西方中世紀文化概況(英文版)

西方中世紀文化概況(英文版).pptMiddleAgesisaperiodofEuropeanhistoryfromthe5thcenturytothe15thcenturyWhyisitcalledMiddleAges?TheMiddleAgesisoneofthethreemajorperiodsinthemostenduringschemeforanalyzingEuropeanhistory:classicalcivilization(orAntiquity),theMiddleAges,andthemodernperiod.TheperiodfollowedthefalloftheWesternRomeEmpirein476,andprecededtheEarlyModernEra.Itis"Middle"inthesenseofbeingbetweenthetwootherperiodsintime,ancienttimesandmoderntimes.ThetermfirstappearsinLatinin1469asmediatempestas(middletime).Thetermmediumaevum(MiddleAges)isfirstrecordedin1604.Renaissancescholarshiprestoreddirectlinkstotheclassicalperiod,thusbypassingtheMedievalperiod.WhatwillbeconjuredupinyourmindwhenMiddleAgesismentioned?KnightsSuperstition/unscientificCruelty/inhumanDarknessActually,wecangetakindofimageofMiddleAgesfromsomefamousmoviesKingArthurKnightsofRoundtableGodmakeyouagoodmanandfailnotofbeauty.TheRoundTablewasfoundedinpatience,humility,andmeekness.Thoushouldstbeforallladiesandfightfortheirquarrels,andeverbecourteousandneverrefusemercytohimthataskethmercyforaknightthatiscourteousandkindandgentlehasfavorineveryplace.Thoushouldstneverholdaladyorgentlewomanagainstherwill.

ChargeGiventotheKnightsbyKingArthurTheOrder'sdominantideawastheloveofGod,men,andnobledeeds.Thecrossintheemblemwastoremindthemthattheyweretolivepureandstainlesslives,tostriveafterperfectionandthusattaintheHolyGrail.

(TheGrailisasymbolofGod'sgrace,availabletoallbutonlyfullyrealizedbythosewhopreparethemselvesspiritually.)TheRedDragonofKingArthurrepresentedtheirallegiancetotheKing.TheRoundTablewasillustrativeoftheEternityofGod,theequality,unity,andcomradeshipoftheOrder,andsinglenessofpurposeofalltheKnights.TheEmblemoftheKnightsInaword,aknightwaspledgedtoprotecttheweak,tofightforthechurch,tobeloyaltohislordandtorespectwomenofnoblebirth.Thesesruleswereknownascodeofchivalry,fromwhichthewesternideaofgoodmannersdeveloped.tournamentsCodeofChivalryDutiestocountrymenandfellowChristians:thiscontainsvirtuessuchasmercy,courage,valor,fairness,protectionoftheweakandthepoor,andintheservant-hoodoftheknighttohislord.Thisalsobringswithittheideaofbeingwillingtogiveone’slifeforanother’s;whetherhewouldbegivinghislifeforapoormanorhislord.CodeofChivalryDutiestoGod:thiswouldcontainbeingfaithfultoGod,protectingtheinnocent,beingfaithfultothechurch,beingthechampionofgoodagainstevil,beinggenerousandobeyingGodabovethefeudallord.CodeofChivalryDutiestowomen:thisisprobablythemostfamiliaraspectofchivalry.Thiswouldcontainwhatisoftencalledcourtlylove,theideathattheknightistoservealady,andafterherallotherladies.Mostespeciallyinthiscategoryisageneralgentlenessandgraciousnesstoallwomen.IsChivalry“Dead”?EversinceFeminismhasbecomemainstream,therehasbeenasayingintheUSthat“chivalryisdead”,meaningthatthereisnoneedformentodothingslikeholdadoorfororbeextrapolitetoalady.Oftentimes,afterdoingsomethingniceforaladylikeopeningadoorforherorlettingherthroughthedoorfirst(“l(fā)adiesfirst”),wewillsometimesjokinglysay“chivalryisn’tdead”.KnighthoodTheprocessofbecomingaknightwasdividedintothreestages.Whenoneiseightornineyearsold,heisapage.Ataroundfourteenorfifteenyearsofage,hebecomesasquire.Then,afterrigoroustraining,hecanfinallybecomeaknight,thoughmanypeopletrainhardandneverachievethatstatus.Thereisalwaysaceremonywhereapersonisknightedordubbedbyhislord,king,orqueen.PageAyoungboyservedasapageforaboutsevenyears,runningmessages,serving,cleaning,andevenlearningthebasicsofcombat,andthelordhewasworkingforwouldusuallytreathimfairly.Thelordsometimesgavethepageprivatecombattrainingfromtheageofsevenuntilhewasfourteen.SquireThiswasthestagebetweenpageandknightandwascharacterizedbyintensetraining.KnightIdubtheeone,Idubtheetwice,Idubthee,sir_______,knightof_______.BraveHeartSirWilliamWallace,a13thcenturyScottishKnightwhogainedrecognitionwhenhecametotheforefrontoftheFirstWarofScottishIndependencebyopposingKingEdwardIofEngland.RobinHoodisaheroicoutlawinEnglishfolklore.AhighlyskilledArcherandswordsman,heisknownfor"robbingfromtherichandgivingtothepoor,“assistedbyagroupoffellowoutlawsknownashisMerryMen.TraditionallyRobinHoodandhismenaredepictedwearingLincolnGreenclothes.WhataresomecharacteristicsoftheMiddleAgesthatyoucanthinkof?ManysmallerkingdomsWarfareChristian(Catholic)HowdothesecontrastwiththeperiodofRome?OnelargeEmpire“PaxRomana”PolytheisticRomanreligionSubdivisionofMiddleAgestheEarlyMiddleAges(476-1000),theHighMiddleAges(1000–1300),andtheLateMiddleAges(1300–1453).Inthe19thcentury,theentireMiddleAgeswasoftenreferredtoasthe"DarkAges".Butthehistorianshelddifferentpointsofview.SocialStructureAcompletelynewpoliticalandsocialinfrastructurebasedonpowerfulregionalnoblefamiliesdevelopedbetween5th-8thcenturies.Newly-establishedkingdoms:Ostrogoths（東哥德族）（Italy)；TheodoricisthemostsuccessfulGothicEmperor.Visigoths(西哥德族）(Spain)；FranksinFranceandwestGermany;Anglo-SaxonsinEngland.Gothswereregardedasthemostsuccessful“blond-hairedpeoples”byalloftheGermanicpeopleswhoweresettledwithinoldEmpire.TheAnglo-SaxonworldresembledtheheroicageofancientGreeceinmanyways.Intheirworld，thecentralvalueishonorandglory，theprimaryoccupationwasfighting,andtheeconomicsystemwasbasedonplunderandtheopen-handeddistributionofriches.Anglo-Saxonswerepagans.Christianitycamefromoutside.FeudalismWhydidfeudalismbecomethedominantsocialsystem?FeudalismFeudalism–Latin“feudum”agrantofland.CollapseofcentralizedpowerAttacksofVikingsSurrenderlandandpersonalfreedomtocounts(公爵）,dukes,andotherlocallordsinreturnforprotectionandsecurity.Kingawardedlandgrantstotheirnobles,baron(男爵）andbishopsinreturnfortheircontributionofsoldierstothekings’armyLowest:Peasant,serf(workingforthelordsandlivingconditionisterrible)Manor（莊園）Feudalismlasteduntil13thcenturyDecline:Reducedpopulation(blackdeath)SerfboughttheirfreedomRentsandmoneypaymentreplacedservice.Freeserfsprovidedfreelaborforthecash-cropfarmingandcapitalist–manufacturing.BattleofToursOnOctober10,732,therewasafamousbattle,oftenconsideredoneofthemost(ifnotTHEmostimportantbattleinWesternhistory).IttookplaceinbetweenthecitiesofToursandPoitiers.TheFranks(modern-dayFrench)wereunitedunderCharlesMartel,andtheSaracens(Islamicarmy)wasalliedunderAbdulRahmanAlGhafiqi,whowaskilledinthisbattle.Notably,theFrankisharmywonwithoutuseofcavalry(horses).TheFrankshadabout15,000-20,000soldiers,whiletheSaracenshadabout20,000-25,000soldiers.IftheFrankshadlost,theSaracenswerelikelytoconqueramajorityofEurope.Somanymoderndayscholarsseethisasa“l(fā)aststand”(最后一搏),meaningafterthisfight,therearenootherchances.BattleofTourscrusadesTheriseofIslamismKnightsPopeKingsCrusadesFirstCrusade1095–1099

GodfreyofBouillon,aFrenchknight,leaderoftheFirstCrusadeandfounderoftheKingdomofJerusalem.

