新概念英語語法大全教學(xué)內(nèi)容

新概念語法精粹GuidetoNewConceptEnglishGrammar第一章英語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)(Tenses)英語時(shí)態(tài)是英語語法中的第一道難關(guān)，攻下此難關(guān)是作文、閱讀、口語之關(guān)鍵。漢語用不同詞表達(dá)相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)，而英語用同一詞的不同變化形式表達(dá)時(shí)態(tài)。英語各種時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成表：以play為例：一般時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)完成時(shí)態(tài)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在playplaysisamplayingarehashaveplayedhashavebeenplaying過去playedwaswereplayinghadplayedhadbeenplaying將來shallwillplayshallwillbeplayingshallwillhaveplayedshallwillhavebeenplaying過去將來shouldwouldplayshouldwouldbeplayingshouldwouldhaveplayedshouldwouldhavebeenplaying一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：1．構(gòu)成：使用動(dòng)詞原形，第三人稱單數(shù)須有變化。（1）直接加“s”，works，takes（2）以輔音加“y”結(jié)尾，變“y”為“i”，再加“es”carry→carries（3）以“o,s,x,ch,sh”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞加“es”goesdresseswatchesbrushes2．功能：（1）表現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)、狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作：eg:?.Birdsfly.?.Shelovesmusic.?.Mary'sparentsgetupveryearly.（2）表習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或職業(yè)，常與often，sometimes，usually，always，everyweek，seldom，occasionally，frequently等時(shí)間副詞連用。eg:?.Ialwaystakeawalkaftersupper.?.Shewritestomeveryoften.?.Tomandhisgirlfriendgoouttotakeapicnicoccasionally.（3）表客觀真理，格言警句或事實(shí)：?.Theearthmovesroundthesun.?.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.?.Twoandtwomakesfour.?.Nomanbuterrs.人非圣賢，熟能無過。（4）表將來：A．在由when，after,before，as，assoonas，although，because，if，evenif，incase，till，until，unless，solongas，where，whatever，wherever等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。（黃金重點(diǎn)，所有考試都不放過它?。├纾?.I'lltellherwhenshecomestomorrow.?.Evenifitrainsthisafternoon,I'llmeetyou.?.Whateverhappens,youshouldkeepcool-headed.（不錯(cuò)的句型，背下！?。?.I'llberightherewaitingforyouwhereveryougo.（很感人的句型！）B．按時(shí)間表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事件，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表達(dá)將來時(shí)概念。?.Theplaybeginsat6:30thisevening.?.Whendoestheplanetakeoff??.Heleavesforthatcitynextweek.?.Accordingtothetimetable,theexpresstraintoShanghaistartsatnineinthemorning.（按照時(shí)刻表，開往上海的特快列車早上7點(diǎn)出發(fā)。）測試精編1.TheBrowns________anicecarandBrown'sbrother________anicejeep.A.have/haveB.has/hasC.have/hasD.has/have2.Iftheirhouse________notlikeours,what________itlooklike?A.is/isB.is/doesC.does/doesD.does/is3.-________youthinkhewillcome?-Ifit________tomorrow,hewillnotcome.A.Do/rainsB.Are/rainsC.Do/willrainD.Are/willrain4.Thelittlechild________notevenknowthatthemoon________aroundtheearth.A.do/moveB.do/movesC.does/movesD.did/moved5.Manyastudent________fondoffilms,butagoodstudentseldom________tothecinemaA.are/goesB.is/goesC.are/goD.is/go二．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：is/am/are+現(xiàn)在分詞1．表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如?.Thekettleisboiling.ShallImaketea??.Don'tyouthinkyoueattoomuch?You'reputtingonweight（體重增加）。?.Theworkersarebuildinganewbridgeacrosstheriver.2．