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PAGEPAGE4高一英語下冊第三單元教案2Thegrammaritemsinthisunitdealwithobjectcomplements,either...or...andneither...nor...,andsubject-verbagreement.We’lllearnwhatanobjectcomplementis,thebasicpatterninwhichitalwaysoccursandwhatcanbeusedasanobjectcomplement.Asforthephraseseither...or...andneither...nor...,youareexpectedtouseeither...or...asoneofthesentenceelementstoexpresstheideaofalternatives,andneither...nor...tojointwonegativeideastogether.Subject-verbagreementexplainssomerulesofusingcorrectsingularorpluralverbsafterthesubject.Step1:ObjectComplement1.Let’sreadParts1-5onpage48.Trytounderstandeachpointandreadtheinformationinthetipbox.1)Theobjectcomplementgivesmoreinformationabouttheobject.TheycalledtheyoungmanGreatHero.objectobjectcomplement2)Anobjectcomplementalwaysoccursinthispattern:verb+object+objectcomplement.Theobjectcomplementcanoftenbeanounphraseoranadjective.e.g.TheymadeWuTongmonitoroftheirclass.Youmustkeeptheroomcleanallthetime.3)Sometimesato-infinitiveorbareinfinitivecanbeanobjectcomplement.e.g.I’dlikeallofyoutoworkstillharder.Willyouletusplayballgamesafterwefinishourexercises?4)Anobjectcomplementcanbeaprepositionalphrase.e.g.Ifyoukeepthenewdressinhotwater,thecolorswillrun.5)Anobjectcomplementcanalsobeapresentparticiplephraseorapastparticiplephrase.e.g.Themostexcitingthingfortheoldmanwastowatchthechildrenplayinginthegarden.Theytoldmetohavemycarrepairedassoonaspossible.6)Anobjectcomplementusuallyagreeswiththeobjectinnumber.Afterthatpeoplecalledtheboyalittlehero.2.PleasegothroughLostcivilizationsagainandfindasmanysentenceswithanobjectcomplementasyoucan.Forexample,Svenfoundtheremainsofbuildingsburiedunderthesand,togetherwithalotoftreasures,suchascoins,paintedpots,silkmaterials,documentsandwallpaintings.(remainsofbuildingsistheobject,andburiedunderthesandistheobjectcomplement,whichgivesinformationaboutthesituationoftheobject.)Wefoundtheruinsmostinteresting.(theruinsistheobject,andinterestingistheobjectcomplement,whichgivesinformationabouttheobject.)3.Nowlet’sreadthenextexcerptfromAnn'sdiaryentryonpage48anduseproperobjectcomplementstocompleteit.Trytounderstandwhatthesephrasesintheboxmean.4.PleasedoC1onpage108inStep2:Either...or...andneither...nor...Herewewilllearnhowtouseeither...or...andneither…nor...Andwewillpractiseusingthetwophrasesinanexercise.1)SupposewehaveoneticketfortheconcertonSunday;bothmyfriends,DavidandHelen,wanttogo.So,eitherDavidorHelencanhavetheticket.Theyquarrelledwitheachotherovertheticket.Finally,IdecidedthatneitherDavidnorHelenshouldhavetheticket.WewillallstayathomeonSundayandwatchtheconcertonTVinstead.(either...or...isusedtoexpresstheideaofalternatives;neither...nor...canbeusedtojointwonegativeideastogether,theoppositeofwhichisboth...and...)2)Let’sgooverPart1onpage49.Firstreadthesentencescarefullyandpayattentiontothefunctionofeither...or...You’vegottounderstandtheinstructionsandsentencesinthispartandpayattentionthateither...or...canconnectthecoordinatesubject,verb,objectandadverbialinsentences.3)Let’sreadthesentencesinPart2onpage49carefullyandpointoutthesentenceelementofneither...nor...ineachsentence.4)Readtheexampleandtheexerciseonpage49carefully.Ifyoucanfindouthowtorewritethehighlightedsentences,youcanworkinpairstodotherestoftheexercise.IwouldliketoseewhetheryoufullyunderstandPoints1and2.Step2:Subject-verbagreement1.Subject-verbagreementmeanschoosingthecorrectsingularorpluralverbafterthesubjectinasentence.Herearesomepointstohelpusdecideiftheverbissingularorplural.Iwillshowyousomesentencesasfollows.Pleasedecidewhichverbformcanbeusedtofillintheblanksineachsentence.1)________(have)yourclassmatesfinishedtheirhomework?