1-IP網絡的現狀和發(fā)展

計算機網絡技術的

歷史和新進展主要內容Internet的發(fā)展和成功經驗高速計算機網絡技術發(fā)展的現狀國際高速計算機網絡技術研究計劃中國計算機網絡技術研究計劃高速計算機網絡技術發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略機會和挑戰(zhàn)并存，挑戰(zhàn)大于機會WhatisaNetwork?

(fromendsystempointofview)Networkoffersaservice:moveinformationbird,fire,messenger,truck,telegraph,telephone,Internet…anotherexample,transportationservice:moveobjectshorse,train,truck,airplane...Whatdistinguishdifferenttypesofnetworks?TheservicestheyprovideWhatdistinguishtheservices?latencybandwidthlossratenumberofendsystemsserviceinterface(howtoinvoke?)otherdetailsreliability,unicastvs.multicast,real-time,messagevs.byte...WhatisaNetwork?

InfrastructureCentricViewElectronsandphotonsascommunicationmediumLinks:fiber,copper,satellite,…Switches:mechanical/electronic/optical,crossbar/BanyanProtocols:TCP/IP,ATM,MPLS,SONET,Ethernet,PPP,X.25,FrameRelay,AppleTalk,IPX,SNAFunctionalities:routing,errorcontrol,congestioncontrol,QualityofService(QoS)Applications:FTP,WEB,Xwindows,...TypesofNetworksGeographicaldistanceLocalAreaNetworks(LAN):Ethernet,Tokenring,FDDIMetropolitanAreaNetworks(MAN):DQDB,SMDSWideAreaNetworks(WAN):X.25,ATM,framerelayInformationtypedatanetworksvs.telecommunicationnetworksApplicationtypespecialpurposenetworks:airlinereservationnetwork,bankingnetwork,creditcardnetwork,telephonygeneralpurposenetwork:InternetTypesofNetworksRighttouseprivate:enterprisenetworkspublic:telephonynetwork,InternetOwnershipofprotocolsproprietary:SNAopen:IPTechnologiesterrestrialvs.satellitewiredvs.wirelessProtocolsIP,AppleTalk,SNATheInternetGlobalscale,generalpurpose,heterogeneous-technologies,public,computernetworkInternetProtocolopenstandard:InternetEngineeringTaskForce(IETF)asstandardbodytechnicalbasisforothertypesofnetworksIntranet:enterpriseIPnetworkDevelopedbytheresearchcommunityHistoryoftheInternet70’s:startedasaresearchproject,56kbps,<100computers80-83:ARPANETandMILNETsplit,85-86:NSFbuildsNSFNETasbackbone,links6Supercomputercenters,1.5Mbps,10,000computers87-90:linkregionalnetworks,NSI(NASA),ESNet(DOE),Bartnet,100,000computers90-92:NSFNETmovesto45Mbps,16mid-levelnetworks94:NSFbackbonedismantled,multipleprivatebackbonesToday:backbonesrunat2.4Gbps,10smillionscomputersin150countriesGrowthoftheInternetNumberofHostsontheInternet:Aug.1981 213Oct.1984 1,024Dec.198728,174Oct.1990313,000Oct.19932,056,000Apr.19955,706,000Jul.199719,540,000Jul.200093,047,785RecentGrowth(1991-2000)WhoisWhoontheInternet?InternetEngineeringTaskForce(IETF):

TheIETFistheprotocolengineeringanddevelopmentarmoftheInternet.Subdividedintomanyworkinggroups,whichspecifyRequestForCommentsorRFCs.IRTF(InternetResearchTaskForce):

