暨南大學外國語學院808外國語言文學綜合考試歷年考研真題及詳解

目錄

2011年暨南大學808外國語言文學綜合考試考研真題及詳解

2012年暨南大學808外國語言文學綜合考試考研真題及詳解

2013年暨南大學808外國語言文學綜合考試考研真題及詳解

2014年暨南大學808外國語言文學綜合考試考研真題及詳解

2015年暨南大學808外國語言文學綜合考試考研真題及詳解

2016年暨南大學808外國語言文學綜合考試考研真題及詳解

2017年暨南大學808外國語言文學綜合考試考研真題及詳解

2018年暨南大學808外國語言文學綜合考試考研真題及詳解

2011年暨南大學808外國語言文學

綜合考試考研真題及詳解

SECTIONA

Ⅰ.Filltheblankswithproperanswers(10%)

1.TheEnglishsonnet,alsoknownas_____sonnet,usuallyhasa

regularrhymeschemea-b-a-b,c-d-c-d,e-f-e-f,g-g.

【答案】Shakespearean

【解析】莎士比亞的詩作，改變了彼得拉克的格式，由三段四行和

一副對句組成，即按四、四、四、二編排，其押韻格式為“ABAB，

CDCD，EFEF，GG”。每行詩句有十個抑揚格音節(jié)。

2.Itwasin1798,withthepublicationofWilliamWordsworth’s_____,

incollaborationwithS.T.Coleridge,thatromanticismbegantobloomand

foundafirmplaceinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.

【答案】LyricalBallads

【解析】1798年，華茲華斯與柯勒律治將各自的詩歌合為一冊，定

名為《抒情歌謠集》。

3.ThetypicalfeatureofRobertBrowning’spoetryisthe_____.

【答案】dramaticmonologue

【解析】勃朗寧對英國詩歌的最大貢獻，是發(fā)展和完善了戲劇獨白

詩這樣一種獨特的詩歌形式，并且用它鮮明而生動地塑造了各種不同類

型的人物性格，深刻而復雜地展示了人的內在心理。

4.TheGraveyardPoetswereanumberofpre-RomanticEnglishpoets

ofthe18thcenturycharacterizedbytheirgloomymeditationsonmortalityin

thecontextofthegraveyard.Acontemplativeandmellowmoodisachieved

inthecelebratedopeningverseofGray’s_____.

【答案】ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard

【解析】這首詩充滿感傷情調，成為18世紀后期感傷主義詩歌的典

范之作。

5.Asoneofthegreatinnovatorsofthemodernnovel,VirginiaWoolf

developedthetechniqueof_____inherwriting,whichfocusesonthe

complexlivesofcharacters’innermindsinsteadofoutwardactions.

【答案】streamofconsciousness

【解析】弗吉尼亞·伍爾芙（1882年1月25日—1941年3月28日）。英

國女作家、文學批評家和文學理論家，意識流文學代表人物，被譽

為“二十世紀現(xiàn)代主義與女性主義的先鋒”。

6.Itwas_____,astheprimaryauthorwhowrote“theDeclarationof

Independence”,togetherwithotherfourmenincludingBenjaminFranklin.

【答案】ThomasJefferson

【解析】《獨立宣言》是一份于1776年7月4日由托馬斯·杰斐遜起

草，并由其它13個殖民地代表簽署的最初聲明美國從英國獨立的文件。

7._____’s“TheRaven”isadarkreflectiononlostlove,death,andloss

ofhope.

【答案】EdgarAllenPoe

【解析】《烏鴉》是埃德加·愛倫·坡于1844年創(chuàng)作的詩集，詩歌主題

除了愛情就是死亡、幻滅和傷悼。

8.NathanielHawthorne’sScarletLetterisastoryaboutawomannamed

_____livinginseventeenth-centuryBoston,thenapuritansettlement.

【答案】HesterPrynne

【解析】《紅字》講述了發(fā)生在北美殖民時期的戀愛悲劇。女主人

公是海絲特·白蘭。

9.Earlyinthe1920sthemostprominentofthenewAmerican

playwrights,_____,establishedaninternationalreputationwithsuchplaysas

TheEmperorJonesandTheHairyApe.