表現(xiàn)階段正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。?.Heistakingphysicsthissemester（本學(xué)期）。?.Wearepreparingforourfinalexaminationthisweek.3．go,come,leave,arrive,land,meet,die,start,return,join,etc.用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)表示即將開始的動(dòng)作。?.Look!Thebusiscoming.看！車來了！?.Theoldmanisseriouslyill,andheisdying.?.AliceisleavingforBeijingwithhermother.4．與always,forever,continually,constantly等副詞連用，表示說話人帶有感情色彩：贊賞或厭惡。?.Heisalwaysthinkingofothers.（他總是想著別人。）?.Theboyiscontinuallymakingnoises.（這男孩不斷地發(fā)出吵鬧聲。）?.Theteacherisconstantly(always)criticizingherforbeinglate.（老師一直在批評她遲到。）5．下面表示狀態(tài)、感覺、情緒、精神活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞不可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。（此條戒律請背10遍?。。。゜elieve（相信），doubt（懷疑），see（看見），hear（聽見），know（知道），understand（理解），belong（屬于），think（認(rèn)為），consider（認(rèn)為），feel（覺得），look（看起來），seem（看上去），show（顯示），mind（介意），have（有），sound（聽起來），taste（嘗起來），require（要求），possess（擁有），care（關(guān)心），like（喜歡），hate（討厭），love（喜愛），detest（憎恨），desire（意欲）【簡單記憶】：●永遠(yuǎn)不要說I'mbelieving...或Heisseeingahouse.再簡單一點(diǎn)說，這些動(dòng)詞后面不要隨意加-ing.●可怕的是：我們在寫作及口語中常犯此類大錯(cuò)！●注意：haveaparty/thinkabout可以用進(jìn)行時(shí)，因?yàn)檫@里have意為“舉行”；think意為“考慮”。測試精編：1.Howcanyou________Ifyouarenot________?A.listening/hearingB.hear/listeningC.belistening/heardD.behearing/listeningto2.Thegirlevenwon'thaveherlunchbeforeshe________herhomework.A.willfinishB.isfinishingC.hadfinishedD.finishes3.Thosewhohaveappliedforthepost（職位）________intheoffice.（此題超前）A.arebeinginterviewedB.areinterviewingC.interviewingD.tobeinterviewing4.Theoldscientist________todomoreforthecountry.A.iswishingB.hasbeenwishingC.wishesD.hasbeenwished5.Ifhe________,don'twakehimup.A.stillsleepsB.isstillsleepingC.stillhasbeensleepingD.willbesleepingstill三．一般過去時(shí)。定義動(dòng)詞的過去式：1．表示過去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間或某一段時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。?.Wevisitedtheschoollastspring.?.IwenttoschoolbybikewhenIwasinmiddleschool.?.Chinawasfoundedin1949.2．在表示時(shí)間或條件等的狀語從句中代替過去將來時(shí)。（參）?.Shetoldmethatshewouldnotgowithusifitrainedthenextday.?.Theywouldnotleaveuntilshecameback.?.Myfriendpromisedtomarrymeonceshemadeherfinaldecision.3．一般過去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí)的幾組差異：（別以為這很簡單，下面的差異你不一定明白。）●Herbrotherwasachemist.（已去世）●Herbrotherisachemist.（尚健在）●That'sallIhadtosay.（話已說完）●That'sallIhavetosay.（言之未盡）●Itwassonicetoseeyou.（離別時(shí)用）●Itissonicetoseeyou.（見面時(shí)用）●Janedidalotofworkthismorning.（已是當(dāng)天下午或晚上）●Janehasdonealotofworkthismorning.（仍是上午）［本句現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，此乃后話！］測試精編I：（用所給動(dòng)詞的正確進(jìn)態(tài)填空）。1.YesterdayI________(think)thatyouwerenotinBeijing.2.Aliceusually________(sit)inthefrontoftheclassroom,butshe________(sit)atthebackthismorning.3.He________(tell)thenewstousthreedaysago.4.He________(begin)toteachChinesein1990.5.shewouldnottelephonemeifshe________(have)notime.測試精編II：1.They________thetripuntiltherainstopped.A.continuedB.didn'tcontinueC.hadn'tcontinuedD.wouldcontinue2.Thelocalpeasantsgavethesoldiersclothesandfoodwithoutwhichthey________ofhungerandcold.（without在這里表?xiàng)l件，你知道嗎？）