(Have)2)MyfriendandI________(want)toplayoutsideafterwatchingTV.(want)3)Mostofthestudents(prefer)Englishtomathematics.(prefer)4)_________(have)allofthecakebeeneatenup?(Has)5)Collectingstamps(be)oneofhisfavouritepastimes.(is)6)_______(be)yourfamilyabigone?(Is)7)Allmyfamily(get)upearlyinthemorning.(get)8)Neitherhisfathernorhismother______(play)thepiano.(plays)9)Theremainsoftheoldcastle________(be)destroyedinWorldWarII.(were)10)NotonlyJimbutalsohisparents________(be)goingtoseeyounextSunday.(are)11)NotonlyJim'sparentsbutalsoJim_________(be)goingtoseeyounextSunday.(is)2.ReadPartAonpage51.ItisanotherofAnn'sdiaryentries.Readthearticleandchoosethecorrectverbforms.ThengothroughPartBonpage51.Itisaletterinalocalnewspaper.Readtheletterandfinishtheexerciseindividually,usingthecorrectformsofthegivenverbs.Resources ObjectComplement1.Thefollowingverbsareoftenfollowedbyanobjectandanounoranounphraseasanobjectcomplement:name,call,choose,elect,make…e.g.WeelectedJohnchairmanofourclubaftertheformeroneretired.Whenwewereworkingonthefarm,weallcallIronOx.2.Thefollowingverbsareoftenfollowedbyanobjectandanadjectiveasanobjectcomplement:ForreferenceAgreementIgotaholdofsomebadporkchopstheotherday,andtheydidn'tagreewithme.Stomachachesaren'tverypleasant.Don'tyouagree?Weallknowthesemeaningsof"agree,"butwhenwetalkaboutsubject-verbagreement,we'retalkingaboutsomethingdifferent:matchingsubjectsandverbsaccordingtonumber.Thatis,whenyouhaveasingularsubject,youhavetomatchitwithasingularverbform:Theboyplays.Thenumberofstudentsinourschoolis1,700.Whenyouhaveapluralsubject,youmusthaveapluralverbform:Theboysplay.MaryandKellylookalike.Inshort,withsimplesentences,youshouldhavenoproblemwithagreement.Youknowwheretheproblemliesinthesentence:Theboysplays.Whenit'swrong,itjustsoundsfunny.However,therearefourpotentialproblemspotsthatyouneedtowatchcarefully:stuffinbetweenthesubjectandverbreversedsentenceorder"-body,""-one,"and"-thing"words"who,""which,"and"that"StuffinbetweensubjectsandverbsThestuffhereisusuallyaprepositionalphrasethatseparatesthesubjectfromtheverb.Rememberhowwecrossedoutprepositionalphrasesinordertofindthesubject?Dothesamethingifyou'rehavingproblemswithagreement.Now,lookatthefollowingsentenceanddecidewhat'swrongwithit:Thedishesinthekitchenisdirty.Goodguess!Thesubjectandtheverbdon'tagree.What'stheprobablecausefortheproblem?Kitchen(asingularnoun)isrightinfrontofis(asingularverb).Ifkitchenwerethesubject,thatwouldbeokay.But,it'snot.Crossouttheprepositionalphraseandyou'releftwith:Thedishesinthekitchenisdirty."Thedishes...isdirty?"soundswrong,doesn'tit?Thesubjectisplural,buttheverbissingular.Theydon'tagree.Thecorrectversionis:Thedishesinthekitchenaredirty.Onceyouknowhowtolookforthisproblem,itshouldn'tbetoohardtogetridofitwhenyouproofreadyourpaper.ReversedsentenceorderThenormalpatternforEnglishsentencesissubject-verb.However,thereareafewsituationswherethisorderisreversed(likethissentence):Therearesnacksonthelaundry-roomtable.Wherearethey?Onthetablearethegoodies!Seehowthesubjectcomesaftertheverbineachofthese?Ifyoucanrememberhowtolocatesubjectsandverbs,youshouldn'tblunderintomistakeswhenwritingreversed-ordersentences."