【答案】EugeneO’Neill

【解析】尤金·奧尼爾（1888年10月16日—1953年11月27日）美國劇

作家，表現(xiàn)主義文學的代表作家，美國民族戲劇的奠基人。主要作品有

《瓊斯皇》《毛猿》《天邊外》《悲悼》等。

10.Hemingway’sstatureasawriterwasconfirmedwiththepublication

ofhisnovel_____in1929,whichportrayedafarewellbothtowarandto

love.

【答案】AFarewelltoArms

【解析】《永別了，武器》是美國小說家歐內斯特·海明威創(chuàng)作的長

篇小說，是其早期代表作，首次出版于1929年9月27日。通過描述二人

的愛情，作品揭示了戰(zhàn)爭的荒唐和殘酷的本質，反映了戰(zhàn)爭中人與人之

間的相互殘殺以及戰(zhàn)爭對人的精神和情感的毀滅。

Ⅱ.Definethetermslistedbelowaccordingtoyourknowledgeof

EnglishandAmericanliteratureandcriticism.(20%)

1.Gothicnovel

【答案】GothicNovel,asaliterarygenre,combineselementsofboth

horrorandromance.Thesenovels,inrebellingagainsttheincreasing

commercialismandrationalism,showthedark,irrationalsideofhuman

nature.Theyaremysteries,ofteninvolvingthesupernaturalandheavily

tingedwithhorror,andtheyareusuallyagainstdarkbackgroundsof

medievalruinsandhauntedcastles.TheoriginatorofEnglishGothicnovelis

HoraceWalpole,andhisCastleofOtranto:AGothicStoryisthefirstwork

ofthekind.

2.Byronichero

【答案】TheByronicheroisanidealizedbutflawedcharacter

exemplifiedinthelifeandwritingsofLordBryon,likeChildHaroldand

DonJuan.Theyarehandsome,chivalrous,energetic,pathetic,lonelyand

remorsefuloverasin,gloomyandmisanthropic,sexuallyfree,andcapableof

generousactsandmagnanimity.Thereisapossibledownsideoftheir

personalitywithindividualisticspirit,aloofness,arroganceandoccasional

contemptforthecommonpeople.

3.CriticalRealism

【答案】Thecriticalrealismofthe19thcenturyflourishedinthe1840s

andinthebeginningofthe1850s.Therealistsfirstandforemostset

themselvesthetaskofcriticizingcapitalistsocietyfromadramaticviewpoint

anddelineatedthecryingconditionsofbourgeoisreality.Buttheydidnot

findawaytoeradicatesocialevils.CharlesDickensisthemostimportant

criticalrealist.

4.Transcendentalism

【答案】Itisaliterary,philosophicalandartisticmovementthat

flourishedinNewEnglandfromabout1836to1860.Itoriginatedamonga

smallgroupofintellectualswhowerereactingagainsttheorthodoxyof

CalvinismandtherationalismoftheUnitarianChurch,developinginstead

theirownfaithcenteringonthedivinityofhumanityandthenaturalworld.

Transcendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoulasthemost

importantthingintheuniverse,andstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.

Tothem,naturewasthegarmentoftheOversoul.Theirideaswere

eloquentlyexpressedbyRalphWaldoEmersoninsuchessaysasNature,and

Self-relianceandbyHenryDavidThoreauinhisWalden.

Ⅲ.Identifythefollowingquotationsbygiving(1)thetitleofthework;

(2)thenameofitsauthor,and(3)explainbrieflytheimplicationsofthe

underlinedparts.(20%)

1.Craftymencondemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemen

usethem,fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,

fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawithoutthem,andabovethem,

wonbyobservation.

【答案】

OfStudies;FrancisBacon

Itsimplicationisthatstudiescannotteachuseverythingandwecannot

believeeverythingthatwelearnfrombooks,insteadweneedtolearnfrom

experiencetotesttheknowledgewelearnedbefore.

2.IfIwereadeadleafthoumightestbear;/IfIwereaswiftcloudtofly

withthee;/Awavetopantbeneaththypower,andshare/Theimpulseofthy

strength,onlylessfree/Thanthou,OUncontrollable!