A.woulddieB.willdieC.wouldbedeadD.wouldhavedied3.ItwasnotuntilthenthatIcametoknowthattheearth________aroundthesun.A.movedB.hasmovedC.willmoveD.moves4.Whenallthosepresent（到場者）________hebeganhislecture.（重點(diǎn)題）A.sitB.setC.seatedD.wereseated5.IfIhadhadtime,Iwouldhavewrittentoyou.ButinfactI________not.A.haveB.wouldhaveC.hadD.hadhad四．過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：were/was+現(xiàn)在分詞。1．表示過去某一時(shí)刻或階段正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。?.Iwasplayingchessat8yesterdayevening.?.WhenIarrived,theywerewatchingTV.?.Theyweredoinghouseworkthistimelastweek.2．用于條件狀語從句中表示過去將來進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。?.Shetoldmetowakehimupifshewassleeping.?.IaskedmyfriendtowarnmeaboutitaslongasIwasdrivingtoofast.3．過去某時(shí)將發(fā)生的事?？蓞⒖肌?（4）?.TheytoldmethattheywereleavingforNewYork.?.HewasgoingoutwhenIarrived.測試精編：1.Mybrother________whilehe________hisbicycleandhurthimself.A.fell/wasridingB.feel/wereridingC.hadfallen/rodeD.hadfallen/wasriding2.He________hislegashe________inafootballmatch.A.broke/playedB.wasbreaking/wasplayingC.broke/wasplayingD.wasbreaking/played3.-Myfatherwillbeheretomorrow.-Ithoughtthathe________today.A.wascorningB.iscomingC.willcomeD.comes4.Jackwasgoingoutoftheshopwhenhecollidedwithanoldwomanwho________in.A.comeB.wascomingC.hadbeencomingD.hadcome5.Michikecouldn'tcometothetelephonewhenMr.Smithcalledherbecauseshe________inthelab.A.hadbeenworkingB.hasbeenworkingC.wasworkingD.worked五．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have/has+過去分詞1．表示過去所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。常與yet，just，before，recently，lately（最近），ever，never等表時(shí)間的副詞搭配使用?！馠ehasn'tseenherlately.●Ihaven'tfinishedthebookyet.2．表示一個(gè)從過去某個(gè)時(shí)間開始，延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能持續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作，常與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語連用。如：sofar（迄今為止），uptillnow（直到現(xiàn)在），since,foralongtime（很長時(shí)間），uptopresent（直到現(xiàn)在），inthepast/inthelastfewyears（在過去的幾年里），thesedays（目前）……?.Hehasworkedherefor15years.?.IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIcamehere.?.TheforeignerhasbeenawayfromChinaforalongtime.?.Sofar,Ihaven'treceivedasingleletterfrommybrother.3．某些非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞（即：動(dòng)作開始便終止的動(dòng)詞），在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中不能與表示一段時(shí)間狀語搭配。黃金要點(diǎn)：I．常見的非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞：die,arrive（到達(dá)），join（加入），leave（離開），go,refuse（拒絕），fail（失?。琭inish，buy，marry，divorce（離婚），awake（醒），buy，borrow，lend...（背三遍?。㊣I．這類動(dòng)詞并非不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，而是不能接常由for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語。III．但若是用在否定句中，非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用?！馭hehasgoneawayforamonth.（誤●Shehasbeenawayforamonth（正）●Themanhasdiedfortwoyears.（誤）●Themanhasbeendeadfortwoyears.（正）●Howlonghaveyouboughtthebook?（誤）●Howlonghaveyougotthebook.（正）4．注意since的用法：?.Theyhaven'thadanytroublesincetheycamehere.?.Ithasbeentenyearssincewemetlasttime.?.Hehasbeenheresince1980.?.Hehasbeenheresincetenyearsago.5．幾組對比：HehasgonetoShanghai.他到上海去了。HehasbeentoShanghai.他去過上海。Shehasgone.她已走了。