MedievalillustrationofthecaptureofJerusalemduringtheFirstCrusade,1099SecondCrusade1147–1149FrenchandSouthGermanarmies,undertheKingsLouisVIIandConradIIIrespectively,marchedtoJerusalemin1147butfailedtowinanymajorvictories

ThirdCrusade1187–1192kingRichardIofEngland(RichardtheLionheart),outsidethePalaceofWestminsterinLondon.Templarknights,PoorFellow-SoldiersofChristandoftheTempleofSolomonintheirdistinctivewhitemantleswitharedcross,wereamongthemostskilledfightingunitsoftheCrusades.OfficiallyendorsedbytheRomanCatholicChurcharound1129,theOrderbecameafavouredcharitythroughoutChristendom,andgrewrapidlyinmembershipandpower.Non-combatantmembersoftheOrdermanagedalargeeconomicinfrastructurethroughoutChristendom,innovatingfinancialtechniquesthatwereanearlyformofbankingandbuildingmanyfortificationacrossEuropeandtheHolyLand.TheTemplars'existencewastiedcloselytotheCrusades;whentheHolyLandwaslost,supportfortheOrderfaded.AlltheeightCrusadesachievedverylittle.Crusadesattractedyoungersonsoffeudalnobilityandlesserknights,whosoughtopportunitiestoobtainlandandenhancetheirsocialstatus.Thecrusadeswerebrutalandvicious,andthecrusaderswereoftenimpulsedbybothgreedandpiety.Doubtsaboutthespiritualimportanceofsuchwarandtheriseofcentralizedmonarchies,whoserulersusuallyregardedtheCrusadesaswastefulandvaincontributedtothedeclineoftheCrusade.TheeraoftheCrusadescametoanend,andsodidtheageoftheindependentwarrioraristocracy.Newstructures

11th-12thcenturies:peasants,lords,andmonksLaterpartof12thcentury:townandcitiesemergedMerchants;craftsman,innkeepers,travelers;moneylendersUrbansocietylackedrespectforaristocracyandwasnotinterestedintheircultofviolence.NoblesneedscitiestomaintaintheirluxuriouslifestyleTownswererefugesfordesperatepeasantsandtheytrytheirfortunesincities.Merchants:VenetianMarcoPolo(1254-1324)Magnate:(capitalists)PopularcraftsmenandtradesmenSocietyofpeopleappearedUrbancultureNortherntownsCapitalconcentrated,laborspecialized,.Wealthypatricians,themerchants-rapiers,theycontroltherawmaterial,equipment,capital;setstandard,priceandwages.Mastersskilledcraftsmen:guildstoavoidcompetitionUnskilledartisansbluenailsFairsappearedintownsandcitiesGuildsAguildisanassociationofcraftsmeninaparticulartrade(行業(yè)).Someexamplesmightbeashoemaker’sguild,ablacksmith’sguild,acarpenter’sguild,etc.FirstuniversitiesIntellectuallifeflourishedSubjects:Philosophy,medicineandlawFeatures:Self-governing;theirownrulesaboutdressing,classroomactivities,andcurriculum.Bologna:lawParis:liberalartsandtheologyInfluencedbyAristotelianthoughtReligionBecauseofalackofcentralempire,thenewdominantinstitutionfortheMiddleAgeswastheCatholicChurch.FigureslikeSt.AugustineofHippohelpedspreadChristianitytomanydifferentareas.LocalnoblesandlandlordsoftenhadtojustifytheirpowerbyevokingGod.Sometimes,warsweredeclaredinthenameofGod.InEngland,acitywasnoteventallowedtobecalledacityuntilithadacathedralinit.ThesethingsshowhowomnipresenttheinfluenceofChristianitywas.TheCatholicChurchWhatthingsdoyouknowabouttheCatholicChurch?WhatisthestructureoftheCatholicChurch?Whoistheleader?HowdidtheCatholicChurchexercisepower?TheCatholicChurchTheCatholicChurchwas(andstillis)aninstitutioncenteredinRome.AmongthebelieversofCatholicism,thePopeservesasamediatorbetweentheheavenlyworldandtheearthlyworld,soalotoftrustisputintothewordofthePope.Often,thechurchwouldexercisepowerthroughinquisitions（宗教審判）andexcommunication（驅逐教會）.HierarchyoftheChurchPopeCardinalArchbishopBishopPriestExcommunicationExcommunicationmeansthatyouarenolongerapartoftheCatholicChurch.Imaginethatyouareapope,andyouwantakingtoobeyyou.Howcanexcommunicationusedtoenforceyourownwill?InquisitionAninquisitioniswhenevertheChurchdecidesthatitistimetocrackdownonheretics.Crackdownonsth–對。。。嚴懲不貸.Crackdown–強制鎮(zhèn)壓Heretic–異教徒HowdoesaninquisitionincreasethepoweroftheChurch?WhydoyouthinkthattheChurchwassosuccessfulatholdingandmaintainingsomuchpowerduringtheMiddleAges?Whogivesthechurchthepower?WhydoyouthinkthattheChurchwassosuccessfulatholdingandmaintainingsomuchpowerduringtheMiddleAges?Whogivesthechurchthepower?ThetwoanswersthatIthinkaremostimportantare“Faith”and“Fear”.FaithisimportantbecauseifpeopledidnotbelieveinJesus,therewouldbenoreasontobelieveinthePope.FearisimportantbecauseoftentimestheChurchusedcruelmethodsinordertokeeppeoplebelieving.TortureandPunishmentChurches,landlords,nobles,andkingsallusedseveremethodsforpunishingpeoplewhodidnotcomplywiththeirlaws.Doyourecognizethischair?TortureandPunishmentTherearemanytorturedevicespicturedhere.Amongthemisthefamous“ironmaiden.”MonasticLifeMonasteriesweresomeoftheonlyplaceswhereliteracysurvivedinthemiddleages.Inmanyplaces,itwastheonlypossiblewaytoreceiveanykindofeducation.Herewecanseeadrawingbyastudentwhodoodled,perhapsduringalecture.MonasticLifeCanonicalhoursaredivisionsoftimewhichserveasincrementsbetweentheprescribedprayersofthedailyround.ABookofHourscontainssuchasetofprayers.Thelifeofamonkwasaverybusylifeofprayerandworship.BookofHoursTheBookofHourswasaMedievalcollectionofChristiantextsandprayers.Theywereoftenhighlydecorated.BookofHoursAristotelianChallengeTheintroductionofworksofAristotleintothewestinlate12thcreatedaprofoundintellectualcrisis.Hisworksonnaturalphilosophy,ethicsandmetaphysicsweretranslatedintoLatin.Logic,ordialectic,wasseenastheuniversalkeytoknowledge.Theuniversitysystemwasbasedonitsrigorousapplicationtotraditionaltextsoflaw,philosophy,andScripture.ChristianintellectualsacceptedtheAristotelianmethodmetAristotle’sconclusion:aworldwithoutanactive,consciousGod,aworldinwhicheverythingcouldbeunderstoodwithoutreferencetoadivinecreator.Reaction:criticismVsfullacceptanceIrreconcilabletruth:oneknowledgethroughdivinerevelation;theotherthroughhumanreason.ScholasticismScholasticismisamethodofcriticalthoughtwhichdominatedteachingbytheacademicsofmedievaluniversitiesinEuropefromabout1100–1500,andaprogramofemployingthatmethodinarticulatinganddefendingorthodoxyinanincreasinglypluralisticcontext.Itoriginatedasanoutgrowthof,andadeparturefrom,Christianmonasticschools.Asaprogram,scholasticismbeganasanattempttoreconcileChristiantheologywithclassicalandlateantiquityphilosophy.ThomasAquinasDeniedthedichotomyoffaithandreasonDefendtheintegrityofhumanreasonandtoreconcileitwithdivinerevelation.HumanreasoncouldnotalwaysleadtoconclusionsThenatureofGod,creationandhumansoulcouldnotberesolvedbyreasonalone.bridgethegapbetweenAristotleandecclesiastical(基督教的）orthodoxy（正統(tǒng)）HeresyJohnWycliffe(1330-1384)Englishphilosopher,theologian,andreligiousreformer,aforerunnerofProtestantReformation(attackthewealthandpropertyofthechurch.)WilliamOckham(1300-1349)EnglishphilosopherandScholastictheologian.ImperialpowershouldbederivedfrompeopleratherthanthePopeandthatpeopleshouldbefreetodeterminetheirownformofgovernmentandtoelectrulers.Governmentshouldbeentirelysecular.Denytheabsolutepowerofpope.Radicalpoliticalphilosophy.EmpireandPapacy(教皇制度)ConflictbetweenPopesandEmperorsovertherighttoappointandtoinstillbishopintheiroffice.CompromisesbetweenHenryVandPopeCalixtusIIIsetupthestrongwesternideaofseparatespheresofauthorityforsecularandreligiousgovernment.Popescouldhavegreatpoliticalpower,butfrom13ththeygraduallylostabsoluteauthority.CarolingianAchievement加洛林王朝（Carolingian）是自公元751年統(tǒng)治法蘭克王國的王朝。在此之前，其王朝成員以“宮相”的身分涉理王國朝政。在王朝其后的鼎盛時期，加洛林家族在名義上復辟了羅馬帝國，也即是開創(chuàng)了后世所謂的神圣羅馬帝國。加洛林王朝崛起得快，但也很快沒落。查理曼的統(tǒng)一帝國，其子法王路易一世維持了帝國。但其孫輩于843年簽署《凡爾登條約》，將統(tǒng)一帝國瓜分為東、中和西三個部分。西法蘭克王國，成為后來的法蘭西。加洛林王室成員在位直至987年，后被卡佩王朝繼承。中法蘭克王國，主要包括今日的普羅旺斯，洛林和意大利，在870年簽定《梅爾森條約》后，中法蘭克王國北部領土被東西法蘭克王國瓜分。東法蘭西王國，即日后的德國或神圣羅馬帝國。加洛林王室的統(tǒng)治結束于911年，此后開始了神圣羅馬皇帝選舉的先例，緊跟加洛林王朝的是薩克森王朝。TheEmergenceofStatepowerFrenchNationFranceshowsclearsignsofagrowthinroyalpowerduringthe14thcentury,fromtheactivepersecutionofhereticsandlepers(麻風病患者),expulsionoftheJews,andthedissolutionoftheKnightsTemplar.Inallofthesecases,undertakenbyPhilipIV,thekingconfiscatedlandandwealthfromtheseminoritygroups.TheconflictbetweenPhilipIVandPopeBonifaceVIII,aconflictwhichbeganoverPhilip'sunauthorizedtaxationofclergy,endedwiththeviolentdeathofBonifaceandtheinstallationofPopeClementV,aweak,French-controlledpope.ThisactionenhancedFrenchprestige.TheKingsofFranceofthisperiodpresidedovereffectivestatesadministeredbyliteratebureaucrats,andsoughtbaronialconsentfortheirdecisionsthroughearlyversionsofparliamentarysystems,calledtheEstatesGeneral(三級議會）andinEngland,itiscalledtheParliament.NormanConquest:themakingofmodernEnglandWilliamtheConquerordefeatedandkilledtheAnglo-Saxonin1066.（beganthe“FrenchPeriod”)TheNormankingslookedtoEnglandasasourceofrevenue,SotheytransformedAnglo-SaxonruleandbroughtanewpatternofgovernmentItgraduallymakesEnglandthestrongeststateinEurope.Anefficientsystemoffiscalandadministrativesupervision:Checkerboardexchequer(國庫）Annualpaymentwererecordedonlongrollsofparchment(羊皮卷）（Piperolls)AuditingsystemAccountingsystemRoyalauthorityovertheEnglishChurchesHenryIIassertedroyalcourtsoverlocalandfeudalones:auniformjudicialproceduresthroughoutthekingdom:thecommonlaw.KingJohnwasforcedtosignMagnaCarta(大憲章）in1215.MagnaCartalimitedtheking’spowersoftaxationandrequiredtrialsbeforepunishment.ThefirsttimethatanEnglishMonarchcameundercontrolofthelaw.EdwardIdefendedremainingcontinentalterritoriesagainstFranceandexpandcommonlaw.

