上海市閔行區(qū)2023-2024學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期學(xué)業(yè)質(zhì)量調(diào)研試題（一模） 英語(yǔ) Word版含答案

2023學(xué)年第一學(xué)期高三年級(jí)學(xué)業(yè)質(zhì)量調(diào)研英語(yǔ)學(xué)科(考試時(shí)間120分鐘，試卷滿分140分)考生注意：1.本次考試設(shè)試卷和答題紙兩部分。所有答題必須涂（選擇題）或?qū)懀ǚ沁x擇題）在答題紙上，做在試卷上一律不得分。2.答題前，務(wù)必在答題紙規(guī)定的地方張貼條形碼并填寫(xiě)考生號(hào)和姓名。I.ListeningprehensionSectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.1. A.Inagrocerystore. B.Atthewedding. C.Inarestaurant. D.Atacafe.2. A.￡120. B.￡160. C.￡180. D.￡240.3. A.Bytakingtrains. B.Bytakingcoaches. C.Byrentingacar. D.Bytakingataxi.4. A.Exhausting. B.Pleasant. C.Boring. D.Educational.5. A.Thewoman’stourtoZhejiangprovince. B.Thewoman’suniversitylife.C.Thewoman’simpressionofthemuseum. D.Thewoman’suniversitytour.6. A.Sheistootiredtoenjoythefilm. B.Shehasseenthefilmbefore.C.Sheiseagertoseethenewfilm. D.Shehasnointerestinthefilm. 7. A.Toexpresshersympathy. B.Tolifttheman’sspirits.C.Toshowherdisappointment. D.Tohighlighttheman’stalent.8. A.Shewasasconfidentasshelooked. B.Shesangwithallherheart.C.Shecouldhardlyfinishthesong. D.Shefeltextremelynervous.9. A.It’smuchbetterthanexpected. B.It’ssurprisinglyoutstanding.C.It’saverage,nothingtowritehomeabout.D.It’ssomethingterribleheneverfancied.10. A.Heregrettednothavingpreparedsufficiently. B.Heisn’tawareofthetopicsofthespeakingtest.C.Hehaspreparedeverythingfortheoralexam.D.Hediscussedthepreparedtopicsintheoralexam.SectionBDirections:InSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassagesandonelongerconversation,andyouwillbeaskedseveralquestionsoneachofthepassagesandtheconversation.Thepassagesandtheconversationwillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichonewouldbethebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11. A.LowineMexicanstudentswhowanttobepilots.B.LowineCalifornianstudentswholiveinMexico.C.LowineMexicanstudentswholiveneartheUSborder.D.LowineCalifornianstudentswhowanttoattendmunitycolleges.12. A.$1,500. B.$7,200. C.$8,000. D.$10,000.13. A.HelpingCaliforniansbeelawmakersintheUS.B.IncreasingdiversityamongworkforceintheUS.C.MakingiteasyforMexicanstoachieveeducation.D.AvoidinglossoftalentintheUnitedStates.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingspeech.14. A.Toreduceunemploymentrates.B.Toincreaseworkers’salaries.C.ToattractinternationalpaniestotheUK.D.Tocheckifashorterworkweekisachievable.15. A.Toreduceemployees’expenses. B.Tomeetemployees’preferences.C.Toincreaseproductivity. D.Tofollowgovernmentregulations.16. A.Awaytoattractandkeeptalent. B.Atrendintheworkplace.C.Atryoutofanewworkweekpolicy. D.Ademandforhigherpay.Questions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.17. A.Highqualityequipment. B.Agreatamountofpractice.C.Personalphysicalcondition. D.Previoussportingexperience.18. A.Informsomeoneofyourreturntime. B.Staymindfulofyoursurroundings.C.Tellsomeonehowyoucanbeidentified. D.Usethemostadvancedboardandsail.19. A.Teachingandsharing. B.Connectionwithnature.C.petitionsandchallenges. D.Speedandexcitement.20. A.Explorenewwindsurfingdestinations. B.Takepartinwindsurfingpetitions.C.Develophighqualityboards. D.Startawindsurfingbusiness.Ⅱ.GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.Therainforests

arealivewiththesoundofanimals.Besidesthepleasureofthenoise,itisusefultoecologists.Listeningoutforanimalcallsisconsideredamethodofmeasuringthebiodiversityofapieceofland.(21)____________itismucheasierthandiggingunderthebusheslookingfortracks,suchanalysisistimeconsuming.Italsorequires(22)______expertpairofears.Inapaperpublishedin

