現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)與制造外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)與制造外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)與制造外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)(文檔含中英文對(duì)照即英文原文和中文翻譯)ModernDesignandManufacturing1.TheComputerandManufacturingThecomputerisbringingmanufacturingintotheInformationAge.Thisnewtool,longafamiliaroneinbusinessandmanagementoperations,ismovingintothefactory,anditsadventischangingmanufacturingascertainlyasthesteamenginechangedit100yearsago.Thebasicmetalworkingprocessesarenotlikelytochangefundamentally,buttheirorganizationandcontroldefinitelywillInonerespect,manufacturingcouldbesaidtobecomingfullcircle.Thefistmanufacturingwasacottageindustry:thedesignerwasalsothemanufacturer,conceivingandfabricatingproductsoneatatime.Eventually,theconceptoftheinterchangeabilityofpartswasdeveloped,productionwasseparatedintospecializedfunctions,andidenticalpartswereproducedthousandsatatime.Today,althoughthedesignerandmanufacturermaynotbecomeoneagain,thefunctionsarebeingdrawncloseinthemovementtowardanintegratedmanufacturingsystem.Itisperhapsironicthat,atatimewhenthemarketdemandsahighdegreeofproductdiversification,thenecessityforincreasingproductivityandreducingcoatsisdrivingmanufacturingtowardinegrationintoacoherentsystem,acontinuousprocessinwhichpartsdonotspentasmuchas95%ofproductiontimebeingmovedaroundorwaitingtobeworkedon.Thecomputeristhekeytoeachofthesetwinrequirements.Itistheonlytoolthatcanprovidethequickreflexes,theflexibilityandseed,tomeetadiversifiedmarket.Anditistheonlytoolthatenablesthedetailedanalysisandtheaccessibilityofaccuratedatanecessaryfortheintegrationofthemanufacturingsystem.Itmaywellbethat,inthefuture,thecomputermaybeessentialtoacompany’ssurvial.Manyoftoday’sbusinesseswillfadeawaytobereplacedbymore-productivecombinations.Suchmore-productivecombinationsaresuperquality,superproductivityplants.Thegoalistodesignandoperateaplantthatwouldproduce100%satisfactorypartswichgoodproductivity.Asophisticated,competitiveworldisrequiringthatmanufacturingbegintosettleformore,tobecomeitselfsophisticated.Tomeetcompetition,forexample,acompanywillhavetomeetthesomewhatconflictingdemandsforgreaterproductdiversification,higherquality,improvedproductivity,higherquality,improvedproductivityandprices.Thecompanythatseekstomeetthesedemandswillneedasophisticatedtool,onethatwillallowittorespondquicklytocustomerneedswhilegettingthemostoutofitsmanufacturingresources.Thecomputeristhattool.Becominga“superquality,superproductivity”plantrequirestheintegrationofanextremelycomplexsystem.Thiscanbeaccomplishedonlywhenallextremelycomplexsystem.Thiscanbeaccomplishedonlywhenallelementsofmanufacturing-design,fabricationandassembly,qualityassurance,management,materialshanding-arecomputerintegrated.Inproductdesign,forexample,interactivecomputer-aided-design(CAD)systemsallowthedrawingandanalysistaskstobeperformedinafractionofthetimeallowthedrawingandanalysistaskstobeperformedinafrationofthetimepreviouslyrequiredandgreateraccuracy.Andprogramsforprototypetestingtestingandevaluationfurtherspeedthedesignprocess.Inmanufacturingplanning,computer-aidedprocessplanningpermitstheselection,fromthousandsofpossiblesequencesandschedules,oftheoptimumprocess.Ontheshopfloor,distributedintlligenceintheformofmicroprocessorscontrols,runsautomatedloadingandunloadingequipment,andcollectsdataoncurrentshopconditions.Butsuchisolatedrevolutionsarenotenough.Whatisnendedisatotallyautomatedsystem,linkedbycommonsoftwarefromfrontdoortoback.Thebenefitsrangethoughoutthesystem.Essentially,computerintegrationprovideswidelyandinstantaneouslyavailable,accurateinformation,improvingcommunicationbetweendepartments,permittingtightercontrol,andgenerallyenhancingtheoverallqualityandefficiencyoftheentiresystem.Improvedcommunicationcanmean,forexample,designsthataremoreproducible.TheNCprogrammerandthetooldesignerhaveachangtoinfluencetheproductdesigner,andviceversa.Engineeringchanges,canbereduced,andthosethatarerequiredcanbehandledmoreefficiently.Notonlydosethecomputerpermitthemtobespecicifiedmorequickly,butitalsoalerssubsequentusersofthedatatothefactthatachangehasbeenmade.Theinstantaneousupdatingofproduction-controldatapermitsbetterplanningandmore-effectivescheduling.Expensiveequipment,therefore,isusedmoreproductively,andpartsmovemoreefficientlythroughproduction,reducingwork-in-processcoats.Productquality,too,canbeimproved.Notonlyaremore-accuratedesignsproduced,forexample,buttheuseofdesigndatabythequality-assurancedepartmenthelpseliminateerrorsduetomisunderstandings.Peopleareenabledtodotheirjobsbetter.Byeliminatingtediouscalculationsandpaperwork—nottomentiontimewastedsearchingforinformation—thecomputernotonlyallowsworkerstobemoreproductivebutalsofreesthemtodowhatonlyhumanbeingcando:thinkcreatively.Computerintegrationmayalsolurenewpeopleintomanufacturing.Peopleareattractedbecausetheywanttoworkinamodern,technologicallysophisticatedenviroment.Inmanufacturingengineering,CAD/CAMdecreasestool-design,NC-programming,andplanningtimeswhilespeedingtheresponserate,whichwilleventuallypermitin-housstafftoperformworkthatiscurrentlybeingcontractedout.2.CAD/CAMCAD/CAMisatermwhichmeanscomputer-aidedandcomputer-aidedmanufacturing.itisthetechnologyconcernedwiththeuseofdigitalcomputerstoperformcertainfunctionsindesignandproduction.Thistechnologyismovinginthedirectionofgreaterintegrationofdesignandmanufacturing,twoactivitieswhichhavetraditionallybeentreatedasdistinctandseparatefunctionsinaproductionfirm.Ultimately,CAD/CAMwillprovidethetechnologybaseforthecomputer-integratedfactoryofthefuture.Computer-aideddesign(CAD)canbedefinedastheuseofcomputerstytemstoassistinthecreation,modification,analysis,oroptimizationofadesign.Thecomputersystemsconsistofthehardwareandsoftwaretoperformthespecializeddesignfunctionsrequiredbytheparticularuserfirm.TheCADhardwaretypicallyincludedthecomputer,oneormoregraphicsdisplayterminals,keyboards,andotherperipheralequipment.TheCADsoftwareconsistsofthecomputerprogramstoimplementcomputergraphicstofacilitatetheengineeringfunctionsoftheusercompany.Examplesoftheseapplicationprogramsincludestress-strainanalysisofcomponents,dynamicresponseofmechanisms,heat-transfercalculations,andnumericalcontrolpartprogrammingThecollectionofapplicationprogramswillvaryfromoneuserfirmtothenextbecausetheirproductlines,manufacturingprocesses,andcustomermarketsaredifferentThesefactorsgiverisetodifferencesinCADsystemrequirements.Computer-aidedmanufacturing(CAM)canbedefinedastheuseofcomputersystemstoplan,manufacturingplantthrougheitherdirectorindirectcomputerinterfacewiththeplan’sproductionresources.Asindicatedbythedefinition,theapplicationsofcomputer-aidedmanufacturingfallintotwobroadcategories