TheInternetResearchTaskForceisacomposedofanumberoffocused,long-termandsmallResearchGroups.InternetArchitectureBoard(IAB):TheIABisresponsiblefordefiningtheoverallarchitectureoftheInternet,providingguidanceandbroaddirectiontotheIETF.TheInternetEngineeringSteeringGroup(IESG):TheIESGisresponsiblefortechnicalmanagementofIETFactivitiesandtheInternetstandardsprocess.Standards.ComposedoftheAreaDirectorsoftheIETFworkinggroups.InternetStandardizationProcessServicesProvidedbytheInternetToday’sVisionEverythingisdigital:voice,video,music,pictures,liveeventsEverythingison-line:bankstatement,medicalrecord,books,airlineschedule,weather,highwaytraffic,toaster,refrigerator…Everyoneisconnected:doctor,teacher,broker,mother,son,friends,enemiesWhatisNext?ElectroniccommercevirtualenterpriseInternetentertainmentinteractivesitcomWorldasasmallvillagecommunityorganizedaccordingtointerestsenhancedunderstandingamongdiversegroupsElectronicdemocracylittlepeoplecanvoicetheiropinionstothewholeworldbridgethegapbetweeninformationhavesandhaveno’sElectronicterrorismhackercanbringthewholeworldtoitskneeIndustrialPlayersTelephonecompaniesownlong-haulandaccesscommunicationlinks,customersCablecompaniesownaccesslinksWireless/SatellitecompaniesalternativecommunicationlinksUtilitycompanies:power,water,railwayownrightofwaytolaydownmorewiresMediumcompaniesowncontentInternetServiceProvidersEquipmentcompaniesswitches/routers,chips,optics,computersSoftwarecompaniesCommercialInternetafter1994NSFNetworkRegionalISPAmericaOnLineIBMBartnetCampusNetworkJoe'sCompanyStanfordXeroxParcBerkeleyNSFNetworkInternetMCIUUnetSprintNetModemIBMBackboneISPISPInternetPhysicalInfrastructureResidentialAccessModemDSLCablemodemSatelliteEnterprise/ISPaccess,BackbonetransmissionT1/T3,DS-1DS-3OC-3,OC-12ATMvs.SONET,vs.WDM

CampusnetworkEthernet,ATMInternetServiceProvidersaccess,regional,backbonePointofPresence(POP)NetworkAccessPoint(NAP)LinksforLongHaulTransmissionTypesoflinksT1/DS1:1.544MbpsT3/DS3:44.736MbpsSTS-1/OC-1:51.850MbpsSTS-3/OC-3:155.2MbpsSTS-12/OC-12:622.080MbpsSTS-48/OC-48:2.488GbpsSTS-192/OC-192:9.953GbpsHigherlevelsofservicesofferedcommerciallyFrameRelayATMPossibilitiesIPoverSONETIPoverATMIPoverFrameRelayIPoverWDM計算機網絡發(fā)展歷史回顧七十年代的計算機網絡X.25分組交換網：各國的電信部門建設運行各種專用的網絡體系結構：SNA，DNAInternet的前身ARPANET進行實驗運行八十年代的計算機網絡標準化計算機網絡體系結構：OSI局部網絡LAN技術空前發(fā)展建成NSFNET，Internet初具規(guī)模九十年代的計算機網絡Internet空前發(fā)展Web技術在Internet/Intranet得到廣泛應用計算機網絡與其他網絡的關系電信網絡計算機網絡電視網絡通信基礎傳輸網（光纖、衛(wèi)星、微波等）電話傳真電子郵件信息瀏覽IP電話新聞廣播電視節(jié)目Internet發(fā)展規(guī)模和趨勢Internet的發(fā)展速度是歷史上發(fā)展最快的一種技術以商業(yè)化后達到5000萬用戶為例電視用了13年，收音機用了38年，電話更長Internet從商業(yè)化后達到5000萬用戶用了4年時間Internet正在以超過摩爾定理的速度發(fā)展Internet的成功經驗有遠見的政府不斷支持：1969－有風險的企業(yè)參與和投入：NSF：MCI、IBMvBNS：MCI；Abilene:Qwest，CISCO聯合協作的開放式研究：IETF/RFC教育和科研的示范網絡為起點具有實驗物理學的研究特點ARPAnet、NSF、ANS、vBNS簡單實用的技術路線：TCP/IPResearchandDevelopmentCommercializationPartnershipsPrivatizationNSFNETInternet2,Abilene,vBNSAdvancedUSGovtNetworksARPAnetgigabittestbedsActiveNetswirelessWDMSprintLinkInternetMCIUSGovtNetworksANSInteroperableHighPerformanceResearch&EducationNetworks21stCenturyNetworkingQualityofService(QoS)網絡帶寬與CPU性能光纖容量高水平大容量光纖傳輸試驗系統容量 光纖長度 特點 研制單位3Tb/s 40km 用T-EDFA NTT(160Gb/sX19CHOTDM/WDM) (DSF-