Naturemunications,agroupofresearchersledbyJ?rgMüller,anecologistattheUniversityofWürzburg,describeabetterway:haveaputerdothejob.Smartphoneappsalreadyexistthrough(23)______thesoundsofbirdsormammals(哺乳動(dòng)物)canbeidentified.Theresearcherstookrecordingsfromacross43sitesintheEcuadoreanRainforest(厄瓜多爾雨林).Somesiteswererelativelyprimitive,oldgrowthforests.Otherswereareasthat(24)_____(clear)forpasture(牧場(chǎng))already.Soundrecordingsweretakenfourtimeseveryhour,overtwoweeks.Thevariouscallswereidentifiedmanuallybyanexpert,andthenusedtoconstructalistofthespeciespresent.Asexpected,thelongerthelandhadbeenfreefromagriculturalactivity,themoresignificantthebiodiversityithosted.Thenitwastheputer’sturn.Theresearchersfedtheirrecordingsto(25)______(train)AImodels,usingsoundsamplesfromelsewhereinEcuador,toidentify75birdspeciesfromtheircalls.Theyfoundthe

AI

toolscouldidentifythesoundsaswellastheexperts.Noteverythinginarainforestmakesanoise.Havingusedlighttrapstocapturenightflyinginsectsand

DNA

analysis(26)______(identify)them,DrMüllerandhiscolleaguesfoundthediversityofnoisyanimalswasareliableindicatorforthediversityofthequieter(27)______,too.Theresultsmayhaverelevanceoutsideecologydepartments,too.Underpressure(28)______theircustomers,somemakeuppaniesandoilfirmshavebeenspendingmoneyonforestrestorationprojects.DrMüllerhopesanautomatedapproachto(29)______(check)ontheresultscouldhelpmonitorsuchefforts.Thismethodwouldalsoprovideastandardizedwaytomeasure(30)______theyareworkingaswellastheirsponsorssay.SectionBDirections:pletethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.mineB.criteriaC.catalogedD.candidateE.delayF.anticipatingG.prisedH.perceivingI.initiativeJ.poundsK.unfavorableWhatLiesBeneath“Earth”hasalwaysbeenanoddchoiceofnameforthethirdplanetfromtheSun.Afterall,an

alien

(外星人)examining

itthrougha

telescope

wouldnotethattwothirdsofits

surface

is

31notoflandbutofoceansofwater.Marine

biologists

thinktheoceansmighthostmorethan

2,000,000speciesof

marine

animals,ofwhichtheyhavesofar32perhapsatenth.

Anew

33

hopestochangethis.SmoothlylaunchedinLondononApril

27th,OceanCensus(海洋普查)aimstodiscover

100,000

newspeciesof

marine

animalovertheingdecade.

Theattemptishappeningnowfortworeasons.Oneisthat,thelongerscientists34,thefewertherewillbeto

document.Climatechangeisheatingtheoceans,aswellasmakingthemmore

acidicascarbondioxideisabsorbedintothewater.Thesecondoneistechnological.

Marine

biologists

discoverabout

2,000

newspeciesayear,aratehardlychangedsinceDarwin’sday.OceanCensusis

35

itcangofaster.“Cyber

taxonomy(網(wǎng)絡(luò)分類(lèi)學(xué))”,forinstance,involvesfeedinganimalDNA

informationintoputers,whichcanquicklydecidewhetheritmeetsthe36foranewspecies.Exactlywhattheneweffortmightturnup,ofcourse,isimpossibleto

forecast.Buthistorysuggestsitwillbefruitful.Halfacenturyagoscientistsdetectedhot

openings

ontheseabedthatwerehometo

organisms

livinghappilyinconditionsthat,untilthen,hadbeenthought37tolife.Thesedays,such

openings

areone

credible

38

fortheoriginofalllifeonEarth.