-body,""-one,"and"-thing"wordsThecorrecttermforthesewordsisindefinitepronouns,butifyourememberthemas"-body,""-one,"and"-thing"words,you'llprobablybeabletospotthemmoreeasily.Youonlyneedtoknowonething:ifawordhasoneoftheseendings(likeeverybody,everyone,anyone,anything,etc.),itisalwayssingular!Youcanalsoincludeeach,either,andneitherinthisgroup.Lookatthefollowing:Everyoneisgoingonapicnic.Eachoftheboysistakinghisownlunch.Ifanyonedropssomethingtoeat,I'llgrabitbeforehecanpickitup.Youshouldn'thaveproblemswiththeseifyousimplymemorizetheendingsofwordsthatarealwayssingular.NOTE:Wesaidthateitherandneitherarealwayssingular;however,ifyouhavetwosubjectsinaneither...ororneither...norconstruction,gettingtheagreementrightmaygiveyoufits.Togetitright,justlocatethesubjectclosesttotheverbandmaketheverbagreewithit:EitherthemailmanortheconstructionworkersarecausingPeggytobarklikecrazy.Neitherthedogsdownthestreetnortheonenextdoorpaysanyattention.Comparethiswiththefollowing:EithertheconstructionworkersorthemailmaniscausingPeggytobarklikecrazy.Neithertheonenextdoornorthedogsdownthestreetpayanyattention.Agreement,inthiscase,dependsontheplacementofthesubject."Who,""which,"and"that"Rememberdependentclauses?Theyhaveasubjectandaverb,buttheycan'tstandalone.That'swhatwe'redealingwithhere,butwithalittlesomethingextra.Nowwe'vegottoconsiderpronouns.Apronounisawordthattakestheplaceofanounthatcomesbeforeit,usuallyinthesameclauseoroneveryclosetoit.Peggyisatroublemaker.Shebitesmyearsandstealsmyfood."Who,""which,"and"that"arepronouns.Whentheytaketheplaceofasingularnoun,theyaresingular;whentheytaketheplaceofapluralnoun,theyareplural.Thisisimportanttorememberwhentheyarethesubjectofaclause.Comparethefollowingsentences:BigDogisoneofthoseanimalswhoareveryintelligent.BigDogisananimalwhoisveryintelligent.Inboth,whoisthesubjectofadependentclause.Innumber1,ittakestheplaceofanimals(apluralform).That'swhy"are"isthecorrectverbchoice.Innumber2,whotakestheplaceofanimal(asingularform),andthat'swhy"is"iscorrect.Thismayseemabitconfusingatfirst,butthere'sawaytogetitrighteverytime.Ifyoufind"who,""which,"or"that"introducingadependentclause(likeintheexamplesabove):Lookatthewordrightinfrontofit(usuallythat'sthewordittakestheplaceof).Decideifthewordissingularorplural(thatwilltellyouwhether"who,""which,"or"that"issingularorplural).Maketheverbagree!That'sallthereistoit!
SomethingMoreaboutAgreement主謂一致應(yīng)注意的若干問題1.名詞作主語。1)某些集體名詞如family,team等作主語時,如果作為一個整體看待,謂語用單數(shù),反之用復(fù)數(shù)。Thecrowdwereruningfortheirlives.Myfamilyisgoingoutforatrip.ThewholefamilyarewatchingTV.這類詞常有audience,class,club,committee,company,crew,crowd,enemy,government,group,party,public,team等。Population和“agroup(crowd)of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”也適用于這種情況,強(qiáng)調(diào)整體用單數(shù),強(qiáng)調(diào)各個部分用復(fù)數(shù)。2)某些集體名詞如people,police,cattle,oxen謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。3)單、復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語時,謂語動詞應(yīng)根據(jù)意義決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。Asheepisoverthere.Somesheepareoverthere.4)名詞所有格之后的名詞被省略,這種情況一般只指商店、工場、住宅等;作主語時,動詞一般用單數(shù)。Myuncle’sisnotfarfromhere.常見的省略名詞有thebaker’s,thebarbar’s,theZhang’s等。