【答案】

OdetotheWestWind;PercyByssheShelley

Itsimplicationisthatthoughthespeakerislikethewindatheart,

untamableandproud—heisnowchainedandbowedwiththeweightofhis

hoursupontheearth.

3.Ohsir,shesmiled,nodoubt,/Whene’erIpassedher;butwhopassed

without/Muchthesamesmile?Thisgrew:Igavecommands:/Thenallsmiles

stoppedaltogether.

【答案】

MyLastDuchess;RobertBrowning

Itsimplicationisthatthespeakercommandshiswifenottosmileto

othersbecausehethinksthatsheistoofrivolousindoingso.Fromthis,

BrowningportraysadominatingandselfishDuke.

4.Hesmiledunderstandingly—muchmorethanunderstandingly…

Preciselyatthatpointitvanished—andIwaslookingatanelegantyoung

roughneck,ayearortwooverthirty,whoseelaborateformalityofspeechjust

missedbeingabsurd.SometimebeforeheintroducedhimselfI’dgotastrong

impressionthathewaspickinghiswordswithcare.

【答案】

TheGreatGatsby;F.ScottFitzgerald

ItsimplicationisthatGatsbyisnotthesameasthespeakerimagines,

andthespeakerthinksthathiswayofspeechorbehaviorsareinconsistent

withhiswealthorpower.

5.Togointosolitude,amanneedstoretireasmuchfromhischamber

asfromsociety.IamnotsolitarywhilstIreadandwrite,thoughnobodyis

withme.Butifamanwouldbealone,lethimlookatthestars.Theraysthat

comefromthoseheavenlyworldswillseparatebetweenhimandvulgar

things.

【答案】

Nature;RalphWaldoEmerson

Itsimplicationisthattoexperiencethe“wholeness”withnaturefor

whichwearenaturallysuited,wemustbeseparatefromtheflawsand

distractionsimposedonusbysociety.Emersonbelievedthatsolitudeisthe

singlemechanismthroughwhichwecanbefullyengagedintheworldof

nature.

Ⅳ.Writing:Chooseoneofthefollowingpairandwriteacomparative

essayofnolessthan200words.(25%)

1.CharlesDickensandThomasHardy

【答案】

BothCharlesDickensonandThomasHardyweremastersofcritical

realisminBritaininthenineteenthCentury.Dickensonbegantowritein

1830s,andendedin1850s;Hardy’snovelsweremainlyinthelast10years

ofnineteenthCentury.Becauseoftheirdifferentlifeexperiencesand

historicalbackgrounds,theirwritingstylesarebothidenticalanddifferent.

Dickenson’snovelsaretortuous,lively,andfascinating.Hisnovelsare

interestingandreadable,withtheaimofattractingreaders.Theprotagonists

inDickenson’novelsoftensucceedafterthousandsofhardshipsor

frustrationsintheirlives.Hisnovelsarejustlikeapieceofmusic,which

beginswithamelancholymelodyandendswithcheerfulnotes,oftenmaking

readerslaughwithtears.Thisistheoptimistic“Dickenson-style”novel

ending.Hardy’snovels,likeDickenson’snovels,arereadableandinteresting.

Theplotistortuousandfascinating,whichisthecharacteristicofhisnovels,

sohehasalargenumberofreaders.Theplot’stwistsandturnsofHardy’s

novelsaremainlymanifestedintheupsanddowns,andaseriesof

misfortunesandmisfortunesplungingtheherointodespair.Hisworksare

novelanduniquewithmanyoccasionalhappeningsandcoincidences.His

novelsoftenendwithamournfultone,whichmakesreaderssad.

ThecharactersinDickenson’snovelsaresingleandwillnotchange

withthechangeofexperienceandenvironment.Therefore,thegoodpeople

inDickenson’snovelsareoftenpoor,butgoodandkind.Badpeopleare

villainsandgangsters.However,thecharactersinHardy’sworksnotonly

havedualityandcomplexity,butalsochangebecauseoftheinfluenceof

environmentandexperience.Hedoesnotregardtheprinciplethat“Bad

deeds,aswellasgood,mayrebounduponthedoer.”astheendingofthe

novel,butjustshowsthefateofsomecharacterstothereadersaccordingto

thereality.Hardyhadnoillusionsaboutlife.Hisattitudetowardslifewas

quiteresignedtofate.