Morepracticalbenefitscan’tbeignored.Manydrugs,forexample,eoriginallyfrombiological

39.Anoceanfullofunrecordedlifewillalmostcertainly

provearich

seam(礦層)

fromwhichto40more.Tohelpmakeuseofitsdata,OceanCensusplanstomakeitattainabletoscientistsandthepublicwithoutcharge,whowillbeabletosearchitforanythingvaluableorunexpected.Ⅲ.ReadingprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.MantheHunter,akeyideainhumansciences,proposesthathuntingwasamajordriverofhumanevolutionandthatmenconductedthisactivity,leavingwomenout.Itholdsthathumanancestorshadadivisionof41,rootedinbiologicaldifferencesbetweenmalesandfemales,inwhichmalesevolvedtohuntandprovide,andfemalestendedtochildrenanddomesticduties.Itassumesthatmalesare42superiortofemalesandthatpregnancy(懷孕)andchildcaringreduceoreliminate(根除)afemale’sabilitytohunt.MantheHunterhasdominatedthestudyofhumanevolutionfornearlyhalfacenturyandspreadthroughpopular43.Itisrepresentedinmuseumdisplaysandtextbookfigures,Saturdaymorningcartoonsandfeaturefilms.Thethingis,it’s44.Researcherslookatthedamageonourancestors’remainsforcluestotheir45.Neandertalfemalesandmalesdonotvaryin46patternsorexhibitsexdifferencesindiseasesfromrepetitiveactions.Theirskeletonsshowthesamemodesofwearandtear.Thisdiscoveryimpliesthattheywereengagingin47activities,fromhuntinglargegameanimalstoprocessingfurforleather.Observationsofrecentandcontemporarysocietiesprovidedirectevidenceofwomen48

hunting.AgtapeopleofthePhilippines,49,huntwhilepregnantandbreastfeeding,andtheyhavethesamehuntingsuccessasAgtamen.Arecentstudyofcrossculturalobservationaldatalastingthepast100years—muchofwhichwas50byMantheHuntercontributors—foundthatwomenfromawiderangeofcultureshuntanimalsforfood.79percentofthe63societieswithcleardescriptionsoftheirhuntingstrategiesreportedlyfeaturewomen51.Thewomenareinvolvedinhuntingregardlessoftheirchildbearingstatus.Muchaboutfemaleexercisescienceandthe52ofprehistoricwomenremainstobediscovered.Buttheideathatinthepastmenwerehuntersandwomenwerenotisabsolutely