表示店鋪的名詞一般作集體名詞看待,但用作主語時,謂語動詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)。如:Richardson5)當(dāng)名詞詞組中心詞為表示度量、距離、金額、時間、書名等復(fù)數(shù)名詞時,往往可以根據(jù)意義一致的原則,把這些復(fù)數(shù)名詞看作一個整體,謂語用單數(shù)。Thirtyyearshaspassed.Fiveminutesisenoughtofinishthetask.6)不定代詞each,every,no所修飾的名詞即使以and或逗號連接成多主語時,謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式。如:Eachboyandeachgirlinmyclasshasadictionary.7)如果主語有morethanone…或manya…構(gòu)成,盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容,但它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。Morethanonestudenthasseentheplay.Manyaboyhasboughtthatkindoftoy.但是,“more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+thanone”結(jié)構(gòu)之后,謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。8)一些由兩個部分構(gòu)成的名詞表示衣物或工具作主語時,謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如glasses,clothes,trousers,shoes,compasses,chopsticks,scissors等。但如果主語用akindof,apairof,aseriesof等加名詞構(gòu)成時,謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。Apairofshoeswasonthedesk.9)thiskindofbook=abookofthiskind(這種書),其謂語動詞;短語thiskindofmen=menofthiskind=thesekindofmen(口語)(這一類人),但thiskindofmen的謂語用單數(shù),menofthiskind和thesekindofmen的謂語用復(fù)數(shù),allkindsof后跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞,謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:Thiskindofmenisdangerous.Menofthiskind/sortaredangerous.10)復(fù)數(shù)形式的單、復(fù)數(shù)同形名詞作主語時,按意義一致的原則,用作單數(shù)意義時,謂語用單數(shù),反之,謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。這類名詞有means,works,species(種類),Chinese,Japanese等。當(dāng)它們的前面有a,sucha,this,that修飾時,謂語用單數(shù);有all、such、these、those修飾時,謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。11)如果名詞詞組中心詞是all,most,half,rest等詞語,所指是復(fù)數(shù)意義,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式,反之用單數(shù)。Allofmystudentsworkhard.Alloftheoilisgone.12)在主謂倒裝的句子中,謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語一致。如:Betweenthetwowindowshangsanoilpainting.2.由連接詞連接的名詞作主語。1)用and或both…and連接并列主語,謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。但如果并列主語指的是同一個人,同一事物或同一概念時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式,這時and后面的名詞沒有冠詞。Truthandhonestyisthebestpolicy.Toloveandtobelovedisthegreathappiness.Goingtobedearlyandgettingupearlyisagoodhabit.Aknifeandforkisonthetable.2)當(dāng)主語后面跟有aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,alongwith,with,like,ratherthan,togetherwith,but,except,besides,including,inadditionto等引導(dǎo)的詞組時,采取“就遠(yuǎn)原則”。3)以or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso等連接的詞作主語時,采取“就近原則”。3.代詞作主語。1)名詞型物主代詞連接的動詞,既可以用單數(shù),也可以用復(fù)數(shù),這取決于它所代替的是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。Ours(OurParty)isagreatParty.Yourshoesarewhite,mine(=myshoes)areblack.2)such、thesame起指示代詞作用時,應(yīng)根據(jù)其所指的內(nèi)容來決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。Suchisourplan.Sucharehislastwords.3)關(guān)系代詞who、that、which等在定語從句中作主語時,其謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。4)疑問詞who,what,which作主語時,謂語動詞可根據(jù)說話人所要表達(dá)的意思決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。5)不定代詞any、either、neither、none、all、some、more等作主語時,要注意下列情況:(A)單獨作主語時,視其在文中的意義,動詞可用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式。Nowallhasbeenchanged.Allarepresent.(B)其后接of時,若of的賓語為不可數(shù)名詞,動詞用單數(shù)形式;若of的賓語為復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞時,動詞可以是單數(shù),也可以是復(fù)數(shù);在正式文體中,單數(shù)形式的動詞更常用。