2.TheLostGeneration&TheBeatGeneration

【答案】

“TheLostgeneration”and“theBeatGeneration”cameintobeingafter

thetwoWorldWarsin20thCentury.Theyemergedindifferenttimesand

socialsituations.Facedwiththelossoftraditionalvalues,theyexpressed

dissatisfactionandrebelliontosocietyindifferentforms.

AftertheFirstWorldWar,thetraditionalcivilizationofEurope,of

whichtheyouthwasproud,collapsedinstantly,andEuropewasinturmoil.

Afterthewar,theyoungmandidnotbecometheheroesthatpeople

worshiped.Theycannotfindjobsandcannotadjusttotheirtownsand

familiesandbecameincompatiblewiththereality.Moreover,WorldWarI

causedamorelastingtraumatointellectualswhoweredissatisfiedwiththe

pursuitofeconomicinterestsbuttheoverlookofspiritualcontentinsociety.

Allthesechangesresultedinagenerationfeelingconfusedandataloss.

Theylosttheiroldrootsandcouldnotfindnewdirectionsbutjustexpressed

theirprotestagainstsocietywith“l(fā)ost”appearance.Whileasthesocietyafter

WorldWarⅡhadcompletelysuppressedhumannature,theyoungpeople

whohadbeenhitcouldnolongerendureinsilence.Thenormalresistance

wasineffectiveandtheycannotbehaveasifeverythinghadnothingtodo

withthemlikethe“l(fā)ostgeneration”beingintoxicatedintheindividualworld.

Therefore,theydecidedtoattracttheattentionofthesocietyandthepublic

bytheirpeculiarandindependentbehaviors,thusexpressingtheirresistance

tothemainstreamauthority.

Thetwoschoolsalldisplayedamentaloutlookthatwasnotcompatible

withthemainstream,buttheyrevoltedindifferentways.“TheLost

Generation”was“graceunderpressure”,“TheBeatGeneration”wasanaked

howl.Althoughtheformerwaspessimisticandignoredtheoutsideworld,

theydidnotretreatpassively.Undertheir“l(fā)ost”appearance,theylookedfor

something,expressingtheirpursuitofpersonalfreedomfromadeeperlevel.

However,thelatterexpressedthesamespiritofrebellionwithinsanityand

nakedexposure.Theydislikedtheevilbigcityandmovedtothewest,tothe

originalMexico.Intheirtimes,peoplelostthemselvesandgradually

alienatedinthesocietyofincreasingphysicalandrightdesires.Therefore,

theyarousetherebelliousconsciousnessoftheresignedwithcrazybehaviors

torestorepeople’sfreedom.

SECTIONB

Ⅰ.Therearetenmultiple-choicequestionsinthissection.Choosethe

bestanswerloeachquestion.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.

(10%)

1.Whichofthefollowingsoundsdoesnotbelongtotheallomorphsof

theEnglishsimplepastmorpheme?

A.[d]

B.[t]

C.[?t]

D.[?d]

【答案】C

【解析】英語一般過去式的詞素有三種詞素變體：[d]、[t]、[?d]。

2.When-ionin“television”isremovedtogetaverb“televise”,wecall

thiswayofcreatingwords_____.

A.suffixation

B.back-formation

C.blending

D.acronymy

【答案】B

【解析】逆構詞法是將語言中已經存在的某個較長的詞去掉想象中

的詞綴從而衍生出來的一個較短的詞。

3.Inthefollowingconversation:

-BeirutisinPeru,isn’tit?

-AndRomeisinRomania,Isuppose.

Thesecondpersonviolatesthe_____oftheCooperativePrinciple.

A.QuantityMaxim

B.QualityMaxim

C.RelationMaxim

D.MannerMaxim

【答案】B

【解析】質量準則第一條為“不要說自知是假的話”。

4.Asmodernlinguisticsaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguage

peopleactuallyuse,andnottolaydownrulesfor“correct”linguistic

behavior,itissaidtobe_____.