Sheisgone.她缺席了。（or她死了。）Thedoorhasbeenclosed.門關(guān)上了。（動(dòng)作）Thedoorisclosed.門是關(guān)著的。（狀態(tài)）測試精編：1.Theprices________goingupallthetimeinthepastfewyears.A.keepB.keptC.havekeptD.arekeeping2.Forthewholeperiodoftwomonths,there________noraininthisarea.A.isB.willbeC.hasbeenD.havebeen3.TodayisJane'sweddingday.She________John.A.havejustmarriedwithB.wasjustmarriedtoC.hasjustbeenmarriedtoD.justhasbeenmarriedto4.Nowondertheflowerhavewithered,they________anywaterforages.A.hadn'tB.haven'tC.haven'thadD.hadn'thad5.Nowadayscomputer________awideapplicationwiththedevelopmentofproductionandscience.A.foundB.hasfoundC.findsD.hadfound六．現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：have/has+been+現(xiàn)在分詞1．表示從過去某時(shí)開始發(fā)生，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在且可能延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。（最好將此定義讀5遍）?.I'vebeenwaitingforanhourbutshehasn'tcome.?.Hehasbeenrunningafterherfor8years.（runafter:追求）2．表某種感情色彩。?.I'vebeenwantingtoseeyouforsomanyyears.?.Who'sbeentellingyousuchnonsense.釋惑要點(diǎn)：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的對比：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)“結(jié)果”，而完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)“動(dòng)作的延續(xù)”。?.Ihavethoughtofit.（我已想到了這一點(diǎn)。）?.Ihavebeenthinkingofit.（我一直在想這一點(diǎn)。）?.Jimhaspaintedthedoor.（杰姆已將門油漆過了。）?.Jimhasbeenpaintingthedoor.（杰姆一直在油漆門。）測試精編：1.They________ussincefiveo'clockthismorning.A.arehelpingB.havebeenhelpingC.havebeenhelpedD.havehelped2.I________thebookthewholeday,yetIhaven'tfinishedit.A.havebeenreadingB.havereadC.amreadingD.hadbeenreading3.Pleasecomein.We________aboutyourpaper.A.talkB.hadbeentalkingC.havebeentalkingD.wouldhavetalked4.Suchnaturalresourcesascoalandpetroleum________.A.graduallyareexhaustedB.arebeinggraduallyexhaustedC.havegraduallyexhaustingD.havebeenexhaustinggradually5.It________almosteverydaysofarthismonth.A.israiningB.rainedC.rainsD.hasbeenraining用所給動(dòng)詞正確時(shí)態(tài)填空。1.Youshouldgotobed.You________(watch)TVfor5hours.2.I________(write)letterssincebreakfast.3.I________(write)3letterssincebreakfast.4.Sorry,butMr.Smith________(leave)forBeijing.5.I________(look)forhimeverywhere,wherecanhebe?七．過去完成時(shí)：had+過去分詞1．表示過去某個(gè)動(dòng)作或某個(gè)具體時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生、完成的動(dòng)作。“過去的過去”。●TheyhadgoteverythingreadybeforeIcame.●TheplayhadbegunbeforeIgottothetheaterwithmyboyfriend.2．過去完成時(shí)常用于hardly/scarcely...when,nosooner...than等固定句型結(jié)構(gòu)中。（此乃超級重點(diǎn)句型，意為：“一……就”）●Shehadhardly/scarcelygonetobedwhenthebellrang.●Nosoonerhadhearrivedattherailwaystationthanhemetherparents.（注意nosooner在句首時(shí)句型倒裝。）3．intend（打算），mean（意味），hope（希望），want（想要），plan（計(jì)劃）等動(dòng)詞的過去完成時(shí)用來表示本打算做而沒有做的事?！馡hadintendedtocallonyouyesterday,butsomeonecametoseemejustwhenIwasabouttoleave.（……原想昨天去看你……）●Theyhadplanedtoholdafootballmatchlastweek,buttheyhadtocancelitbecausethebadweather.（……原計(jì)劃上周舉行一場足球賽……）測試精編：1.-Let'shurry!Thepresidentiscoming.