:1.Computermonitoringandcontrol.2.Manufacturingsupportapplications.Thedistinctionbetweenthetwocategoriesisfundamentaltoanunderstand-ingofcomputer-aidedmanufacturing.Inadditiontotheapplicationsinvolvingadirectcomputer-processinterfaceforthepurposeofprocessmonitoringandcontrol,computer-aidedmanufacturingalsoincludesindirectapplicationsinwhichthecomputerservesasupportroleinthemanufacturingoperationsoftheplant.Intheseapplications,thecomputerisnotlinkeddirectlytothemanufacturingprocess.Instead,thecomputerisused“off-line”toprovideplans,schedules,forecasts,instructions,andinformationbywhichthefirm’sproductionresourcescanbemanagedmoreeffectively.Theformoftherelationshipbetweenthecomputerandtheprocessisrepresentedsymbolicallyinthefiguregivenbelow.Dashedlinesareusedtoindicatethatthecommunicationandcontrollinkisanoff-lineconnection,withhumanbeingsoftenrequiredtoconsummatetheinerface.However,humanbeingsarepresentlyrequiredintheapplicationeithertoprovideinputtothecomputerprogramsortointerpretthecomputeroutputandimplementtherequiredaction.3.VoiceNCProgrammingVoiceprogrammingofNCmachines(abbreviatedVNC)involvesvocalcommunicationofthemachiningproceduretoavoice-inputNCtape-preparationofthemachingproceduretoavoice-inputNCtape-prepartionsystem.VNCallowstheprogrammertoavoidstepssuchasOneoftheprincipalcompaniesspecializinginvoice-inputsystemsisThresholdTechnology,Inc,ofDelran,Newjersey.“turn”,ToperformthepartprogrammingprocesswithVNC,theoperatorspeaksintoaheadbandmicrophonedesignedtoreducebackgroundacousticalnoise.Communicationoftheprogramminginstructionsisinshoplanguagewithsuchtermsas“turn”,“thead”,and“millline”,togetherwithnumberstoprovidedimensionalandcoordinatedata.Beforethevoice-inputsystemcanbeused,Itmustbe“trained”torecognizeandaccepttheindividualprogrammer’svoicepattern.Thisisaccomplishedbyrepeatingeachwordofthevocabularyaboutfivetimestoprovideareferencesetwhichcansubsequentlybecomparedtovoicecommandsgivenduringactualprogramming.Theentirevocabularyforthethresholdsystemcontainsabout100words.MostNCprogrammingjobscanbecompletedbyusingabout30ofthesevocabularywords.Intalkingtothesystem,theprogrammermustisolateeachwordbypausingbeforeandaftertheword.bypausingbeforeandaftertheword.Thepausemustbeonlyone-tenthofasecondorlonger.Thisallowsthespeechrecognitionsystemtoindentifyboundariesfortheboundariesfortheutteredcommandsothatitswavecharacteristicscanbecomparedwithwordsinthereferencesetforthatprogrammer.typicalwordinputratesunderthisrestrictionareclaimedtobeabout70perminute.Asthewordsarespoken,aCRTterminalinfrontofthenextcommand.Whenalloftheprogramminginstructionshavebeenenteredandverified,thesystempreparesthepunchedtapeforthejob.TheAdvantagesofVNClieprincipallyinthethesavingsinprogrammingtimeandresultingimprovementsinmanufacturingleadtime.Savingsinprogrammingtimeupto50%areclaimed.Improventsinaccuracyandlowercomputer-skillrequirementsfortheprogrammerarealsogivenasbenefitsofVNC.譯文：現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)與制造一、計(jì)算機(jī)與制造業(yè)：計(jì)算機(jī)正在將制造業(yè)帶入信息時(shí)代。計(jì)算機(jī)長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)在商業(yè)和管理方面得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用，它正在作為一種新的工具進(jìn)入到工廠中，而且它如同蒸汽機(jī)在100年前使制造業(yè)發(fā)生改變那樣，正在使制造業(yè)發(fā)生著變革。盡管基本的金屬切削過(guò)程不太可能發(fā)生根本的改變，但是他們的組織形式和控制方式將發(fā)生改變。從某一方面可以說(shuō)，制造業(yè)正在完成一個(gè)循環(huán)。