A.prescriptive

B.sociolinguistic

C.descriptive

D.psycholinguistic

【答案】C

【解析】現(xiàn)代語言學描述和分析語言事實。

5.ThediscoveryoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamilybeganwiththe

workof_____.

A.JacobGrimm

B.BronislawMalinowski

C.LeonardBloomfield

D.SirWilliamJones

【答案】D

【解析】威廉·瓊斯最早正式提出印歐語假設。

6.Oneofthepropertiesoflanguageisthatalanguageusercan

understandandproducesentenceshe/shehasneverheardbefore.This

propertyoflanguageiscalled_____.

A.duality

B.productivity

C.displacement

D.arbitrariness

【答案】B

【解析】有了創(chuàng)造性，說話者便能夠將基本的語言單位組成無限數

量的句子，而這其中的絕大數句子卻是以前從未有過或聽說過的。

7.Theconsonant[e]inEnglishcanbecorrectlydescribedashavingthe

followingphoneticfeatures:

A.voiceless,alveolar,stop

B.voiceless,labiodental,lateral

C.voiced,dental,fricative

D.voiceless,labiodental,affricate

【答案】C

【解析】[e]是濁音，齒音，摩擦音。

8.“Iboughtsomeroses”_____“Iboughtsomeflowers”.

A.entails

B.presupposes

C.isinconsistentwith

D.issynonymouswith

【答案】A

【解析】第二個句子的意義可以由第一個句子衍推出來。

9.Theprocesswhereawordorphraserefersforwardtoanotherwordor

phrasewhichoccurslaterinatextorconversationiscalled_____.

A.antecedent

B.cataphora

C.anaphora

D.reference

【答案】B

【解析】下指是對后文將要出現(xiàn)的內容或詞項的替代。

10.Whichpairofwordsinthefollowingisaminimalpair?

A.dick,dug

B.bike,pike

C.cat,pet

D.page,lake

【答案】B

【解析】單詞bike和pike只有第一個音素不同，從而導致兩個單詞意

義不同。

Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswithwordsorphrasesstartingwiththefirstletter

givenbelow.(10%)

1.S_____isthesmallestcomponentofmeaning.

【答案】Sememe

【解析】義素是詞義的基本單位。

2.Ane_____constructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionally

equivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,i.e.,awordoragroupof

words,whichservesasadefinablecenterofhead.

【答案】endocentric

【解析】向心結構是一種其分布在功能上等同或趨近于整個結構中

作為中心或核心的成分的結構。

3.Ac_____isacollectionoflinguisticdata,eithercompiledaswritten

textsorasatranscriptionofrecordedspeech.

【答案】corpus

【解析】語料是以書面語篇或錄音言語描寫所收集的語言數據的集

合。

4.As_____isaspecificationofwhattakesplaceintheclassroom,

whichusuallycontainstheaimsandcontentsofteachingandsometimes

containssuggestionsofmethodology.

【答案】syllabus

【解析】教學大綱就是教學計劃。它是對課程內容，教學步驟和學

習經歷的描述。

5.J.R.F_____wasthefirstprofessorofgenerallinguisticsinGreat

Britainandheturnedlinguisticsproperintoarecognizeddistinctacademic

subjectinBritain.

【答案】Firth

【解析】弗斯是英國語言學界的中心人物。他堅持語言理論研究有

其獨立性，不應被視為其他學科或語言教學的附庸。

6.ICanalysisistheshortformfori_____.

【答案】immediateconstituent

【解析】IC是直接成分分析法的簡稱。

7.Thei_____functionistoconveynewinformation,tocommunicatea

contentthatisunknowntothehearerorreader.

【答案】informative

【解析】信息功能指語言用來傳達信息，即告訴他人一些事情，情

況，信息等功能。

8.B_____inlinguisticsholdsthatchildrenlearnlanguagethrougha

chainofstimulus-responsereinforcement.