-Oh,Iwasafraidthatwe________.A.alreadymisshimB.hadalreadymissedhimC.willmisshimalreadyD.havealreadymissedhim2.YourlettercamejustasI________myoffice.A.wasleavingB.wouldleaveC.hadleftD.left3.I________mykeys,Ican'trememberwhereIlastsawthem.A.waslosingB.lostC.hadlostD.havelost4.Nobodyknewwheretheteacher________.A.hasgoneB.wouldhavegoneC.hadgoneD.wouldbegone5.Thesportsmen________trainingfor3hourswhenthecoachtoldthemtobreakoffforrest.A.havebeenB.areC.hadbeenD.were八．一般將來時(shí)：shall/will+動(dòng)詞原形1．表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)?！馠ewillgraduatefromthecollegenextyear.●Weshallfinishourworkasquicklyaspossible.2．將來時(shí)的其它結(jié)構(gòu)：（務(wù)必背下?。㊣.begoingtodosomething.打算做某事。（美國口語中常讀作begonna）●I'mgoingtobuyanewcoatthisfall.[begoingto與will的對比：下列情況須用will]●I'llbesixteenyearsoldnextyear.●Itwillbethe20thofAugusttomorrow.●Whenhecomes,Iwillgivehimyourmessage.I.be+todosth.表示計(jì)劃安排做某事或用來征求意見?！馎mItotakeoverhiswork?●Wearetomeetatthegate.III.beabouttodosth.即將做某事?！馮hetalkisabouttobegin.3．重點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充：beonthepointofdoingsth.正要做某事setouttodosth.著手做某事setaboutdoingsth.開始做某事測試精編：1.-"Themeetingisscheduledtobeginat7o'clock."-"But________adelay."A.itwillbeB.there'dbeC.therewillbeD.thereis2.He'llleaveforParisbeforeyou________nextweek.A.willcomebackB.willbebackC.comebackD.cameback3.Ournextmeeting________on1stDecember.A.hasbeenheldB.willholdC.istobeheldD.isholding4.Where________awill,thereisaway.A.therewillhaveB.hasbeenthereC.thereisD.therehasbeen5.It________beWednesdaytomorrow.A.isgoingtoB.willC.isabouttoD.isto九．過去將來時(shí)：should/would+動(dòng)詞原形1．表示從過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)?！馠esaidthattheywouldmeetmeatthestation.2．此用法常用于間接引語中。測試精編：1.Ontelevisionlastnightthenewscasterannouncedthattheleader________onSaturday.A.isarrivingB.willarriveC.wouldbearrivedD.wouldarrive2.Hetoldusthathewouldbeginthedictationwhenwe________ready.A.willbeB.wouldbeC.wereD.are3.Myaunt________toseeus,shewouldbeheresoon.A.iscorningB.wascomingC.cameD.hadcame4.Theywouldbegivenanewhouseifmore________thenextyear.A.willbebuiltB.wouldbebuiltC.arebuiltD.werebuilt十．過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：hadbeen+現(xiàn)在分詞表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間之前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作?！馭hesaidthatshehadbeentypingapaperbeforeIcamein.比較：?.Thegirlhadcleaneduptheroom,soitwastidy.?.Thegirlhadbeenclearinguptheroom,sowehadtowaitoutside.測試精編：1.It________forfourdayswhenwearrived,sotheroadswereverymuddy.A.wasrainingB.wouldberainingC.hadbeenrainingD.hasrained2.Hetoldusthathe________theresince1982.A.hasbeenlivingB.hadbeenlivingC.wouldhavelivedD.wasliving3.HehadbeenlearningEnglishfor3yearsbeforehecamehereand________now.A.isstilllearningB.hadbeenlearningC.wasstilllearningD.hasbeenlearning4.Bytheendoflastweek,he________inthecompanyfor10years.A.hadworkedB.hadbeenworkingC.willhaveworkedD.wouldhaveworked5.Notuntilthendidpeopleknowthathe________importantmilitaryinformationtotheenemyforalongtime.A.soldB.wouldsellC.hadsoldD.hadbeenselling十一．將來進(jìn)行時(shí)：shall/willbe+現(xiàn)在分詞1．表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作：?.Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrow?〖比較：〗?.Tomwon'tcutthegrassbecauseheisafraidofbeingtired.（說明意圖）?.Tomwon'tbecuttingthegrass.（無意圖、僅陳述事實(shí)）2．用將來進(jìn)行時(shí)詢問別人的計(jì)劃、打算比用一般將來時(shí)更顯禮貌。?.Willyoubehavingsupperwithusthisevening?3．