安徽大學(xué)-研究生讀寫譯教程課文總結(jié)翻譯答案上冊(cè)(全)

UnitOneTextAHowtoReadABookIntroductoryRemarks“Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.〞FrancisBaconwarnedreadersseveralhundredyearsago.However,whatarethecriteriaforthosebookstobe“chewedanddigested?〞Howtotellgoodliteraturefrombadliterature?Ontheseissues,peopledon’tseemtohavereachedanagreement. Inthearticle,NobellaureateJosephBrodskyfirststatesthatpeople’slifeisgenerallymuchshorterthanbooks,andthatitisimportantforpeopletoselectgoodbookstoread.Yet,theauthorfurtherarguesthatselectinggoodbooksfromtheoceanofliteraryworksisnoeasyjob;evenbookreviewerscan’thelpmuch.Intheend,theauthorsuggeststhatreadingpoetryisthewaytodevelopgoodtasteinliterature,becauseitisthesupremeformofhumanlocution,themostconcisewayofconveyingthehumanexperience,andoffersthehighestpossiblestandardsforanylinguisticoperation.Text-relatedInformation1.TheLastJudgmentThelastjudgment(sometimereferredtoasuniversaljudgment)isafirmlyheldbeliefofRomanCatholicism.Immediatelyupondeatheachsoulundergoesaparticularjudgment,and,dependinguponthestateofthatperson'ssoul,goestoheaven,purgatory,orhell.Thelastjudgmentwilloccuraftertheresurrectionofthedeadandthereunitingofaperson'ssoulwithhisorherownphysicalbody\o"".AtthetimeofthelastjudgmentChristwillcomeinhisglory,andalltheangelswithhim,andinhispresencethetruthofeachman'srelationshipwithGodwillbelaidbare,andeachpersonwhohaseverlivedwillbejudgedwithperfectjustice.Thosealreadyinheavenwillremaininheaven;thosealreadyinhellwillremaininhell;andthoseinpurgatorywillbereleasedintoheaven.TheRomanCatholicChurchholdsnodoctrinalpositiononthefateofthoseinLimbo.Followingthelastjudgment,theblissofheavenandthepainsofhellwillbeperfectedinthatthosepresentwillalsobecapableofphysicalbliss/pain.Afterthelastjudgmenttheuniverseitselfwillberenewedwithanewheavenandanewearth.2.Therhetoric“anticlimax〞Inrhetoric,climaxisafigureofspeech,inwhichwords,phrases,orclausesarearrangedinorderofincreasingimportance.ClimaxcomesfromtheGreekwordfor"ladder".Examples:Therearethreethingsthatwillendure:faith,hope,andlove.Butthegreatestoftheseislove."Ithinkwe'vereachedapointofgreatdecision,notjustforournation,notonlyforallhumanity,butforlifeupontheearth."GeorgeWaldAGenerationinSearchofaFuture,March4,1969."...Lost,vaded,broken,deadwithinanhour.WilliamShakespeare,ThePassionatePilgrim,XIII."...theunalienablerightsoflife,liberty,andthepursuitofhappiness."MartinLutherKing,IHaveaDream.Similarlyananticlimaxisanabruptdeclension(eitherdeliberateorunintended)onthepartofaspeakerorwriterfromthedignityoftheideawhichheappearedtobeaimingat;asinthefollowingwell-knowndistich:---"ThegreatDalhousie,he,thegodofwar,Lieutenant-coloneltotheearlofMar."Ananticlimaxcanbeintentionallyemployedonlyforajocularorsatiricpurpose.Itfrequentlypartakesofthenatureofantithesis,asin,"Dieandendowacollegeoracat."3.BelleslettresBellesletters(fromtheFrenchforliterature,literally"fineletters")referstoliteraturethatisappreciatedforthebeauty,artistry,andoriginalityofitsstyleandtoneratherthanforitsideasandinformationalcontent.Earlierthetermwassynonymouswithliterature,referringparticularlytofiction,poetry,drama,criticism,andessays.However,belletristicliteraturehascometomeanlight,artificialwritingandessaysextollingthebeautiesofliterature.LanguagePointsOnthewhole,booksarelesslimitedthanourselves.Oftentheysitontheshelvesabsorbingdustlongafterthewriterhasturnedintoahandfulofdust---anditispreciselytheappetiteforthisposthumousdimensionthatsetsone’speninmotion.Onthewhole,bookshavelongerlivesthanthewriterswhowritethem.Longafterthewriterhasdied,hisorherbooksmayremainonbookshelvesabsorbingdust.Itisduetothedesiretoberememberedafterdeaththatmotivatestheauthortowritecontinuously.Soaswetossandturntheserectangularobjectsinourhandswewon’tbeterriblyamissifwesurmisethatwefondle,asitwere,theurnswithourreturningashes.Therefore,whenwetakeabookinourhands,itisnottotallywrongforustothinkthatweare,actually,handlingtheurncontainingourownashes.amissadj.:notfunctioningproperly; e.g.Afewwordsofintroductionmaynotcomeamiss. Isthereanythingamiss?surmisev:inferfromincompleteevidence; e.g.Wesurmisedthathemusthavehadanaccident. There’ssolittletogoon,wecanonlysurmisewhathappened. n.:amessageexpressinganopinionbasedonincompleteevidence