【答案】Bloomfield

【解析】布龍菲爾德認為兒童的語言學習是通過“刺激—反應加

強”鏈，而且成人的語言運用同樣也是刺激—反應過程。

9.TheP_____Schoolisbestknownandrememberedforits

contributiontophonologyandthedistinctionbetweenphoneticsand

phonology.ItmostprominentscholarisTrubetzcoy.

【答案】Prague

【解析】布拉格學派最為出名，令人難以忘懷的是其對音位學的貢

獻，以及對語音學和音位學的區(qū)分。在這當中最有影響力的學者是特魯

別茨伊柯。

10.Philosophersusec_____tomeanthepropertiesoftheentityaword

denotes.

【答案】connotation

【解析】哲學家們用內涵來表示單詞所指實體的屬性。

Ⅲ.Definethefollowingterms.(25%)

1.arbitrariness

【答案】Itreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalorintrinsic

connectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.

Thereisnoreason,forexample,whyEnglishshouldusethesounds/d?g/to

refertotheanimaldog,orwhyChineseshoulduse“gou”torefertothesame

animal.Therelationshipbetweenthesoundsandtheirmeaningisquite

accidental.

2.antonymy

【答案】

Thetermantonymyisusedforoppositenessofmeaning;wordsthatare

oppositeinmeaningareantonyms.Oppositenesscanbefoundondifferent

dimensionsanddifferentkindsofantonymshavebeenfound.

Someantonymsaregradablebecausethereareoftenintermediateforms

betweenthetwomembersofapair.Soitisamatterofdegree.Forexample,

oldandyoungareimmediatelyrecognizedasantonyms,buttheystandfor

twoextremes,betweenwhichthereexistintermediateformsrepresenting

differingdegreesofbeingoldoryoung,suchas“middle-aged,mature,

elderly”.“Good”and“bad”isalsoapairofgradableantonyms.Apairof

complementaryantonymsischaracterizedbythefeaturethatthedenialof

onememberofthepairimpliestheassertionoftheother.Inotherwords,itis

notamatterofdegreebetweentwoextremes,butamatterofeitheroneorthe

other.Forexample,apersoncanbeeither“alive”or“dead”,either“male”or

“female”;thereisnothirdpossibility.Therefore,“alive”and“dead”isapair

ofcomplementaryantonymsandsois“male”and“female”.Pairsofwords

thatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitemsarecalled

relationalopposites.Forexample,ifAisthehusbandofB,thenBisthewife

ofA.So“husband”and“wife”isapairofrelationalopposites;soare

“teacher”and“student”.

3.conversationalimplicature

【答案】Conversationalimplicatureisakindofimpliedmeaning,which

isdeducedonthebasisoftheconventionalmeaningofwordstogetherwith

thecontext,undertheguidanceoftheCPanditsmaxims.

4.broadtranscription

【答案】Phonetictranscriptionmayaimtotranscribethephonologyofa

language,oritmaybeusedtogofurtherandspecifytheprecisephonetic

realization.Inallsystemsoftranscriptionthereisadistinctionbetweenbroad

transcriptionandnarrowtranscription.Broadtranscriptionindicatesonlythe

mostnoticeablephoneticfeaturesofanutterance,whereasnarrow

transcriptionencodesmoreinformationaboutthephoneticvariationsofthe

specificallophonesintheutterance.Thedifferencebetweenbroadand

narrowisacontinuum.Oneparticularformofabroadtranscriptionisa

phonemictranscription,whichdisregardsallallophonicdifference,and,as

thenameimplies,isnotreallyaphonetictranscriptionatall(butattimes

coincideswithit),butarepresentationofphonemicstructure.

5.proposition

【答案】Apropositioniswhatasentencesaysabouttheworld.The

samesentencecanexpressdifferentpropositionsondifferentoccasions.

Conversely,differentsentencescanexpressoneandthesameproposition.

Ⅳ.Giveeachofthefollowingabriefaccount.(30%)

1.Linguisticdeterminism(10%)

【答案】Linguisticdeterminismandlinguisticrelativityaretwopartsof

Sapir-WhorfHypothesis.Linguisticdeterminismsaysthatlinguisticstructure

determinescognitivestructure.Thatis,learningalanguagechangestheway

apersonthinks.