將來進(jìn)行時(shí)表示對即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的推測。?.ShewillbearrivingatShanghaitomorrowmorning.?.Thecarwillbegoingatthespeedof100milesanhour.十二．過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)：should/wouldbe+現(xiàn)在分詞表示從過去某時(shí)看將來某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。?.HeaskedmewhatIshouldbedoingwhenhecamethenextday.測試精編：1.Tomorrow,I________thebookallmorning.A.amreadingB.willbereadingC.willreadD.haveread2.-"Canyouattendthemeetingtonight?"-"No,________themanageraboutsomethingurgent."A.IseeB.I'llhaveseenC.I'llbeseeingD.Icansee3.OfthemillionswhosawHaley'scometin1986,howmanypeople________longenoughtoseeitreturninthetwenty-firstcentury?A.willtheyliveB.theywillbelivingC.willliveD.living4.Hetoldusthathe________visitingJapanbythistimenextyear.A.willbeB.wouldbeC.wasD.is5.It________whenyouwakeuptomorrowmorning.A.issnowingB.willsnowC.willbesnowingD.snows十三．將來完成時(shí)：shall/willhave+過去分詞表示將來某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。?.Theywillhavebeenherefor5yearsnextFriday.?.Bytheendofnextterm,thestudentswillhavefinishedthebook.十四．過去將來完成時(shí)：would/shouldhave+過去分詞表示從過去某個(gè)時(shí)間看將來某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。Hesaidthattheywouldhavearrivedbyseveno'clock.十五．將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：shall/willhavebeen+現(xiàn)在分詞表示某一動(dòng)作將繼續(xù)到將來某時(shí)，且該動(dòng)作此時(shí)尚未發(fā)生。?.WeshallhavebeenstayinghereforfourweekswhenTomarrives.?.Itwillhavebeenrainingforaweekifitdoesnotstoptomorrow.［注：此句型過于復(fù)雜，人們很少運(yùn)用，了解而已。］單項(xiàng)自測題（綜合訓(xùn)練）1.Simplephotographiclensescan't________sharp,undistortedimagesoverawidefield.A.toformB.areformedC.formingD.form2.Ofallthefactorsaffectingagriculturalyields,weatheristheone________themost.A.itinfluencesfarmersB.thatinfluencesfarmersC.farmersthatitinfluencesD.whyfarmersinfluenceit3.Bytrackingtheeyeofahurricane,forecasterscandeterminethespeedatwhich________.A.isastormmovingB.astormismovingC.ismovingastormD.amovingstorm4.Duringthefloodof1927,theRedCross,________outofemergencyheadquartersinMississippi,setuptemporarysheltersforthehomeless.A.operatesB.isoperatingC.hasoperatedD.operating5.Ofalltheeconomicallyimportantplants,palmshavebeen________.A.theleaststudiedB.studytheleastC.studylessandlessD.tostudytheless6.Duringaneclipseofthesun,________intheshadowoftheMoon.A.theEarthliesB.theEarthwhenlyingC.thattheEarthliesD.thelyingEarth7.Thephotoperiodicresponseofalgaeactuallydependsonthedurationofdarkness,________.A.thelightisnotonB.andnotonlightC.butisnotonthelightD.isnotonlight8.Thewallflower________becauseitsweakstemsoftengrowonwallsandalongstrongcliffsforsupport.A.socalledisB.soiscalledC.issocalledD.calledisso9.Becauseofitsimportanceinmodernliving,________inallpartsoftheworld.A.algebraisstudiedinschoolsandcollegesB.studyingalgebrainschoolsandcollegesC.andthestudyofalgebrainschoolsandcollegesD.inschoolsandcollegesarealgebrastudies10.Sociologistshavelongrecognizedthatsocialtension________.A.elementsfromgrouplivingB.elementsofanormalgrouplifeC.livingareagroupofelementsD.arenormalelementsofgrouplife第二章名詞（Nouns）（一）名詞變復(fù)數(shù)：1．