1995年考研英語試題及答案

PAGE294 19951995年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題SectionII ClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.EQ\X\BO(大41家)kindofsleepisatallwell-understood,butREMsleepisEQ\X\BO(大42家)toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmoreEQ\X\BO(大43家).Thenewexperiments,suchasthoseEQ\X\BO(大44家)forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolis,suggestfascinatingexplanationsEQ\X\BO(大45家)ofnon-REMsleep.Forexample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleepEQ\X\BO(大46家)is100percentfataltorats,yet,EQ\X\BO(大47家)examinationofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelynormal.AresearcherhasnowEQ\X\BO(大48家)themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.TheratsEQ\X\BO(大49家)bacterialinfectionsoftheblood,EQ\X\BO(大50家)theirimmunesystems--theself-protectingmechanismagainstdisease--hadcrashed.41. [A]Either[B]Neither[C]Each[D]Any42. [A]intended[B]required[C]assumed[D]inferred43. [A]subtle[B]obvious[C]mysterious[D]doubtful44. [A]maintained[B]described[C]settled[D]afforded45. [A]inthelight[B]byvirtue[C]withtheexception[D]forthepurpose46. [A]reduction[B]destruction[C]deprivation[D]restriction47. [A]upon[B]by[C]through[D]with48. [A]paidattentionto[B]caughtsightof[C]laidemphasison[D]castlighton49. [A]develop[B]produce[C]stimulate[D]induce50. [A]if[B]asif[C]onlyif[D]ifonly[D]itisworthwhiletospendmoneyonadvertising52. Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintheadvantagesofadvertising?[A]Securinggreaterfame.[B]Providingmorejobs.[C]Enhancinglivingstandards.[D]Reducingnewspapercost.53. Theauthordeemsthatthewell-knownTVpersonalityis________.[A]verypreciseinpassinghisjudgmentonadvertising[B]interestedinnothingbutthebuyers’attention[C]correctintellingthedifferencebetweenpersuasionandinformation[D]obviouslypartialinhisviewsonadvertising54. Intheauthor’sopinion,________.[A]advertisingcanseldombringmaterialbenefittomanbyprovidinginformation[B]advertisinginformspeopleofnewideasratherthanwinsthemover[C]thereisnothingwrongwithadvertisinginpersuadingthebuyer[D]thebuyerisnotinterestedingettinginformationfromanadvertisementText2Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.Theworkerwhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage--alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts.Bycontrast,theprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodetermine,sincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditself,butrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehave,theircautionorcourage,astheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocess,thejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworld,newideastotry,newchallengestoaccept.Inordertogrow,totravelnewroads,peopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakerisks,toconfronttheunknown,andtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymay“fail”atfirst.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.Doweperceiveourselvesasquickandcurious?Ifso,thenwetendtotakemorechancesandtobemoreopentounfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkwe’reshyandindecisive?Thenoursenseoftimiditycancauseustohesitate,tomoveslowly,andnottotakeastepuntilweknowthegroundissafe.Dowethinkwe’reslowtoadapttochangeorthatwe’renotsmartenoughtocopewithanewchallenge?Thenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottryatall.Thesefeelingsofinsecurityandself-doubtarebothunavoidableandnecessaryifwearetochangeandgrow.Ifwedonotconfrontandovercometheseinternalfearsanddoubts,ifweprotectourselvestoomuch,thenweceasetogrow.Webecometrappedinsideashellofourownmaking.55. Apersonisgenerallybelievedtoachievepersonalgrowthwhen________.[A]hehasgivenuphissmokinghabit[B]hehasmadegreateffortsinhiswork[C]heiskeenonleaninganythingnew[D]hehastriedtodeterminewhereheisonhisjourney56. Intheauthor’seyes,onewhoviewspersonalgrowthasaprocesswould________.[A]succeedinclimbingupthesocialladder[B]judgehisabilitytogrowfromhisownachievements[C]facedifficultiesandtakeupchallenges[D]aimhighandreachhisgoaleachtime57. Whentheauthorsays“anewwayofbeing”(Line2~3,Para.3)heisreferringto________.[A]anewapproachtoexperiencingtheworld[B]anewwayoftakingrisks[C]anewmethodofperceivingourselves[D]anewsystemofadaptationtochange58. Forpersonalgrowth,theauthoradvocatesallofthefollowingEXCEPT________.