53evenbythelimitedevidencewehave.Nowwhenyouthinkof“cavepeople”,wehope,youwillimaginea(n)54groupofhunterssurroundingadeerorhittingstonetoolstogetherratherthanaheavybrowedmanwithaheavystickoveroneshoulder.Huntingmayhavebeenremadeasa55activityinrecenttimes,butformostofhumanhistory,itbelongedtoeveryone.A.food B.labor C.resource D.powerA.technically B.socially C.physically D.intellectuallyA.culture B.belief C.science D.awarenessA.wrong B.unbelievable C.simple D.reasonableA.emotion B.appearance C.diet D.behaviorA.injury B.interaction C.growth D.settlementA.various B.identical C.outdoor D.manualA.takingover B.sufferingfrom C.longingfor D.participatinginA.infact B.asawhole C.forinstance D.asaresultA.quoted B.ignored C.collected D.storedA.supporters B.pioneers C.leaders D.huntersA.hobbies B.status C.lives D.rightsA.established B.unsupported C.developed D.misguidedA.evergrowing B.selfgoverning C.mixedsex D.multiculturalA.team B.sporting C.leisure D.maleSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhaveread.(A)CanadageeseareamonandplentifulNorthAmericanbirdfoundinmanyurbanparks,golfcourses,airports,orareaswithlargelawnsnearwater.Theyarealargewaterbirdwithafairlybrownbody,palebreast,andlongblackneckwithwhitecheeks.Canadageeseareparticularlyattractedtourbanareasforthemanygrassylawnsnearsmallbodiesofwater.Theycanoftenbeseenfeedingonlawnsorplayinginshallowwaterbytippingforwardandextendingtheirnecksunderwatertoreachforplants.Canadageeseprefertogatheringinlargeflocks(群)andcanbeseenflyingoverintheclassicVformation.InChicago,Canadageesemayremaininthecitythroughouttheyear,althoughsomegeesegetusedtomovinglongdistancestomoresouthernsectionsforthewinterornorthwardinspringtobreed.Eachbreedingseason,pairsbuildlargeopencupgroundnestsandlay2to8eggswhichareraisedinasinglebrood(窩).Urbanhabitatsarealsoattractivetothisspeciesasneatlymaintainedlawnsmakeiteasywhengrazingwithyoungtokeepwatchforapproachingenemies.Itis,however,theiruseoftheseurbanareasthatoftenleadstoconflictswithhumans.AsCanadageesenumbersrise,sodotheirconflictswithhumans.Canadageese’sdailyactivitiesmaydamagegardensandlandscaping.Geesemayalsocrossroadswhensearchingforfoodorwalkingbetweennestingsitesandbodiesofwater,slowingmovementorposingapotentialriskontheroadway.Althoughdirectinjuriesbyfiercegeeseareunmon,peoplesometimesfallandpickupinjurieswhensurprisedbyacharginggoose.Additionally,peopleoftenfeedthebirds.Notonlyarethetypesoffoodpeopletypicallyprovide,suchasbread,unhealthyforthebirds,butthisencourageshighconcentrationsofgeeseleadingtomoreharmfulbehaviorandhigherriskofdiseases.Lastly,planebirdconflictsareestimatedtoberising,likelyduetoincreasingnumbersofplanes,butalsoincreasesinpopulationsofcertainbirdspecies,includingCanadageese.Althoughcrashesrarelyresultinanaccident,theyoftencausecostlydamagetoplanes.56. WhatdoweknowaboutCanadageesefromthefirstandsecondparagraph? A.Theyareavaluedandrarespecies. B.Theyliketospendtimenearwater. C.Theyalwayslivequietlyandseparately. D.Theirappearanceisinauniformandsinglecolor.57.Whichofthefollowingwordsfromthepassageissimilarinmeaningto“grazing”(paragraph 3)? A.feeding(paragraph2) B.playing(paragraph2) C.gathering(paragraph2) D.moving(paragraph3)58. Fromthesentence“Althoughdirectinjuries…”(inthelastparagraph),weknowthatCanadageesearelikelyto__________. A.adorehumans B.threatenhumans C.frustratehumans D.safeguardhumans59.Accordingtothelastparagraph,whichofthefollowingisnotthetroublecausedbyanincreasingnumberofgeese? A.Frequentaircrashes. B.Damagetocityview.C.Trafficjamanddanger. D.Indirecthumaninjuries.(B)15THOCT2023CULTUREGazelleTwin,aposer,producer,andmusician,opensupaboutbeingaconceptualartistandestablishingauniqueidentityaheadofthereleaseofhernewalbum(專輯),BlackDog.Q:Wouldyoudescribeyourmusicasconceptual?A:Conceptualisagoodterm.Idon’tmakemusicjustforthesakeofmakingmusic.Myrecordsareinspiredbythemes.Ispendaconsiderableamountoftimebeforewritingthemusic,learningaboutsubjectsrelatedtothetheme.ThenIworkonthestructureofthealbum.Ideascanchange.Forexample,BlackDogwasoriginallyaboutghosts(幽靈),butIendedupwithanalbumaboutmychildhoodexperiences,throughtoadulthoodandparenthood,andtheanxietyandfearthathasbeenwithmeduringthattime.Q:Throughoutthealbum,thereisasenseofanobserver.Isthatpersonyourself,oranotherpresence?

