whichcausedthegreatshockinchemistry.thiswasconsideredthefirstartificialsyntheticorganics.Ithadhugeimpactonthepopulartheoryof“l(fā)ifeforce”,creatinganeweraoftheorganicsynthesis.In1965,chinafirstlyartificiallysynthesized

crystallizedbovine[‘b?uvain]insulin[’insjulin,‘ins?-](結(jié)晶牛胰島素)。Itistheworld'sfirstartificialsynthesisofprotein.1.DefinitionOrganicchemistrymeanschemistryofC-containingcompounds.(butnotCO2,CO,H2CO3,CaCO3,NaHCO3,etc.)organicchemistry107compoundsknownsofar90%ofthemareorganic2.Classification

Organiccompoundshydrocarbons（烴）derivativesofhydrocarbons[di‘riv?tivz]烴的衍生物madeonlyofC,H烷烴：alkane;烯烴：alkene;炔烴：alkyne；芳香烴：aromatics鹵代烴：halohydrocarbon；醇：alcohal;醚：ether[‘i:θ?]

醛：aldehyde[’?ldihaid];酮：ketone['ki:t?un]羧酸：carboxylicacid[,kɑ:b?k‘silik]；酯：ester['est?],etc.烴的衍生物又可分為：+=烴tīngq火氣ànTheoriginofthewordHydrocarbon烴字的由來(lái)：whatisthesimplesthydrocarbon3.Methane（甲烷）['mi:θein]

Thesimplestorganiccompound3.1Existence

sewagegas(沼氣)orswampgas

orsmarshgasnaturalgas（天然氣）mashgas（瓦斯）Flammableice(可燃冰）重磅炸彈Flammableice(可燃冰）海底甲烷外溢的災(zāi)難后果Thedisasterconsequencefromsubmarinemethaneoverflowing3.2.components[k?m'p?un?nts]

andstructure組成和結(jié)構(gòu)2)Electronicformula：

HHCHH︰︰‥‥HHCHH1)Molecularformula:

3)Structuralformula：CH4Notplanarsquar(平面正方形）Buttetrahedron（正四面體）ball-and-stickmodel

bondangle：109°28’109degrees28pointsscalemodelorproportionalmodelorspace-fillingmodel3.3.PhysicalandchemicalpropertiesExperiment:

reactswithoxygenWhatpropertiesmayyougetfromtheexperiment3.3.1PhysicalpropertiesUsually,colorless;tasteless;indissolvableinwater;itsdensitylessthanair1）Flammability(可燃性）CH4+2O2→CO2+2H2Oignite3.3.2Chemicalproperties2）stability([st?'biliti])

：noreactionwithstrongacidorstrongbase，cannotmakeKMnO4(H+)(potassiumpermanganate)fade。MethanereactswithCl2

（color、liquidlevel(液面）、thewallofmeasuringcylinder（量筒壁）、saturatedbrine

）experiment：（4）crystallizinginthesaturatedbrine(飽和食鹽水中有晶體析出).１）Thecolorofthemixturefades（混合氣體的顏色變淡）；２）The

liquidlevelisup,butnottothebottom(液面上升，但不能到達(dá)底部).３）somepalegreenishyellowoilyliquidontheinwall

(內(nèi)壁有淡黃綠色油狀液體生成）.CH4＋Cl2CH3Cl＋HCllightmethanechloride取代反應(yīng)有機(jī)物分子里的某些原子或原子團(tuán)被其他原子或原子團(tuán)所代替的反應(yīng)。3)SubstitutionreactionAclassofchemicalreactioninwhichanatom,ion,orgroupofatomsorionsinamoleculeisreplacedbyanotheratom,ion,orgroupCH4+Cl2→CH3Cl

+HCl光CH3Cl+Cl2→CH2Cl2+HCl光CH2Cl2+Cl2→CHCl3

+HCl光CHCl3+Cl2→CCl4

+HCl光一氯甲烷(氣體)methanechloride

二氯甲烷(液體)

dichloromethane[daikl?:r?'meθein]三氯甲烷(液體，又叫氯仿)chloroform

trichloromethane[trai,kl?:r?u'meθein]

四氯甲烷(四氯化碳-液體)tetrachloromethane

有機(jī)溶劑organicsolvent高效滅火劑extinguishant

思考：該反應(yīng)中取代產(chǎn)物共幾種？最多的物質(zhì)什么？此取代反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物共5種：四種有機(jī)物，一種無(wú)機(jī)物?。?！Exercises：1molmethanereactswithchlorineexactlytoformfourkindsofhalogenatedproducts(鹵代產(chǎn)物）withthesameamountofsubstances，howmanymolesofCl2weneed2.5molCH4C+2H2airfree

1000~1500℃(Industrialpreparationofcarbonblackandhydrogen

)4)Decompositionathightemperature

carbonblackcanbemadeintopigment,printingink,paint,etc..(炭黑可以制得顏料、油墨、油漆等)。5)Theuseofmethane（P60)2）animportantindustrialchemical (是一種重要的化工原料).tomakerefrigerantfreon（CHFCl2）methylalcohol(CH3OH:甲醇)；carbonblackandhydrogen.１）agoodkindoffuel(一種很好的燃料）1）hydrocarbon：onlymadeofC、H.4alkane[‘?lkein]

烷烴Whichofthefollowingdoesn’tbelongtohydrocarbon（）A．CH3ClB．C2H2C．C2H5OHD．C2H4AC2、classificationofhydrocarbonSaturatedhydrocarbon（suchasalkane）andunsaturatedhydrocarbon（alkene[‘?lki:n]

:烯烴alkyne['?lkain]

:炔烴）每個(gè)C原子都連4個(gè)原子，碳原子間都以C-C相連，其余都是C-H鍵；達(dá)到“飽和”。3、Alkane（P61)Eachcarbonhas4bonds,eachcarbonatomisconnectedwithanthercarbonbyC-Cbond,othersareC-Hbonds.甲烷乙烷丙烷丁烷戊烷己烷庚烷辛烷壬烷癸烷methaneEthanePropaneButanePentaneHexaneHeptaneOctaneNonaneDecane['mi:θein]

['eθein]1）generalformulaofalkane：（n≥1）CnH2n+2

relativemolecularmass：

IfTherelativemolecularmassofaalkaneis100，thenitsmolecularformulais

。C7H1614n+22）Physicalpropertiesofalkane名稱結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)式常溫時(shí)的狀態(tài)熔點(diǎn)/℃沸點(diǎn)/℃相對(duì)密度水溶性甲烷CH4氣-182-1640.466不溶乙烷CH3CH3氣-183.3-88.60.572不溶丙烷CH3CH2CH3氣-189.7-42.10.585不溶丁烷CH3(CH2)2CH3氣-138.4-0.50.5788不溶戊烷CH3(CH2)3CH3液-13036.10.6262不溶十七烷CH3(CH2)15CH3固22301.80.7780不溶⑴n↑M↑intermolecularforce↑m.p.b.p.↑、

insoluble