0=1535nm) 用DSF光纖 (NZDSF) PD1-11.02Tb/s 1000km 0.4b/s/Hz，用SMF光纖 CNET(20Gb/sx51CHWDM) (SMF環(huán)測) 101km放大器間距 PD4-11Tb/s 342km 用TrueWave光纖 Lucent(40Gb/sx25CH) (TrueWave光纖) 85km放大器間距 PD7-1750Gb/s 2000km 采用C波段和L波段 Tyco(5.3Gb/sx50CH,10Gb/sx8CH)(純Si光纖+NZDSF環(huán)測)純Si光纖 PD16-1640Gb/s 7200km 0.33b/s/Hz Tyco(10Gb/sx64CH) (NZDSF環(huán)測) PD2-1490Gb/s 335.2KM 采用拉曼放大+EDFA混合 Lucent(10Gb/sx49CH) (ZDSF環(huán)測) 0色散光纖(67km)+NZDSF(17km)PD8-1340Gb/s 6380km 實線試驗 Alcatel(10Gb/sx34CHWDM) (NZDSF) 50GHzSpacing PD18-180Gb/s 172km Soliton Chalmer(10Gb/sx8CHOTDM) (DSF0=1547nm) 已敷設的光纖 PD6-1Data(Still)OvertakingVoice0199619971998199920002001200220406080100120140160180Relative

Capacity

(%)VoiceDataSource:MCI(VintCerf)InternationaldatatrafficalreadyexceedsinternationalvoicefromAustraliaandScandinavia.200019981996IP(Still)ConqueringDataAllOtherIPXTCP/IPTrafficRatiosSource:Gartner1997100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%RelativeUserPopulationMultimediaDynamicWWWStaticWWWFTPandTelnetE-MailandNewsOther8%17%39%27%7%2%13%18%23%23%16%7%14%17%12%15%28%14%Internet(Still)GoingInteractive

ToTransactionalPages(Red)and

Audio/VideoContent(Purple)100%80%60%40%20%0%200019981996Source:TheYankeeGroup,1996Apps(Always)DrivingCapacitySimpleVideo,MultimediaBrowsing,PCMVoiceIP,PCS,E-Mail,

FileTransferPagingVideoConferencing,MPEG1NTSCVideoTelnet,VoIPISDN,

FrameRelayATM/POST3/E3T1/E1NewModemWirelessWANOldModem.004.0192.0288.1281.53155Mb/sMinimumBandwidthforApplicationperUserVirtualReality,MedicalImaging012345678919971998199920012002VoiceTraffic(Rising)overConvergedNetworks13%0%BillionsofMinutes/MonthVoiceTrafficonMultiserviceNetworksFractionofTotalVoiceSource:Frost&Sullivan;BusinessWeek,April6,1998HomeAccess:FasterGettingCheaper199719981999200020012002US$6050403020100AverageUS

CostperMonthADSLCableDialupISDNSource:ForresterResearch,January1998Data/Voice/VideoTransportConvergenceInternet高速信息網絡的發(fā)展方向：