A:Both.Thereisthevoiceofdepressionandanxiety,andalsothisotherpersonyouknowisalwaysthere.Ithoughtofhavingthisominouspresence(不祥之兆)aroundyou.Thereisalsothatsenseofbeingoutintheworld,asawoman,awareofmyvulnerability(脆弱).Forexample,justgoingforawalkisneversimple.Wehavetobuildprotectiveinstinctsaroundourselves.Q:Whenyoustartedout,didyouhaveanyideaofthekindofartistyouwantedtobe?A:IknewIdidn’twanttofitafixedstyleorberestrictedbybeingfemale.Iwantedtobeflexible.IliketothinkinscaleandofmorethanIcanachieveasoneperson.Ilikeartistswithuniqueidentities.Q:Whatwouldbeyouradvicetoanyonewithambitionstobeeamusician?A:Followyourinstincts.Putyourselfouttherewithoutpressuretobe“finished”.Absorbthings,experiment,andallowyourselftofollowajourneywhereyoudon’tknowwhereyouwillendup.Beingsuccessfulmerciallytakesateamandtime.Youhavetoloveitandbeinitforthelongjourney.Q:Fastforwardtenyears,wheredoyouwanttobe?A:Iwouldlovetocarryonfollowingmyinstinctsandmakingalbums.IwouldlikemoreofacollectionofTVandfilmscoresbecauseIenjoywritingscoresandcooperativework.60.WhyisGazelleTwin’smusicconceptual? A.Herrecordsareusuallyaboutghosts. B.Thealbum’sstructureisatoppriority. C.Theword“conceptual”itselfisattractive. D.Hermusicishighlymotivatedbythemes.61. Inthesecondpartoftheinterview,“thisotherperson”mostlikelyrepresents__________. A.spiritualgrowth B.vividimagination C.innerselfawareness D.externalintervention 62.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromGazelleTwin’sresponseintheinterview? A.Shetendstotakethebiggerpictureintoaccount. B.Herfutureplanningisprofitdriventosomeextent. C.BlackDoghasalreadybeeahitalbumworldwide. D.Sheexpresseswillingnesstohelpthepotentialmusicians.(C)HowtoRecruit(招聘)withSofterSkillsinMindSoftskillsmattertoemployers.Ananalysisofalmost5000jobdescriptionsshowedpanieshaveshiftedawayfromemphasizingfinancialandoperationalskillstowardssocialskills—anabilitytolisten,reflect,municateandempathise(共情).Thetroubleisthatsoftskillsarehardtomeasure.Worsestill,theconventionalprocessforrecruitingpeopleisoftenbetteratrecognizingotherqualities.Theearlyphasesofrecruitmentfocusonscreeningcandidatesbasedontheirexperiencesandhardskills,criteriathatareeasiesttoassessremotely.Thelaterphases,whencandidatesandemployersengageinactualconversation,arebettersuitedtoassessinganapplicant’ssofterskills.Thinkofhowfundamentallyunsocialthesituationis!Candidatesareexpectedtotalk,notlisten;toimpress,notempathise.Structuredinterviewscriptsenablelikeforlikeparisonsbuttheyalsolimitthespacefornaturalness.Tworecentstudiesofwhatmakesforagoodteammemberagreeonwhatmightbedescribedasanabilitytoreadtheroom.Oneresearchfoundpeoplewhocanaccuratelyjudgethelevelofinfluenceheldbyvariousteammemberspossessamagicpowercalled“statusacuity”.Suchroomreadersreducegroupconflictandenhanceteamperformance.Theyaccordinglydesignedatest,inwhichparticipantswatchedavideoofagroupperformingatask.Theparticipantsthenratedmembersofthegroupbasedonhowmuchrespecteachwasperceivedtohold.Peoplewhoseratingswereclosesttotheassessmentsoftheteammembersthemselveshadthequalityofstatusacuity.Theotherstudyfoundthatcertainindividualsconsistentlymadetheirgroupsperformbetterthanexpected.Suchpeoplearegenuineteamplayers,capableofmakingthewholegreaterthanthesumoftheparts.ThesewonderfulcreaturesdidnotstandoutfromtheirpeersonIQtests.Buttheydidsignificantlybetteronthe“ReadingtheMindintheEyes”test,anassessmentinwhichparticipantsareshownpicturesofvariousfacialexpressionsandthenhavetopickthewordthatbestdescribeswhateachpersonisfeeling.Bettertestsarenottheonlywaytogathermoreinformationaboutsoftskills.Don’tjusthavepeoplehigherupthefoodchainaskinterviewquestions.Askthepeoplewhointeractcasuallywithapplicants,fromtheassistantstothereceptionists,whattheythoughtofthem.Undeniably,peoplemaysucceedinfakingtheirwaythroughtheprocess.Andtheremaybemoreroomforinterviewers’prejudicetoemerge.Findingsomeoneannoyingmaybeasignalthatsomeonelackssocialskills.Butitmayalsomeanthattheyarenervousorthatinterviewersarebadtempered.Recruitmentissettochangeandisunlikelytobeelesschallenging.63. Whatmakestherecentrecruitmentprocessdistinctfromthetraditionalone? A.Prioritizationofsoftskills. B.Focusonascreeningmethod. C.Dependenceonstructuredinterviewscripts. D.Emphasisuponfinancialandoperationalskills. 64. Accordingtothethirdandfourthparagraph,apersonwiththeabilitytoreadtheroomis capableof__________. A.adjustingone’sbehaviororattitudeswiftlytofitthecontext B.understandingtheindividual’sperspectivetorespondappropriately C.resolvinggroupconflictorjudgingfacialexpressionsinasituationD.interpretingindividual’srolewithinateamortheirmood65. Whatisthepurposeofthetwostudiesmentionedinthepassage? A.Toidentifywaystoperfectstructuredinterviewscripts. B.Todiscovershortcutsfortestingandidentifyingsoftskills. C.Toexplorerecipesforcultivatingaqualifiedteammember.D.Tointroducemethodsofimprovingcandidates’nontechnicalskills.66.Whatcanbeimpliedfromthelasttwoparagraphs? A.Integratingsoftskillsassessmentintoahiringprocesswon’tintroducesideeffects.B.Employeesinlowerpositionsmayprovideuselessinsightsintoapplicants’softskills.C.Interviewers’prejudicemayinfluencetheirfairassessmentsandperceptionsofcandidates.D.Thereisnopossibilityofindividualssuccessfullydeceivingothersduringtheinterview.SectionCDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.A.Odoursarealsoessentialsignalsinsocialbonding.B.Besides,odoursaregranteddifferentculturalvalues.C.Human’sperceptionofsmellfacilitatesthespreadofhumanculture.D.Ournosescanperceiveodourspresentinextremelysmallquantities.E.