最初的制造業(yè)是家庭手工業(yè)：設(shè)計(jì)者本身也是制造者，產(chǎn)品的構(gòu)思與加工由同一人完成。后來(lái)，形成了零件的互換性這個(gè)概念，生產(chǎn)被依照專業(yè)功能分割開來(lái)，可以成批的生產(chǎn)數(shù)以千計(jì)的相同的零件。今天，盡管設(shè)計(jì)者與制造者不可能再是同一個(gè)人，但在向集成制造系統(tǒng)前進(jìn)的途中，這兩種功能已經(jīng)越來(lái)越靠近了?？赡芫哂兄S刺意味的是，在市場(chǎng)需求高度多樣化的產(chǎn)品的時(shí)候，提高生產(chǎn)率和降低成本的必要性促使著制造業(yè)朝著集成為單調(diào)關(guān)聯(lián)系統(tǒng)方向變化。這是一個(gè)連續(xù)的過(guò)程，在其中零件不需要花費(fèi)多達(dá)95%的生產(chǎn)時(shí)間用在運(yùn)輸和等待加工上。計(jì)算機(jī)是滿足這兩項(xiàng)要求中任何一項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵。它是能夠提供快速反應(yīng)能力、柔性和滿足多樣化市場(chǎng)的唯一工具。而且，它是實(shí)現(xiàn)制造系統(tǒng)集成所需要的、能夠進(jìn)行詳細(xì)分析和利用精確數(shù)據(jù)的唯一工具。在將來(lái)計(jì)算機(jī)可能會(huì)是一個(gè)企業(yè)生存的基本條件，許多現(xiàn)今的企業(yè)將會(huì)被生產(chǎn)能力更高的企業(yè)組合所取代。這些生產(chǎn)能力更高的企業(yè)組合是一些具有非常高的質(zhì)量、非常高的生產(chǎn)率的工廠。目標(biāo)是設(shè)計(jì)和運(yùn)行一個(gè)能夠以高生產(chǎn)率的生產(chǎn)方式100%合格產(chǎn)品的工廠。一個(gè)采用先進(jìn)的、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的世界正在促使制造業(yè)開始做更高的工作，使其本身采用先進(jìn)的技術(shù)。為了適應(yīng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，一個(gè)公司會(huì)滿足一些在某種程度上相互矛盾的要求，諸如產(chǎn)品多樣化、提高質(zhì)量、增加生產(chǎn)率、降低價(jià)格。在努力這些要求的過(guò)程中，公司需要一個(gè)采用先進(jìn)技術(shù)的工具，一個(gè)能夠?qū)︻櫩偷男枨笞鞒隹焖俜磻?yīng)，而且從制造資源中獲得最大收益的工具，計(jì)算機(jī)就是這個(gè)工具。成為一個(gè)具有“非常高的質(zhì)量、非常高的生產(chǎn)率”的工廠，需要對(duì)一個(gè)非常復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行集成。這只有通過(guò)采用計(jì)算機(jī)對(duì)機(jī)械制造的所有組成部分—設(shè)計(jì)、加工、裝配、質(zhì)量保證、管理和材料裝卸及輸送進(jìn)行集成才能完成。例如，在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)期間，交互式的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)使得完成繪圖和分析工作所需要的時(shí)間比原來(lái)減少了幾倍，而且精確程度得到了很大的提高。此外，樣機(jī)的實(shí)驗(yàn)與評(píng)價(jià)程序進(jìn)一步加快了設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程。在制訂制造計(jì)劃時(shí)，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助編制工藝規(guī)程可以從數(shù)以千計(jì)的工序和加工過(guò)程中選擇最好的加工方案。在車間里，分布式智能以微處理器這種形式來(lái)控制機(jī)床、操縱自動(dòng)裝卸料設(shè)備和收集關(guān)于當(dāng)前車間狀態(tài)的信息。但是這些各自獨(dú)立的改革還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。我們所需要的是有一個(gè)共同的軟件從始端到終端進(jìn)行控制的全部自動(dòng)化的系統(tǒng)。整個(gè)系統(tǒng)都會(huì)從中受益?；旧?，計(jì)算機(jī)集成可以提供廣泛的、及時(shí)的和精確的信息，可以改進(jìn)各部門之間的交流與溝通，實(shí)施更嚴(yán)格的控制，而且通常能增強(qiáng)整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的全面質(zhì)量和效率。例如，改進(jìn)交流和溝通意味著會(huì)使設(shè)計(jì)具有更好的可制造性。數(shù)控編程人員和工藝裝備設(shè)計(jì)人員有機(jī)會(huì)向產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)人員提出意見，反之亦然。因而可以減少技術(shù)反面的變更，而對(duì)于那些必要的變更，可以更有效地進(jìn)行處理。計(jì)算機(jī)不僅能夠更快地對(duì)變更之處做出詳細(xì)說(shuō)明，而且還能把變更之后的數(shù)據(jù)告訴隨后的使用者。利用及時(shí)更新的生產(chǎn)控制數(shù)據(jù)可以制訂更好的工藝規(guī)程和更有效率的生產(chǎn)進(jìn)度。因而，可以使昂貴的設(shè)備更好的利用，提高零件在生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中運(yùn)送效率，減少在制品的成本。產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量也可以得到改進(jìn)。例如，不僅可以提高設(shè)計(jì)精度，還可以使質(zhì)量保證部門利用設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，避免由于誤解而產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤。可以使人們更好的完成他們的工作。通過(guò)避免冗長(zhǎng)的計(jì)算和書寫工作—這還不算查找資料所浪費(fèi)的時(shí)間—計(jì)算機(jī)不僅使人們更有效的工作，而且還能把他們解放出來(lái)去做只有人類才能做工作：創(chuàng)造性思考。計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造還會(huì)吸引新的人才進(jìn)入制造業(yè)。人才被吸引過(guò)來(lái)的原因是他們希望到一個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的、技術(shù)先進(jìn)的環(huán)境中工作。在制造過(guò)程中，CAD/CAM減少了工藝裝備設(shè)計(jì)、數(shù)控編程和編制工藝規(guī)程所需要的時(shí)間。而且，在同時(shí)加快了響應(yīng)速度