通信與計算聚合通信和計算技術的聚合改變了各自的原有特征高速信息網絡體系結構的發(fā)展趨勢分層結構；分布控制、管理和安全機制分層結構比特路層服務層應用層高速信息網絡的體系結構比特路層主干網傳輸技術：SDH/SONET，光纖主干網交換技術：IPoverSDH或光纖，GbE，支持IPv6端系統接入技術：LAN；ADSL、FTTC、FTTH、HFC服務層（支撐技術）全球統一的地址、域名；安全的系統管理和訪問控制Browser/Server計算模式，支持Data,Voice,Video以Java為代表的網絡編程語言應用層（用戶功能）用戶－用戶（立即響應，可適當延遲）用戶－服務器（立即響應，可適當延遲）ATMSDH/SONETIPOpticalIPTransportAlternativesB-ISDNIPoverATMIPoverSDH/SONETIPoverOpticalLong-TermWinnersIPATMOpticalIPSDH/SONETOpticalIPOpticalMultiplexing,Protection,andManagementatEveryLayer.EliminatingLayersLowersCosts.國際高速信息網絡技術研究計劃1992年美國政府的“國家信息基礎設施NII”1993年西方七國的“全球信息基礎設施GII”美國NII組成部分“高性能計算和通信HPCC”NGI和vBNSInternet2和AbileneTransPAC、APAN、STARTAPCANARIE和CA*net3NGI：美國下一代Internet研究計劃NGI目標1：先進網絡技術的實驗研究網絡工程規(guī)劃和模擬；監(jiān)視；集成；數據傳遞；網絡管理；動態(tài)和自適應的網絡服務質量（端到端）服務質量體系結構；允許控制，計費和優(yōu)先權；可觀察和控制的API；DrillDown技術安全用戶用安全和公平的方法服務網絡資源；優(yōu)越的網絡管理；網絡內部的監(jiān)視；游動/遠程訪問；公鑰基礎設施NGI目標2：下一代網絡測試床開發(fā)下一代網絡測試床，用比現在Internet快100倍以上的速度連接至少100個大學和國家研究實驗室以1997年1.54Mbps計，10個連接點速度達到比現在Internet快1000倍端到端連接速度達到100Mbps~1GbpsNGI目標2包括高性能連接：開發(fā)廣域網結構，用100+Mbps速度連接100個廣域點下一代網絡技術和超高性能連接：開發(fā)超高速交換和傳輸技術，用1+Gbps速度連接10個以上的局域點主要策略：協調建立一個高性能的協作網絡利用現有的網絡試驗床：vBNS,ESnet,NREN評價標準：連接點的數量，端到端的性能支持目標1的研究，支持目標3的應用NGI目標3：革命性的網絡應用開發(fā)今天Internet沒有，對國家重要的網絡應用健康保健：遠程醫(yī)療、緊急醫(yī)療響應支持教育：遠程教育、數字圖書館科學研究：能源、地理系統、氣象、生物國家安全：高性能全球通信、先進的信息傳播環(huán)境：監(jiān)測、預測、警告、響應政府：傳遞政府服務和信息給公民和企業(yè)突發(fā)事件：災難響應、危機管理設計和制造：制造工程主要策略：重點研究基礎性應用分布式計算應用、協同性應用vBNSCooperativeAgreementCompetitivelyawardedinApril1995EstablishedbytheNSFinordertoensuretheavailabilityofhighperformancenetworkingresourcesfortheUSResearch&EducationcommunityfostertheadvancementofnetworkingtechnologyNSFcontributes:programmanagementandfundingMCIcontributes:bandwidth,equipment,andengineeringSanFranciscoNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchSanDiegoSupercomputerCenterHoustonDenverAmeritechNAPChicagoNationalCenterforSupercomputingApplicationsClevelandPerryman,MDSprintNAPMFSNAPPittsburghSupercomputingCenterLosAngelesAAtlantaANewYorkCityvBNSBackboneNetworkMapBostonWashington,DCSeattleAACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCJJAscendGRF400Cisco7507JuniperM40FOREASX-1000NAPACDS-3OC-3COC-12COC-48JSanFranciscoNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchSanDiegoSupercomputerCenterHoustonDenverChicagoNationalCenterforSupercomputingApplicationsClevelandPerryman,MDPittsburghSupercomputingCenterLosAngelesAtlantaNewYorkCityvBNSBackbone3Q99BostonWashington,DCSeattlevBNSPOPDS-3OC-3COC-12COC-48Internet2UCAID（120多個大學會員）的一項研究計劃 UniversityCorporationforAdvancedInternetDevelopment形成大學試驗網，開發(fā)下一代Internet技術和應用IPv6，Multicasting，QOS以競爭方式得到NGI計劃的經費支持NGI是政府計劃，Internet2是大學合作計劃相互補充，相互依靠Internet2和NGI的合作范圍NSF支持的vBNSInternet2將建立用于地區(qū)連接的gigaPoPInternet2的許多網絡應用開發(fā)由NGI支持AdvancedInternetBenefitsRichercontentthroughhigherbandwidthVideo,audioVirtualrealityDynamicnotstaticMoreinteractivityviaminimaldelayReliablecontentdeliverythroughqualityofservicemodelInternet2ApplicationsDeliverqualitativeandquantitativeimprovementsintheconductof:ResearchTeachingLearningRequireadvancednetworkingManyDisciplinesandContextsSciencesArtsHumanitiesHealthcareBusiness/LawAdministration…InstructionCollaborationStreamingvideoDistributedcomputationDataminingVirtualrealityDigitallibraries…VirtualLaboratoriesInteractiveresearchandinstructionReal-timeaccesstoremotescientificinstruments