F.TheMeaningandPowerofSmellAsurveyrevealedthatsmellcancausestrongemotionalresponses.Asmellconnectedwithagoodexperiencecanpleaseus,whileanodour(氣味)bondedwithabadmemorymaydisgust(使惡心)us.67Suchassociationscanbesopowerfulthatodoursgenerallylabelledunpleasantbeeagreeable,andthosegenerallyconsideredsweetbeedisagreeableforparticularindividuals.68Onerespondentbelievesthereisnotrueemotionalbondingwithoutsmellingalovedone.Infantsrecognizetheirmothers’odourssoonafterbirth.Individualswereabletodistinguishbythesmellaloneclothingwornbytheirpartnersfromsimilarclothingwornbyotherpeople.Despiteitsimportancetoouremotionalandsensorylives,smellisprobablythemostundervaluedsenseinmanycultures.Whileourolfactory(嗅覺(jué)的)powersarenothinglikeasfineasthosepossessedbycertainanimals,theyareremarkablysensitive.696Odours,unlikecolours,can’tbenamedinmanylanguagesbecausethespecificvocabularysimplydoesn’texist.“Itsmellslike...,”wehavetosaywhendescribinganodour,strugglingtoexpressourolfactoryexperience.Norcanodoursberecorded:thereisnoeffectivewaytocaptureorstorethemovertime.70Smellsconsideredoffensiveinsomeculturesmaybeacceptableinothers.Therefore,oursenseofsmellisameansofinteractingwiththeworld.Thestudyoftheculturalhistoryofsmellisindeedaninvestigationintotheessenceofhumanculture.Ⅳ.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.EmotionalPreparedness:ManagingLife’sChallengesExpectingtheworsttoavoidfeelingbadlaterisknownas“bracing”.Itmayhelppeopleprepareforemotionallychallengingsituations,particularlyinthemomentsbeforethesesituationsoccur.Peoplebracefortheworstwhilewaitingforpotentiallynegativeoutes.Someonemightalsobracefortheworstinanticipationofstressfuleventslikegivingapresentationatwork.Somepsychologicaltheoriessuggestthatbracingshouldhelp.Forexample,“decisionaffecttheory”proposesthathowwefeelaboutasituationisdeterminedpartlybyparingwhatactuallyhappenedwithwhatcouldhavehappened.Basedonthis,peopleshouldbehappywhenaneventgoesbeyondtheirexpectations,anddisappointedwhenaneventfallsbehind.Therefore,byanticipatingtheworst,onecansafeguardthemselvesagainstfuturedisappointment,becauseanyresultwilllikelysurpass(優(yōu)于)expectations.However,otherpsychologicaltheorieschallengetheideathatbracingwillbehelpful.Ithasbeentheorizedandscientificallyestablished—thatexpectationscanpowerfullyinfluencereality.Therearetwokeywaysthatexpectationscanshapereality.First,peoplemaybehaveinwaysthatfitwiththeirexpectations.Ifyouexpecttofailanupingtestorinterview,thenyoumightnotinvesteffortsinpreparation,whichinturnreducesyourchancesofdoingwell.Second,peoplemayinterpretasituationinlinewiththeirexpectations.Imagineyoubelieveyouareinsufficientlyqualifiedforajobyou’veappliedfor.Duringthejobinterview,you’relikelytointerpretblankexpressionsfromtheinterviewerinlinewiththisbelief,whichcouldnegativelyaffectyourperformance.Infact,theinterviewerdidnotwanttogiveanythingaway.Drawingtogetherthescientificstudies,itseemsthatexpectingtheworstisnotawisewaytoprepareforupingnewsorresults.V.TranslationDirections:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,