[A]curiosityaboutmorechances[B]promptnessinself-adaptation[C]open-mindednesstonewexperiences[D]avoidanceofinternalfearsanddoubtsText3Insuchachanging,complexsocietyformerlysimplesolutionstoinformationalneedsbecomecomplicated.Manyoflife’sproblemswhichweresolvedbyaskingfamilymembers,friendsorcolleaguesarebeyondthecapabilityoftheextendedfamilytoresolve.Wheretoturnforexpertinformationandhowtodeterminewhichexpertadvicetoacceptarequestionsfacingmanypeopletoday.Inadditiontothis,thereisthegrowingmobilityofpeoplesinceWorldWarII.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Thealmostunconsciousflowofinformationaboutthesimplestaspectsoflivingcanbecutoff.Thus,thingsoncelearnedsubconsciouslythroughthecasualcommunicationsoftheextendedfamilymustbeconsciouslylearned.Addingtosocietalchangestodayisanenormousstockpileofinformation.Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygeneration,andthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicated,time-consumingandsometimesevenoverwhelming.Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologieswhichenablethestorageanddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreaterspeedtomorelocationsthanhaseverbeenpossiblebefore.Computertechnologymakesitpossibletostorevastamountsofdatainmachine-readablefiles,andtoprogramcomputerstolocatespecificinformation.Telecommunicationsdevelopmentsenablethesendingofmessagesviatelevision,radio,andveryshortly,electronicmailtobombardpeoplewithmultitudesofmessages.Satelliteshaveextendedthepowerofcommunicationstoreporteventsattheinstantofoccurrence.Expertisecanbesharedworldwidethroughteleconferencing,andproblemsindisputecanbesettledwithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.Technologyhasfacilitatedthesharingofinformationandthestorageanddeliveryofinformation,thusmakingmoreinformationavailabletomorepeople.Inthisworldofchangeandcomplexity,theneedforinformationisofgreatestimportance.Thosepeoplewhohaveaccurate,reliableup-to-dateinformationtosolvetheday-to-dayproblems,thecriticalproblemsoftheirbusiness,socialandfamilylife,willsurviveandsucceed.“Knowledgeispower”maywellbethetruestsayingandaccesstoinformationmaybethemostcriticalrequirementofallpeople.59. Theword“it”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablyrefersto________.[A]thelackofstablecommunities[B]thebreakdownofinformalinformationchannels[C]theincreasedmobilityoffamilies[D]thegrowingnumberofpeoplemovingfromplacetoplace60. Themainproblempeoplemayencountertodayarisesfromthefactthat________.[A]theyhavetolearnnewthingsconsciously[B]theylacktheconfidenceofsecuringreliableandtrustworthyinformation[C]theyhavedifficultyobtainingtheneededinformationreadily[D]theycanhardlycarryoutcasualcommunicationswithanextendedfamily61. Fromthepassagewecaninferthat________.[A]electronicmailwillsoonplayadominantroleintransmittingmessages[B]itwillbecomemoredifficultforpeopletokeepsecretsinaninformationera[C]peoplewillspendlesstimeholdingmeetingsorconferences[D]eventswillbereportedonthespotmainlythroughsatellites62. Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthat________.[A]itisnecessarytoobtainasmuchknowledgeaspossible[B]peopleshouldmakethebestuseoftheinformationaccessible[C]weshouldrealizetheimportanceofaccumulatinginformation[D]itisofvitalimportancetoacquireneededinformationefficientlyText4Personalityistoalargeextentinherent--A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect,sinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparents,itislikelytobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren.OneplacewherechildrensoakupA-characteristicsisschool,whichis,byitsverynature,ahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe“winatallcosts”moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersystem,inwhichcompetitiveA-typesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippides,thefirstmarathonrunner,droppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:“Rejoice,weconquer!”Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionable,butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful.Obviously,itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’s.TheworldneedsAtypes,andschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement.Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessened,moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessions,especiallymedicine,couldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged.63. Accordingtothepassage,A-typeindividualsareusually________.[A]impatient[B]considerate[C]aggressive[D]agreeable64. Theauthorisstronglyopposedtothepracticeofexaminationsatschoolsbecause________.[A]thepressureistoogreatonthestudents[B]somestudentsareboundtofail[C]failureratesaretoohigh[D]theresultsofexanimationsaredoubtful65. Theselectionofmedicalprofessionalsiscurrentlybasedon________.