ImagescourtesyoftheUniversityofMichiganVirtualLaboratoriesReal-timeaccesstoremoteinstruments

UniversityofPittsburgh,

PittsburghSupercomputingCenter

3-DBrainMappingDigitalLibrariesVideoandaudio

IndianaUniversity

VariationsProjectDistributedComputationMulti-sitedatabases

OldDominionUniversity

ChesapeakeBaySimulationImagecourtesyofOldDominionUniversityTeleimmersionSharedvirtualrealityUniversityofIllinoisatChicago

Virtual

Temporal

BoneImagescourtesyUnivofIllinois-ChicagoAbileneProjectannounced14April1998byVPGoreMostadvancedandfarreachingresearchandeducationnetworkintheworldsupportadvancedresearchapplicationsintegratedadvancednetworkservicesDevelopedbyUCAIDQwest,NortelandCiscocorporatepartnersAdvancednativeIPbackbonenetworkavailabletouniversitiesparticipatinginUCAID’sInternet2projectAbileneCharacteristics2.4Gbps(OC48)amonggigaPoPs,increasingto9.6Gbps(OC192)Connectionsat622Mbps(OC12)or155Mbps(OC3)IPoverSonettechnologyAccessPoPsveryclosetoalmostalloftheanticipateduniversitygigaPoPsAbileneScheduleFall1998:Demonstratednetworkatmembermeeting,inpre-productionatseveraluniversities,connectedtoChicagoswitchforSTARTAPJanurary1999:AbileneinserviceByDecember1999:around65institutionsconnectedTheTransPACNetworkThenetworkisbasedona70MbpsVBR-nrtATMinternationalconnectionbetweentheSTARTAPinChicagoandtheAPANTokyoexchangepoint.TheunderlyingATMserviceprovidedbyAT&T/KDD.TransPACprovidesATMandIP-layeruserservices.APAN-TransPAC-vBNS/Canarieprovidesoneoftheworld’slargesthigh-performanceresearchnetworksandconstitutesthepremierglobaltestbedfordevelopingnextgenerationnetworkprotocolsandservices.STARTAPSTARTAP

CommonInterconnectforNGI,Internet2,InternationalHigh-PerformanceNetworksBill.St.Arnaud@canarie.cahttp://Tweetie.canarie.ca/~bstarnTel:+1.613.785.0426“Canada’sNationalOpticalInternet”GigaPOPCA*net3NationalOpticalNetworkVancouverCalgaryReginaWinnipegOttawaMontrealTorontoHalifaxSt.John’sFrederictonCharlottetownRANBCnetWURCnetSRnetMRnetONetRISQACORNOC3OC3DS3OC12OC48ChicagoSTARTAPCA*net3OC12Teleglobe中國的Internet中國科學技術計算機網（CSTNET）

NCFC（APT），CASnet，CERnetCSTnet：信息服務、超級計算、CNNIC

1999/12/31

2000/06/302001/01

10M10M55M

中國公用計算機互聯網（CHINANET）

郵電部主管，依托CHANAPAC、CHANADDN、PSTN，1995年6月完成

1999/12/31

2000/06/302001/01

291M

711M1953M（北京170M、上海214M、廣州327M）

（北京721M、上海661M、廣州571M）

中國教育和科研計算機網（CERNET）

教育部主管，10主結點，完全采用TCP/IP技術，1995年12月完成1999/12/31

2000/06/302001/01

8M

12M117M中國金橋信息網（CHINAGBN）電子部建設、1996年9月完成，政府機關、文教單位、大型企業(yè)1999/12/31

2000/06/302001/01

22M69M

148M

（北京49M、上海12M、廣州8M）（北京53M、上海59M、廣州36M）中國聯通互聯網（UNINET）

1999/12/31

2000/06/302001/01

20M

55M55M（上海47M、廣州8M）（上海47M、廣州8M）

中國網通(CNCNET)

由中國科學院、鐵道部、上海市政府及廣播電影電視總局四家股東聯合出資成立的中國網通公司致力于新一代全光纖純IP高速骨干網絡CNCnet的建設1999/12/31

2000