2.Metaphor(10%)

【答案】Metaphorinvolvesthecomparisonoftwoconceptsinthatone

isconstruedintermsoftheother.It’softendescribedintermsofatarget

domainandasourcedomain.Thetargetdomainistheexperiencebeing

describedbythemetaphorandthesourcedomainisthemeansthatweusein

ordertodescribetheexperience.

3.InwhatwayisSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlongueandparole

differentfromChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?

(10%)

【答案】

Earlylastcentury,thefamouslinguistF.deSaussuremadeanimportant

distinctionbetweenlanguageandparole.Languereferstotheabstract

linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Parole

referstoparticularrealizationsoflangue.Langueissocial,conventionalside

oflanguage,whileparoleisindividualizedspeech.Langueisthecode,and

paroleisthemessage.Paroleistheconcretemanifestationoflanguageeither

throughspeechorwriting.Langueistheabstractknowledgenecessaryfor

speaking,listening,writingandreading.Itisrelativelystableandsystematic,

whereasparoleismorevariableandmaychangeaccordingtocontextual

factors.Paroleandlanguetogetherconstitutelanguage.

Acomparabledistinctiontolangueandparoleismadebythewell-

knownAmericanlinguistNoamChomsky.Hedistinguishescompetenceand

performancessoastoidealizelanguagedataandtodefinethescopeof

linguisticstudy.AccordingtoChomsky,competencereferstotheknowledge

thatnativespeakershaveoftheirlanguageasasystemofabstractformal

relations,whileperformancereferstotheiractuallinguisticbehavior,thatis,

theactualuseofthisknowledge.

Chomsky’sdistinctionapparentlycorrespondsinsomedegreetothatof

Saussure.Itrepresentsasimilarclassificationofknowledgeandbehaviorand

asimilardichotomyofthescopeoflinguisticinquiry.However,theirviews

arenotexactlythesame.Chomsky’scompetenceisapsychologicalconstruct

andSaussure’slangueisasetofsocialconventions.Thereareotherminor

differences,butperhapstheunderlyingconsiderationsarethesame.Whether

weadoptapsychologicalvieworasociologicalone,theprincipleisto

abstractrulesfromimmediatelyobservablelanguageuseandtotryto

describethesystemgoverningparticularexamplesofspeakingorwriting.

2012年暨南大學808外國語言文學

綜合考試考研真題及詳解

Ⅰ.Multiplechoices.Thereare20questionsinthispart.Choosethebest

answertoeachquestion.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.Both

literaturecandidatesandlinguisticscandidatesmustdothispart.(20%)

1.ThefirstAmericanPresidenttobeelectedfromtheRepublicanParty

was_____.

A.AbrahamLincoln

B.JamesMonroe

C.JamesMadison

D.ThomasJefferson

【答案】A

【解析】美國歷史上的第一位共和黨總統(tǒng)是亞伯拉罕·林肯。

2.ThemostimportantandlargestriverintheUnitedStatesofAmerica

is_____.

A.theOhioRiver

B.theColoradoRiver

C.theMissouriRiver

D.theMississippiRiver

【答案】D

【解析】美國最長的河流是密西西比河，也是美國最重要的一條河

流。被美國人視為“眾河之父”，沿河流域也是美國的主要農作物產區(qū)。

3._____hasbeencalledthe“cradleofAmericanliberty”.

A.Philadelphia

B.Boston

C.Plymouth

D.Chicago

【答案】B

【解析】波士頓市民因常集會，討論獨立與自由等大問題。因而獲

得“自由的搖籃”的別稱。

4.JuniorcollegeinAmericais_____.

A.two-yearcollege

B.four-yearcollege

C.three-yearcollege

D.five-yearcollege

【答案】A

【解析】美國初級學院又稱技術學院或兩年制學院，多半為地方社

區(qū)所舉辦，公立學校一般稱為社區(qū)學院（communitycollege）。

5.PresidentNixondecidedtoresignbecausehe_____.

A.refusedtohandovertheWhiteHousetapestocourt

B.wastiredofpoliticalstruggleinWashingtonD.C.