e.g.Hissurmiseprovedcorrect. Yourfirstsurmisewasright.Whoeversaidthattophilosophizeisanexerciseindyingwasrightinmorewaysthanone,forbywritingabooknobodygetsyounger.Somepeoplesaythattothinkphilosophicallyistoexperiencetheprocessofdeath.Thatisrightinmanyaspects,asintheprocessofwritingabook,theauthoronlygetsolderandolder.philosophizev.:conductphilosophicalthinking;reasonphilosophically e.g.,Theyspendtheirtimephilosophizingaboutthemysteriesoflife. atendencytophilosophizeaboutracialharmonyTheparadox,however,liesinthefactthatinliterature“good〞isdefinedbyitsdistinctionfrom“bad〞.But,whatseemscontradictoryisthatinliteraturegoodworksareidentifiedbyitsdistinctionfrombadworks,i.e.,apieceofworkisgoodbecauseitisnotbad.That’swhatmayconstitutebadliterature’sbestdefenseattheLastJudgment.Thatmaybethereasonwhythereexistsomanypiecesofbadliterature.Ofcourse,thereisnodenyingthepleasureofholdingupwithafat,slow-moving,mediocrenovel;butintheend,wereadnotforreading’ssakebuttolearn.Ofcourse,thereispleasureofsomekindinreadingathick,lengthyandordinarynovel;butintheend,wedonotreadjustforthesakeofreadingbutreadforlearningsomething.thereisnodenying:itcannotbedenied;onecannotdenythefactthat e.g.Thereisnodenyingtheenjoymentofavacationafterlongperiodofhardwork.. Thereisnodenyingthefactthatheisafaithfulhusband.Hencetheneedfortheworksthatbringthehumanpredicamentintoitssharpestpossiblefocus.Hence,too,theneedforsomecompassintheoceanofavailableprintedmatter.Therefore,weneedtoreadworksthatreflectthepuzzleofhumanbeings.Wealsoneedsomeguidanceinsearchofgoodworksamongallthebookseverprinted.bring…intofocus:makesomethingsharplyvisible;makesomethingclearandunderstandable e.g.IadjustedthebinocularsuntilIbroughtthebirdsharplyintofocus.Pleasetrytobringyourmajorpointintofocusearlierintheessay.…h(huán)ecanhavestrongpredilectionsforacertainkindofwritingorsimplybeonthetakewiththepublishingindustry…h(huán)emayhavehisownpreferenceforacertainkindofwritingorhemaygainsomeprofitfromthepublishinghouses(byrecommendingbookspublishedbythosepublishinghouses).onthetake:takingorseekingtotakebribesorillegalincome;e.g.Therewerepolicemenonthetake. Themayorisreportedtohavebeenonthetakewiththerealestateenterprise.Thealternative,therefore,wouldbetodevelopyourowntaste,tobuildyourowncompass,tofamiliarizeyourself,asitwere,withparticularstarsandconstellations---dimorbrightbutalwaysremote.Therefore,whatyoucandoisdevelopyourownjudgment,establishyourowncriteriaforguidance,familiarizeyourselfwithparticularauthorsorwriterswhomayserveasguiders.Theseartistsmaybewellorlittleknown,butregardlesstheyarealwayssetapart.This,however,takesahellofalotoftimeandyoumayeasilyfindyourselfoldandgrey,headingfortheexitwithalousyvolumeunderyourarm.However,thiswilltakeyoualotoftime,somuchsothatwhenyouareoldandcomingtotheendofyourlife,youstillcannotfindtheguidanceforselectinggoodbooksandendupreadingtheordinaryones.headingfortheexit:comingtotheendofone’slifelousyadj.:verybad;mean;contemptible; e.g.Thefoodwaslousyandtherewasnotenoughofit. Hewroteonlylousypoems.Thesourceofthesuggestiontocomebelongstothecategoryofpeopleforwhomliteraturehasalwaysbeenamatterofsomehundrednames;tothepeoplewhofeelawkwardatlargegatherings,donotdanceatparties,tendtofindmetaphysicalexcusesforadultery,andarefinickyaboutdiscussingpolitics;thepeoplewhodislikethemselvesfarmorethantheirdetractorsdo;whostillpreferalcoholandtobaccotoheroinormarijuana.Thesourceofthefollowingsuggestionbelongstothosepeopleforwhomliteraturehasalwaysbeenjustalistofsomehundredauthors;tothosepeoplewhofeelillateaseatlargegatherings,donotdanceatparties,tendtofindphilosophicalexcusesforadultery,andarefussyaboutdiscussingpolitics;tothosepeoplewhodislikethemselvesevenmorethanthosewhobelittlethemdo;tothosepeoplewhostillpreferalcoholandtobaccotodrugs.“onewillnotfindonthebarricadesandwhonevershootthemselvesortheirlover〞.