parliamentAssembliesweretheoccasionstoconsult,toraisefundsforwar,topresentroyalprograms,toextracttaxesThewealthypeoplerequirearighttobeconsultedandtoconsenttotaxation.TheEnglishMonarchyincreaseditspowerthroughasystemofroyalcourtsandjusticeandatraditionofrepresentativeparliaments.,combinedwithexactingsystemofaccounting.By1300,Francewithroyalbureaucracy,andEnglandwithitscourtsandaccountants,becamethemostpowerfulstatesinthewest.England,too,beganthe14thcenturywithwarfareandexpansion.EdwardI(17June1239–7July1307),alsoknownasEdwardLongshankswagedwaragainstthePrincipalityofWalesandtheKingdomofScotland,withmixedsuccess,toassertwhatheconsideredhisrighttotheentireislandofGreatBritain.Literature日耳曼蠻族的民間英雄傳說《貝奧武甫》、《羅蘭之歌》、《尼伯龍根之歌》，亞瑟王傳奇，“埃達”敘事系列NationalepicsBeowulfSongofRolandDanteandhisDivineComedyChaucerTheCanterburyTales騎士文學騎士精神和騎士文學的衰敗14世紀，步兵日漸重要，逐漸取代騎兵，騎士文學衰敗英國“詩歌之父”喬叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》流露出對騎士的諷刺最后一部騎士文學：塞萬提斯的《唐吉訶德》ArtandArchitctureRomanesqueGothic哥特式建筑什么是哥特式（Gothic）？哥特式建筑的特征：高聳入云的尖頂，輕盈飄逸的尖形肋拱，纖巧修長的立柱，輕巧優(yōu)雅的花飾窗格，用石頭和玻璃建成基督教唯靈主義的視覺體現羅馬式建筑：哥特建筑的前身羅馬式教堂（RomanesqueStyle）出現于黑暗時代，盛行于11、12世紀前身是羅馬會堂（basilica）圓頂大廳，圓拱，裝飾和窗戶較少，堅固厚實的墻壁和尖塔，整齊壯觀，粗獷有力，莊重威嚴的氣質，嚴峻沉重羅馬式教堂哥特式教堂用華麗彩色的玻璃窗代替了羅馬式教堂粗壯的石頭墻壁取消羅馬式教堂的圓拱，改用尖拱，使之更為陡峭高聳。羅馬式拱頂哥特式拱頂亞眠大教堂巴黎宮廷禮拜堂

我們在教堂里感到精神逐漸飛升，肉身遭到踐踏。教堂內部就是一個空心的十字架，我們就在這刑具里走動；五顏六色的窗戶把血滴和膿汁似的紅紅綠綠的光線投到我們身上；我們身邊嗚嗚地唱著喪歌；我們腳下滿是墓碑和尸骸，精神沿著高聳筆立的巨柱凌空而起，痛苦地和肉身分裂，肉身則像一襲空乏的長袍撲落地上。

海涅TheVirginMaryWhatdothecirclesaroundtheirheadsmean?TheVirginMary…againThemostcommonimagetobefoundinmedievalartisthatoftheVirginMary.Thepaintingsarereferredtoas“Madonna”or“MadonnawithChild”,dependingonwhetherornottheyincludedtheimageoftheinfantJesus.Whoarethepeopleworshipping?ReconstructionoftheTempleofJerusalemScienceandtechnologyThereplacementofRomannumeralswiththedecimalpositionalnumbersystemandtheinventionofalgebraallowedmoreadvancedmathematics.JoustingandtournamentsWhatyousawinthecomicjustnowwasanexampleofjousting,aneventwheretwomountedknights(orsquires)chargetowardeachotherinanattempttoknocktheopponentdownwithalance.JoustingandtournamentsInfact,tournamentswereacommonwaytopasstimeandalsoservesasatraininggroundforknightsandsquires.Inaworldwhereyouarealwaysfightingwiththenearbykingdom,stayingwell-trainedisofutmostimportance.CourtlifeIfyouwereapartofthenobility(貴族),yougenerallylivedandspentmostofyourfreetimeinsideofacastle,abig,fortifiedbuildingusedtodefendagainstenemies.Lifewithinthecastlewasmuchmoreexcitingthanalifelivedbyapeasant.Thereweresomegames,especiallychess,whichthenobleslearnedfromtheMoslems.Banqueting,however,formedthechiefindooramusement.Thelordandhisretainerssatdowntoagluttonousfeastand,astheyateanddrank,watchedthepranksofaprofessionaljesterorlistenedtothesongsandmusicofminstrelsor,itmaybe,heardwithwonderthetalesoffar-offcountriesbroughtbysomereturningtraveller.Sometimes,theywouldspendtimeoutsidethecastle.Themost