[A]candidates’sensitivity[B]academicachievements[C]competitivespirit[D]surervalues66. Fromthepassagewecandrawtheconclusionthat________.[A]thepersonalityofachildiswellestablishedatbirth[B]familyinfluencedominatestheshapingofone’scharacteristics[C]thedevelopmentofone’spersonalityisduetomultiplefactors[D]B-typecharacteristicscanfindnoplaceincompetitivesocietyText5Thatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehaviourisevidenceofanobviousbutneverthelessremarkableactivitycalledremembering.Learningcouldnotoccurwithoutthefunctionpopularlynamedmemory.Constantpracticehassuchaneffectonmemoryastoleadtoskillfulperformanceonthepiano,torecitationofapoem,andeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords.So-calledintelligentbehaviourdemandsmemory,rememberingbeingaprimaryrequirementforreasoning.Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory.Typically,thedecisiontocrossastreetisbasedonrememberingmanyearlierexperiences.Practice(orreview)tendstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforanylearnedmaterial.Overaperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgotten;andtheadaptiveconsequencesmaynotseemobvious.Yet,dramaticinstancesofsuddenforgettingcanbeseentobeadaptive.Inthissense,theabilitytoforgetcanbeinterpretedtohavesurvivedthroughaprocessofnaturalselectioninanimals.Indeed,whenone’smemoryofanemotionallypainfulexperienceleadtoseriousanxiety,forgettingmayproducerelief.Nevertheless,anevolutionaryinterpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessofforgettingsurvivednaturalselection.Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspects,itishelpfultoconsiderwhatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.Forgettingclearlyaidsorientationintime,sinceoldmemoriesweakenandthenewtendtostandout,providingcluesforinferringduration.Withoutforgetting,adaptiveabilitywouldsuffer,forexample,learnedbehaviourthatmighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomaynolongerbe.Casesarerecordedofpeoplewho(byordinarystandards)forgotsolittlethattheireverydayactivitieswerefullofconfusion.Thusforgettingseemstoservethatsurvivaloftheindividualandthespecies.Anotherlineofthoughtassumesamemorystoragesystemoflimitedcapacitythatprovidesadaptiveflexibilityspecificallythroughforgetting.Inthisview,continualadjustmentsaremadebetweenlearningormemorystorage(input)andforgetting(output).Indeed,thereisevidencethattherateatwhichindividualsforgetisdirectlyrelatedtohowmuchtheyhavelearned.Suchdataoffergrosssupportofcontemporarymodelsofmemorythatassumeaninput-outputbalance.67. Fromtheevolutionarypointofview,________.[A]forgettingforlackofpracticetendstobeobviouslyinadaptive[B]ifapersongetsveryforgetfulallofasuddenhemustbeveryadaptive[C]thegradualprocessofforgettingisanindicationofanindividual’sadaptability[D]suddenforgettingmaybringaboutadaptiveconsequences68. Accordingtothepassage,ifapersonneverforgot,________.[A]hewouldsurvivebest[B]hewouldhavealotoftrouble[C]hisabilitytolearnwouldbeenhanced[D]theevolutionofmemorywouldstop69. Fromthelastparagraphweknowthat________.[A]forgetfulnessisaresponsetolearning[B]thememorystoragesystemisanexactlybalancedinput-outputsystem[C]memoryisacompensationforforgetting[D]thecapacityofamemorystoragesystemislimitedbecauseforgettingoccurs70. Inthisarticle,theauthortriestointerpretthefunctionof________.[A]remembering[B]forgetting[C]adapting[D]experiencingSectionIV English-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Thestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselecting,classifying,assigning,orpromotingstudents,employees,andmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooks,magazines,thedailypress,andeveninCongress.71)Thetargetiswrong,forinattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytools,withcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluable,meaningless,orevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser.Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgrades,researchproductivity,salesrecords,orwhateverisappropriate.72)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquick,objectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearned,theskillshehasdeveloped,orthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhas,qualitatively,thesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.73)Whethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.74)Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyused,theyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeo