高三英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)外刊閱讀熱點(diǎn)話題培優(yōu)練5：科技發(fā)明

外刊閱讀熱點(diǎn)話題培優(yōu)練5科技發(fā)明Ⅰ.閱讀理解Someday，youmaynolongerneedtobrushyourteethbyhand.Instead,agroupofbillionsofnanoparticles(納米粒子)couldautomaticallydoallthatworkforyou.Itwouldbeespeciallylife－changingforpeoplewhofinditdifficultorimpossibletoholdandmoveatoothbrush.Steager,anengineerattheUniversityofPennsylvania(Penn)inPhiladelphiaandHyunKoo,aninventoranddentalresearcherthere,foundawaytoformthenanoparticlesintolong,skinnybristles(刷毛),alotliketheonesonatoothbrush.Butthesebristlesshape－shifttofitwhateversurfacetheyencounter.Thetooth－cleaningrobotworksthankstotwomagnets(磁鐵).Onegoeseachsideoftheteeth.Thenanoparticlessitinaliquidbetweenthemagnets.Whenthemagnetsareturnedoff,thenanoparticlesmoverandomlyintheliquid.Assoonasonemagnetgetsturnedon,thenanoparticlesgathertogethernearitscenter.Whentheresearchersturnontheothermagnetandturnoffthefirstone,thenanoparticlesextendoutwardinlong,skinnybristles.Whenthere’satoothintheway,thesebristlescan’tstretchoutasfarastheywant.Sotheypushagainstthetooth’ssurface.Ifthere’sagapbetweenteeth,theypushintothegap.Movingthemagnetsmakesthebristlesmoveagainstandbetweenteeth.Allthatmotioncleanstheteeth.Asabonus,thenanoparticlesalsohavestrongpowertokillviruses.Thenewdeviceisjustaproofofconcept.Theresearchersstillneedtoturnitintoaproductthatpeoplewillwanttouse.“There’salotofengineeringtogetfromheretothere,buteverygoodideaneedstohaveastart，”saidSteager.1.Whatisspecialaboutthetoothcleaner?A.It’swater－proof.B.It’stransformable.C.Itlookslikeatoothbrush.D.Itcontainsskinnybristles.2.WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout?A.Theworkingprinciple.B.Themagnets’motion.C.Thevirus－killingprocess.D.Thebristles’formation.3.HowdoesSteagerfeelaboutthefutureofthedevice?A.Uncertain. B.Confident.C.Concerned. D.Surprised.4.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitle?A.ATooth－CleanerFightingBacteriaB.ABreakthroughinMedicineC.AShape－ShiftingRoboticTooth－CleanerD.ANewConceptforaNewStartInastudyinthejournalScience，researchersatNorthwesternUniversityinIllinoisreportedthattheyhaddevelopedaneffectiveandinexpensivemethodforbreakingdownchemicalscalledper－andpolyfluoroalkylsubstances(PFAS).PFAS,firstcreatedinthe1930s,arechemicalcompounds(化合物).Theyareusedtomakeawiderangeofeverydayproducts,includingnonstickpans，carpeting,electronics,andfast－foodwrappers.Oncethechemicalsareintheenvironment,theyarealmostimpossibletoeliminatebecausetheyaredesignedtoavoidbreakingdown.Researchershavelinkedregularlevelsofexposuretothesechemicalswithseveralhealthproblems,includingliverdamage,anincreasedriskofcancer,andreducedimmunity.ScientistshadpreviouslyfiguredouthowtoremovePFASfrompollutedwaterorsoilbuttherewasnosafeandeffectivewaytodestroythemoncetheywereremoved.ThestudyreportedthatwhentheteamboiledPFASmolecules(分子)withtwocommonsubstances,thePFASquicklybrokedownandbecameharmless.In2020,WilliamDichtel,achemistandprofessoratNorthwestern,readastudyinwhichchemistsattheUniversityofAlberta,inCanada,foundaneasywaytobreakdownchainsofmolecules.Heaskedagraduatestudent,BrittanyTrang,totrythemethodonPFASmolecules.TranghadspentmonthsinthelabunsuccessfullyattemptingtopullapartPFAS,andatfirstshethoughtDichtel’sideawastoosimpletowork.Butshetriedit,boilingPFASwithacommonsolvent(溶劑)calleddimethylsulfoxide(DMSO).TrangwasshockedwhentheprocessdestroyedthePFAS.ShelatermixedDMSOwithachemicalcalledsodiumhydroxideandbrokedownPFASevenmorequickly.ThescientistswillworkonwaystodestroyPFASoutsidethelabsolargeamountsofforeverchemicalscanbebrokendownatonce.“It’sahugechallenge,butit’sinourgrasp，”DichteltoldTheNewYorkTimes.ScientistsarealsocallingforadecreaseintheamountofPFASbeingreleasedintothenaturalworld.InJune,theUSgovernmentannouncednewplanstomonitorPFAS，decreasetheamountofPFASreleasedintotheenvironment,andaddresstheeffectsofPFASonhumanhealth.5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“eliminate”probablymeaninparagraph2?A.Identify. B.Destroy.C.Appear. D.Release.6.HowdidWilliamDichtelfindthewaytobreakdownchainsofmolecules?A.Hegotinformationfromastudyofothers.B.Heconductedtheexperimentsonhisown.C.Hisgraduatestudent,BrittanyTrang,toldhim.D.ChemistsattheUniversityofAlbertatoldhim.7.WhatcanwelearnaboutBrittanyTrang’sexperiment?A.ShetriedthemethodfromDichtelbutdidn’tsucceedatfirst.B.ShepulledapartPFASwithherownideaatherfirstattempt.C.ShedevelopedamoreeffectivemethodtobreakdownPFAS.D.ShethoughtDichtel’sideawastoosimple,soshedidn’ttryit.8.Whatdoscientistsadvocatethepublicdoing?A.AddressingtheeffectsofPFASonhumanhealthandenvironment.B.ReducingtheamountofPFASbeingreleasedintotheenvironment.C.FindingmoreeffectivewaystodestroyPFASinandoutsidethelab.D.StoppingtheuseofPFASineverydaylifetoavoidhealthproblems.Ⅱ.七選五Everyoneneedsfriendshiptosurvive.Howdowestrengthentheexistingfriendshipsinourlives?Heresomeexpertsofferthefollowingtips.Showyouraffectiontoyourfriends.Weoftenthinkofaffectionasasortofloveinromanticrelationships.__1__.It’saboutcommunicatingloveandappreciation.Therearemanywaysyoucanshowlovetoyourfriends.Tellthemhowmuchtheymeantoyou.__2__.Thesesimpleactsshowyougenuinelycareforthemandletthemknowit’ssafetoinvestinyourfriendship.Begeneroustoyourfriends.Thinkaboutwhatyourskillsandtalentsareandfindawaytoturnthemintoagenerousact.Sharingyourtime,attentionorresourceswiththemisaneasywaytodevelopyourfriendships.Peoplewanttostaywithfriendswhovaluethem,andgenerosityisawaytoexpressthat.Youcanshareactsofgenerositywithyourfriends.Ifyou’regreatwithkids,youmightoffertobabysitforyourfriendswhoareparents.__3__.__4__.Thinkabouthowgooditfeelstotellafriendyousecretlylikeatrashy(無(wú)聊的)TVshowandhearthemrespond“Metoo！”Wefeeladeeperconnectiontoourfriendswhenourvulnerability(脆弱)ismetwithsupport.Itmeanstheyacceptusforwhowereallyare,thegoodandthebad.Sodon’tbeafraidtoshareyourstruggleswithyourfriends.Itmaybringyoucloser.Faceconflictbravely.__5__.Butbeingabletodealwithconflictwithfriendsinahealthy,constructivewaycanstrengthenyourfriendships.Itmightbepainfulatfirst,butitshowsyouwanttomakeyourrelationshipbetter.A.ShareyourstrugglesandjoysB.It’shardtodealwithconflictinfriendshipsC.RemindthemyouaregratefultoknowthemD.Butit’smorethanholdinghandsandkissingE.Itismorelikelytobuilddeep,long－lastingfriendshipsF.StartbytellingyourfriendshowmuchyouvaluethemG.Ifyougetaraiseatwork，treatyourfriendstoafancydinnerⅢ.語(yǔ)法填空DuringthesummerholidayIhadthechancetovisitPingtangCounty,GuizhouProvinceinsouthwestChina.It’s1.____________experienceIwillneverforget.TravelingtoGuizhoubyhigh－speedrailfromBeijing,I2.____________(astonish)attherapidchangeinsceneryfromskyscraperstobeautifultree－filledmountains3.____________(rest)underaclearbluesky.Uponarrival,IvisitedthePingtangInternationalExperiencePlanetarium,whichdisplaysChina’s4.____________(remark)achievementsinscienceandspacetechnology.TheFive－h(huán)undred－meterApertureSphericalradioTelescope(FAST)thereisthelargestoneofitskindintheworld.TovisitFAST,visitorsarenotpermitted5.____________(bring)anyelectronicdevicesduetosecuritymeasures.Sotheymustrecordthisonce－in－a－lifetimemomentwiththeirheartsandminds.6.____________(truthful),myfavoritepartofthetripwasmypersonalinteractionwiththelocalcommunity.Followingtheinstructions,Iworkedontwocommunityfarms,wenthikingandswam7.______________afreshcommunityriveralongsidefish.IwaseducatedontheregionalhistoryoftheMiaopeople8.____________cultureisrichinfashion,food,potteryandmusic.Afterthisadventure,my9.____________(appreciate)forChineseculturehassnowballed.WhileIamcontentwithlivingandworkinginBeijing,PingtangCountyinGuizhouhasopenedmyeyestotheendlesspositive10.____________(possibility)Chinahastooffer.A篇Para.2：encounterv.偶然碰到；遭遇Para.3：gapn.開(kāi)口；豁口；缺口motionn.運(yùn)動(dòng)；移動(dòng)bonusn.意外收獲Para.4：proofn.檢驗(yàn)；證實(shí)B篇Para.1：inexpensiveadj.便宜的breakdown(使)分解；出故障；失敗Para.2：exposuren.暴露，接觸；曝光awiderangeof各種各樣的bedesignedtodosth目的是做某事；為……而設(shè)計(jì)Para.3：substancen.物質(zhì)，東西；主旨figureout算出；想出；弄明白Para.6：address常用義：n.地址文章義：v.處理，設(shè)法解決A篇譯文：Steager，費(fèi)城賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)的一個(gè)工程師，和HyunKoo，那里的一個(gè)發(fā)明家和牙科研究員，找到了一種方法，可以把納米顆粒做成長(zhǎng)而薄的刷毛，就像牙刷上的刷毛一樣。參考答案Ⅰ.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是說(shuō)明文，主要講述了美國(guó)賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)的研究人員研發(fā)出了一款納米潔牙機(jī)器人。1.B[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Butthesebristlesshape－shifttofitwhateversurfacetheyencounter”可知，盡管這些刷毛和普通牙刷的無(wú)異，但這些刷毛可以改變形狀來(lái)適應(yīng)它們碰到的任何表面，這是其特殊之處，故B項(xiàng)正確。water－proof“防水的”；transformable“可變形的；可轉(zhuǎn)化的”。]2.A[段落大意題。本段第一句“Thetooth－cleaningrobotworksthankstotwomagnets(磁鐵)”講到了潔牙機(jī)器人是靠磁鐵運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的，而下文中羅列的3個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句和assoonas引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句則講到了潔牙機(jī)器人在具體情況下的工作原理，因此，本段主要講了潔牙機(jī)器人的工作原理。]3.B[推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中Steager所說(shuō)的話“buteverygoodideaneedstohaveastart”可知，凡事皆有開(kāi)端。據(jù)此可以推斷，Steager對(duì)潔牙機(jī)器人的前景很有信心。]4.C[標(biāo)題歸納題。本文的體裁是科技說(shuō)明文，這類文章的主旨大意一般為發(fā)明的主體。根據(jù)第一段中的“agroupofbillionsofnanoparticles(納米粒子)couldautomaticallydoallthatworkforyou”，以及第二段中的“thesebristlesshape－shifttofitwhateversurface”可知，本文主要介紹了一款可以變形的納米潔牙機(jī)器人，故C項(xiàng)適合作本文的標(biāo)題。]【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是說(shuō)明文。伊利諾伊州西北大學(xué)的研究人員說(shuō)他們已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)出一種有效且廉價(jià)的方法來(lái)分解被稱為PFAS的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。本文重點(diǎn)介紹了這種降解方法。5.B[詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線詞后的句子“becausetheyaredesignedtoavoidbreakingdown”可知，這是因?yàn)樗鼈兊脑O(shè)計(jì)是為了避免分解，據(jù)此可知，一旦這些化學(xué)物質(zhì)進(jìn)入環(huán)境，它們幾乎不可能被消除。所以畫線詞的意思是“消除”，與destroy意思相近。]6.A[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“In2020...chainsofmolecules”可知，化學(xué)家兼教授WilliamDichtel閱讀了一項(xiàng)研究，加拿大一所大學(xué)的化學(xué)家在該研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種分解分子鏈的簡(jiǎn)單方法。據(jù)此可知，WilliamDichtel是從別人的研究中得到了信息以此找到分解分子鏈的方法的。]7.C[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段中的“Butshetriedit...evenmorequickly”可知，她嘗試用一種叫DMSO的普通溶劑煮沸PFAS，這種方法可以降解PFAS；此后她將DMSO與一種叫氫氧化鈉的化學(xué)物質(zhì)混合，更快地分解PFAS。據(jù)此可知，BrittanyTrang發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種更有效的方法來(lái)分解PFAS。]8.B[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)尾段中的“Scientistsarealsocalling...thenaturalworld”可知，科學(xué)家倡導(dǎo)公眾減少釋放到環(huán)境中的PFAS的數(shù)量。]Ⅱ.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是說(shuō)明文。友誼對(duì)每一個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō)都至關(guān)重要。本文提供了一些維系友誼并使之煥發(fā)生機(jī)與活力的良方。1.D[空前一句提到了人們對(duì)“友情”的通常看法——它是浪漫關(guān)系中的一種愛(ài)。而空后一句提到了新的看法——它有關(guān)愛(ài)和感激的傳達(dá)。根據(jù)“瞻前顧后”的原則，D項(xiàng)“但它不僅僅是牽手和親吻”符合此處的語(yǔ)境，且起到承前啟后的作用。]2.C[根據(jù)空前一句“Tellthemhowmuchtheymeantoyou.”和空后一句中的Thesesimpleacts可知，空處應(yīng)屬于Thesesimpleacts中的一種。分析選項(xiàng)可知，C項(xiàng)“提醒他們你很感激認(rèn)識(shí)他們”符合語(yǔ)境。]3.G[本段圍繞著generosity展開(kāi)。G項(xiàng)“如果你在工作中加薪了，請(qǐng)朋友吃頓大餐吧”與空前的“Ifyou’regreatwithkids,youmightoffertobabysitforyourfriendswhoareparents.”都是慷慨之舉。]4.A[分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)及空處所在的位置可知，空處應(yīng)是本段的小標(biāo)題。根據(jù)其他小標(biāo)題的句式特點(diǎn)，可確定答案在A項(xiàng)和F項(xiàng)中。根據(jù)本段中“Sodon’tbeafraidt