Do(es)anyofyouknowabouttheaccident?Noneofushas(have)seenthefilm.4.分?jǐn)?shù)、量詞作主語。1)“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語以及由“alotof,lotsof,plentyof,alargequantityof,aheapof,heapsof,halfof+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語作主語時,其謂語動詞要與短語中of后面的名詞的數(shù)保持一致,這是因為短語中后面的名詞是中心詞,而短語中前面的量詞是修飾語。如:Lotsofdamagewascausedbyflood.Anumberofstudentshavegonetothecountryside.Quantitiesoffood(nuts)werestillonthetable.2)agreatdealof,alargeamountof修飾不可數(shù)名詞,其短語作主語時,謂語動詞通常用單數(shù);largeamountsof修飾不可數(shù)名詞,其短語作主語時,謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)。3)表示數(shù)量的oneandahalf后,名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式,但是其短語作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。Oneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.4)halfof,(a)partof修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)及不可數(shù)名詞時,謂語動詞用單數(shù),修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。5.名詞化的形容詞作主語。如果主語由“the+形容詞(或分詞)”結(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任時,謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)。這類詞有therich、thepoor、thebrave、theinjured、theliving、thewounded等。如表抽象的也可以用單數(shù),如theunknown、thebeautiful等。6.從句作主語。1)由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句,謂語動詞通常用單數(shù),但所指的具體內(nèi)容是復(fù)數(shù)意義時,謂語動詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Whatweneedismoremoney.Whatweneedaremorepeople/teachers.2)在“oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which”引導(dǎo)的從句結(jié)構(gòu)中,關(guān)系代詞who/that/which的先行詞是靠近它的復(fù)數(shù)名詞而不是one,因此從句中的謂語動詞也應(yīng)該是復(fù)數(shù)形式。如one前有theonly則用單數(shù)形式。Thisisoneofthemostinterestingstoriesthathavebeentoldbymyfather.Shewastheonlyoneofthegirlswhowaslateforclasstoday.7.不定式、名動詞(短語)作主語用單數(shù)形式;Therebe句型中be的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于be后的第一個詞的數(shù)。Thereisabook,twopensonthedesk.Therearetwopens,abookonthedesk.ExercisesforconsolidationI.Multiplechoice1.Theengineerandmanagerreferredto________todesignsomething.A.begoingB.aregoingC.belikelyD.isgoing2.Applesofthiskind_________.A.tastesgoodB.tasteswellC.tastegoodD.tastewell3.Themanagerorhissecretary_______togiveyouaninterview.A.isB.areC.wasD.were4.Tenthousanddollars_______alargesumofmoney.A.seemB.wereC.isD.are5.Betweenthetwobuildings________ourlibrary.A.isstandingB.standingC.standD.stands6.TheUnitedNations______in1945.A.wasfoundB.wasfoundedC.werefoundedD.werefound7._________werealsoinvitedtotheparty.A.SmithsB.TheSmithsC.TheSmithD.Mr.Smith8.Theold_______takengoodcareofinourcountry.A.isB.hasC.areD.have9.Thenumberofteachersinourschool______greatlyincreasedthisterm.Anumberofteachersinthisschool________fromthecountryside.A.is,isB.is,areC.are,areD.are,is10.Thestudentsinourclasseach________anEnglishdictionary.A.arehavingB.hadC.hasD.have11.Theaudience_____solargethatnoseatwasleftunoccupiedinthegreathall.A.isB.areC.wasD.has12.Eitheryouortheheadmaster_____theprizestothesegiftedstudentsatthemeeting.(94年上海卷)A.ishandingoutB.aretohandoutC.arehandingoutD.istohandout13.Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfound________inthekitchen.A.smokeB.smokingC.tosmokeD.smoked14.BeforehecametoLondon,hehadneverheardasingleEnglishword_______
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