C.cametoseethatmostprobablyhewouldbeimpeached

D.wasdesertedbytheRepublicanParty

【答案】C

【解析】尼克松因水門事件于1974年辭職，成為美國歷史上第一位

在任期內辭職的總統(tǒng)。1974年7月8日，最高法院以八票對零票通過了對

尼克松不利的裁決。與此同時，報紙社論發(fā)出要他辭職的輿論，國會也

不停地呼吁，要對他進行彈劾。尼克松于8月7日在給霍爾德曼打電話，

告訴他已決定辭職時，他說：“我簡直得不到國會的政治支持，而我要

繼續(xù)擔任總統(tǒng)是需要這種支持的。我不能眼看由于6個月或更長時間的

彈劾審判，國家陷于分裂，我們的對外政策遭到破壞?！庇谑撬诘诙?/p>

天宣布辭去了總統(tǒng)職務。

6.Toitsfullsense,theBritishParliamentconsistsof_____.

A.theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons

B.theHouseandtheSenate

C.theQueenandtheHouseofLords

D.theSovereign,theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons

【答案】D

【解析】英國議會的首領為英國君主；它包括上議院和下議院；是

由早期為君主提出治國建議的政務會發(fā)展而來的；其立法機構以英國國

會為原型。

7.WhichofthefollowingistrueunderThatcher’sadministrationinthe

UK?

A.Theproportionofowner-occupationdecreased.

B.Publichousingbecamemoreimportant.

C.ManyPublichousesweresoldtopeople.

D.TheUKbecamemoreEuropean-likeinitshousingarrangement.

【答案】C

【解析】撒切爾信奉貨幣主義理論，上臺后就進行大刀闊斧的改

革。她主要采取四項措施，一是私有化，二是控制貨幣，三是削減福利

開支，四是打擊工會力量。撒切爾夫人執(zhí)政后，國企私有化成為新政重

點。1979年，英國政府出售英國石油公司（壟斷國企）19%的股份，拉

開撒切爾時代私有化的序幕。超過100萬的公共住宅以折扣價直接賣給

私人。

8.TheoldestBritishdailynewspaperis_____.

A.DailyExpress

B.TheTimes

C.FinancialTimes

D.TheObserver

【答案】B

【解析】《泰晤士報》誕生于1785年，創(chuàng)始人是約翰·沃爾特。A項

《每日快報》是英國全國性通俗報紙，1900年由比弗布魯克爵士在倫敦

創(chuàng)刊。C項英國《金融時報》是由JamesSheridan及其兄弟于1888年創(chuàng)辦

的世界著名的國際性金融媒體。D項《觀察家報》創(chuàng)刊于1791年，是英

國創(chuàng)刊最早的星期日報紙。

9.Inappearance,theQueenofGreatBritainseemsverypowerful,butin

reality,sheisonly_____.

A.theSupremeGovernorofEngland

B.theDukeofEdinburgh

C.afigure-head

D.alloftheabove

【答案】C

【解析】表面上看來，英國女王的權力很大，但事實上，她只是一

個傀儡。

10.BritainjoinedtheEuropeanCommunityin_____.

A.1972

B.1973

C.1974

D.1975

【答案】B

【解析】1973年，丹麥、英國、愛爾蘭加入歐洲共同體。

11.InIndustrialRevolution,GeorgeStephensoninvented_____.

A.railwayengine

B.spinningmachine

C.steamengine

D.cottontextile

【答案】C

【解析】斯蒂芬孫在英國建造了世界上首條使用蒸汽機車的鐵路，

被稱為“鐵路之父”。

12.London’sMetropolitanPoliceForceisdirectlyunderthecontrolof

_____.

A.theLordChancellor

B.theHomeSecretary

C.theAttorney

D.thePrimeMinister

【答案】B

【解析】倫敦警察署直接由內政大臣管轄。

13.Irelandhasabipolarpoliticalsystemwithtwomajorparties.They

are_____.

A.SinnFeinandFiannaFail

B.SinnFeinandFineGael

C.FiannaFailandFineGael

D.IRAandSinnFein

【答案】C