規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式：在單數(shù)名詞后加“s”day→daysweek→weeks2．在以o,s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加“es”。hero→heroesbox→boxesclass→classesbush→busheswatch→watches3．黃金重點(diǎn)：I．有些以o結(jié)尾的外來詞或縮略詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式只加“s”。II．以元音字母加o結(jié)尾的單詞只加“s”。（不認(rèn)識的單詞，請你查詞典，懶惰是學(xué)英語的唯一大忌。）piano，photo，zero，radio，bamboo，tobacco，solo，cuckoo，dynamo，cameo，soprano教你一招☆如果以O(shè)結(jié)尾的名詞有生命力，則該詞匯一般加-es。hero，tomato，potato，Negro（黑人）[簡記：黑人英雄吃西紅柿馬鈴薯。]4．以輔音加y結(jié)尾的名詞變y為i再加“es”family→familiescity→cities5．y前面是元音字母只加“s”key→keysboy→boysplay→playstoy→toys6．以f、fe結(jié)尾的名詞，變f/fe為v加es。calf→calvesknife→knives?當(dāng)心當(dāng)心：I．下列名詞直接加“s”。（請大聲朗讀三遍，然后背下。注意讀音?。﹔oof（房頂），reef（暗礁），chief（首領(lǐng)），cliff（懸崖），grief（悲痛），turf（草皮），belief（信仰），gulf（港灣），dwarf（侏儒），safe（保險(xiǎn)箱），sheriff（長官），tariff（關(guān)稅）II．scarf（頭巾），wharf（碼頭），staff（全體職員），handkerchief（手帕）和hoof（蹄）既可直接加“s”，又可變f為v加es.（二）不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式：1.foot→feetmouse→micegoose→geesechild→childrenox→oxenlouse→licewoman→womenman→men2．單復(fù)數(shù)同形：sheep,deer,fish,means,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,works,barracks（兵營）bellows（風(fēng)箱）kennels（狗窩）3．一些英語外來詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：crisis→crises危機(jī)analysis→analyses分析oasis→oases綠洲parenthesis→parentheses括號axis→axes軸心ellipsis→ellipses日蝕hypothesis→hypotheses假定synopsis→synopses內(nèi)容提要erratum→errata勘誤誤表addendum→addenda補(bǔ)遺、附錄medium→media媒體（以上單詞熟悉即可）（三）．復(fù)合名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式：1．中間沒有連字符的合成名詞在詞尾變復(fù)數(shù)：bookshelf→bookshelveshandful→handfuls2．man和woman構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞，二者均變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。manservant→menservantswomanteacher→womenteachers3．中間有連字符的合成次，在主體詞（中心意義的詞）末尾變復(fù)數(shù)：sister-in-law→sisters-in-lawlooker-on→lookers-oneditor-in-chief→editors-in-chief4．下列合成名詞在后一個(gè)詞上變化：sit-in→sit-ins,grown-up→grown-upsstand-by→stand-bystouch-me-not→touch-me-notsgo-between→go-betweens（四）．名詞所有格1．在大多數(shù)名詞末加“'s”theboy'stoy,men'swork2．以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞直接加“'”thestudents'readingroom3．以s結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞加“'”Dickens'novelstheactress'performance4．合成名詞在最后一個(gè)詞上加“s”herbrother-in-law'spiano.Somebodyelse'sbooks.（重要?。窘鹋浦攸c(diǎn)】：除用于有生命的人外，“'s”格還可用于度量衡、地域、天體及一些習(xí)語中：anhour'sdrive,amile'sjourneytenpounds'weight.Beijing'sweathertheearth'ssurfaceastone'sthrow投石之距離atone'switsend智窮計(jì)盡toone'sheart'scontent盡情地byahair'sbreadth千鈞一發(fā)atasnail'space緩慢地5．雙重所有格：如果被修飾的名詞前有不定冠詞、不定代詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞修飾。則要采用雙重所有格。afriendofmine（名詞性物主代詞）achildofhersthelovepoemsofyoursister's注意區(qū)別：●aportraitofhermother她母親的畫像（畫中人）●aportraitofhermother's她母親擁有的畫像中的一幅（不一定是她母親的畫像）測試精編：1.Juliewenttothe________tobuyapairofshoes.A.shoesstoreB.shoe'sstoreC.shoestoreD.shoes'store2.Asasafetyprecaution,allcitycabdriverscarryonlyenoughmoneytomakechangefora________bill.A.ten-dollarB.ten-dollarsC.tens-dollarD.ten-dollar's3.Recently,hehaslostallhis________atcards.A.wageandsavingB.wagesandsavingC.wageandsavingsD.wagesandsavings4.Iwant________.A.adollarworthcandyB.candyadollar'sworthC.adollar'sworthofcandyD.adollarworth'scandy5.Thesurroundingsachildgrowsupinusually________aneffectonhisdevelopment.A.haveB.hadC.doD.has第三章形容詞、副詞比較級和最高級Comparativedegree&Superlativedegree:比較級構(gòu)成方式：A．a(chǎn)dj/adv+er/estpoor→poorer→poorestfast→faster→fastestB．詞尾e+r/stlarge→larger→largestfine→finer→finestC．重讀閉音節(jié)中短元音+輔音詞尾→雙寫輔音詞尾+er/est.big→bigger→biggesthot→hotter→hottestD．輔音+y→i+er/estdry→drier→driestangry→angrier→angriestE．多音節(jié)形容詞及副詞：more+adj/advmost+adj/advF．不規(guī)則變化：good/well→better→bestbad/ill→worse→worstmany/much→more→mostlittle→less→leastlate→later→/latestlate→latter→lastfar→farther→farthestfar→further→furthest【用法示例】比較級用于二者相比較，由than構(gòu)成比較狀語從句：（1）?.HelooksstrongerthanI(do).?.TheclimateofShanghaiishotterthanthatofBeijing.?.MySchoolbagislargerthanhers.?.Thebookismuchmoreinterestingthanthatone.筆記要點(diǎn)：兩個(gè)相比較的主語必須相對應(yīng)。（2）?.Itisgettingcolderandcolder.?.Sheisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful.筆記要點(diǎn)：兩個(gè)形容詞比較級由and連在一起，表示“越來越……”（3）?.Theolderwegrow,thepoorerourmemorywillbe.?.Theearlierwestart,thesoonerwe'llgetthere.筆記要點(diǎn)：這種句型結(jié)構(gòu)表示“越……越……”（4）?.Ipreferthecheaperoneofthetwobooks.?.Ofthetwobrothers,heisthecleverer.筆記要點(diǎn)：二者之比較。而Ofthethreegirls,sheisthecleverest.最高級構(gòu)成方式：三者或三者以上進(jìn)行比較，“the+形容詞/副詞est”。(1)Johnisthetallestofthethree.Herunsfastestinourclass.（副詞的最高級the可省略）ThisisthemostdifficultbookI'veread.(2)Heisclevererthananyotherboyintheclass.（有than時(shí)只用比較級）Sheisyoungerthanalltheotherstudents.測試精編1.Sheis________than________.A.busier/usB.busier/weC.morebusy/usD.morebusy/we2.Janeis________thanBetty.A.lesstallerB.lesstallestC.lesstallD.notastall3.John'srecordwasnotsogoodas________inhisteam.A.alltheplayersB.anyplayer'sC.otherplayersD.anyotherplayer's4.Chinais________countryintheworld.A.thethirdlargestB.thelargestthirdC.thethirdlargeD.athirdlargest5.Shanghaihasalargerpopulationthan________inchina.A.anycityB.allthecitiesC.anyothercityD.allothercities用所給詞的比較級、最高級填空：1.Thewindowis________(narrow)ofthetwo.2.Whereisthe________(near)bus-stop?3.Heisoneof________(famous)Politicians.4.Doyouhaveany________(far)questionstoask?5.Tomdrivesmuch________(careful)thanJohn.第四章被動(dòng)語態(tài)(PassiveVoice)1．何時(shí)運(yùn)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)：（1）強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的接受者：AmericawasdiscoveredbyColumbus.（2）不知誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者：Youarewantedonthephone.（3）作客觀說明：Itissaidthatthemeetinghasbeenputoff.（經(jīng)典句型）2．主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)的基本方法：（說起來容易，掌握起來需要用心?。?）主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語。（2）謂語動(dòng)詞變?yōu)橛伞癰e+過去分詞”的形式，配合時(shí)態(tài)作相應(yīng)變化。（3）主動(dòng)語態(tài)主語置于介詞by之后，如無必需，則省略。（4）不及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)?，F(xiàn)在do(does)→am/is/are+doneWekeepthepianointheliving-room.→Thepianoiskeptintheliving-room.過去did→was/were+doneTheybuiltthebridgein1980.→Thebridgewasbuiltin1980.將來shallshallwilldo→will+be+doneHewillreadthebooktomorrow.→Thebookwillbereadtomorrow.現(xiàn)在完成havehavehasdone→has+been+doneWehavedeliveredthenewspaper.→Thenewspapershavebeendelivered