“thosewhowon’tbefoundtoparticipateinstreetdemonstrationsandwhoneverkillthemselvesortheirlovers〞.Ifsuchpeopleoccasionallyfindthemselvesswimmingintheirbloodonthefloorofprisoncellsorspeakingfromaplatform,itisbecausetheyobjectnottosomeparticularinjusticebuttheorderofthewholeworldasawhole.Ifthosepeoplearefoundtobekilledinaprisonoraremakingapublicspeechonaplatform,that’snotbecausetheyobjecttoanyspecificinjusticebutbecausetheyareagainstthegeneralorderofthewholeworld.Theyhavenoillusionsabouttheobjectivityoftheirviews;onthecontrary,theyinsistontheirunpardonablesubjectivity.Theyareveryclearthattheirviewsarenotobjective,andtheysticktotheirsubjectiveviewseventhoughitisinexcusabletodoso.…theyconsidervulnerabilitytheprimarytraitoflivingmatter.…theythinkthatsusceptibilitytoinjuryorattackistheattributeofalllivingthings.Thishaslesstodowithmasochistictendenciesthanwiththeirinstinctiveknowledgethatextremesubjectivity,prejudice,andindeedidiosyncrasyarewhathelparttoavoidcliché.Thisisnotbecausetheyhavethetendencytoderivepleasurefrombeingabused,butbecausetheyinstinctivelybelievethatextremesubjectivity,prejudiceandidiosyncrasyarethebestwaysforarttoavoidbeingordinary.Iamnounionman.Idonotbelongtoanyliteraryassociation.Thepointisthatbeingthesupremeformofhumanlocution,poetryisnotonlythemostconcisewayofconveyingthehumanexperience;italsooffersthehighestpossiblestandardsforanylinguisticoperation---especiallyoneonpaper.Thepointisthat,asthemostadvancedformofhumanlanguage,poetryisnotonlythemostconcisewayofexpressingthehumanexperience,butitalsosetsupthehigheststandardsforallotherlanguageforms,especiallyforthewrittenlanguage.Achildofepitaphandepigram,poetryisagreatdisciplinariantoprose.Derivedfromepitaphandepigram,poetrysetsthestandardsforprose.Itteachesthelatternotonlythevalueofeachwordbutalsothemercurialmentalpatternsofthespecies,alternativestolinearcomposition,theknackofomittingtheself-evident,emphasisondetail,thetechniqueofanticlimax.Itteachesprosenotonlythevalueofeachwordbutalsothinkingpatternsoutsidethelinearcomposition,techniquesofomittingself-evidentparts,ofemphasizingthedetails,andoftheuseofanticlimax.mercurialadj.:changeable;varying e.g.amercurialnature Shehasamercurialturnofconversation.InRomanmythology,Mercurywasamessenger,andagodoftrade,profitandcommerce.Mercuryhasinfluencedthenameofanumberofthingsinavarietyofscientificfields,suchastheplanetMercury,andtheelementmercury.Thewordmercurialiscommonlyusedtorefertosomethingorsomeoneerratic,volatileorunstable,derivedfromMercury'sswiftflightsfromplacetoplace.knackn.:aspecialskill,talent,orability; e.g.aknackformakingclothes He’sgottheknackofgettingpeopletolisten.anticlimaxn:adisappointingdeclineafterapreviousrise e.g.Itwassadthathisinternationalcareershouldendsoanticlimactically.Aboveall,poetrydevelopsinprosethatappetiteformetaphysicswhichdistinguishesaworkofartfrommerebellesletters.Mostimportantofall,poetrydirectsprosetowardthemetaphysicalforms,anditisinthispursuitthatgoodliteraturebecomesdistinguishedfrombadliterature.AllIamtryingtodoistobepracticalandspareyoureyesightandbraincellsalotofuselessprintedmatter.AllIamtryingtodoistobeofsomepracticalusetoyouandhelpyouavoidthoseuselessbooks.sparev.:refrainfromharming;saveorrelievefromanexperienceoraction e.g.Ican'tsparehimtodayweneedeverybodyhere.Thehotelstaffsparednopainstoensurethatourstaywasasenjoyableaspossible. Itwasahorribleaccident---I'llspareyouthedetails.Allyouhavetodoistoarmyourselveswiththeworksofpoetsinyourmothertongue,preferablyfromthefirsthalfofthiscentury,andyouwillbeingreatshape.Allyouhavetodoistoreadtheworksofpoetsinyourmothertongue,especiallythepoetsfromthefirsthalfofthiscentury,andyouwillgainthemostfromreading.beinshape:beingoodhealth;strongandhealthy;fit.e.g.Bobexercisesfrequently,sohe'singoodcondition.IfIwereinshape,Icouldrunfasterandfarther.I'mreallyoverweight.Ihavetotrytogetintoshape.If,aftergoingthroughtheworksofanyofthese,youdropabookofprosepickedfromtheshelf,itwon’tbeyourfault.Afteryouhavereadtheworksofanyofthesepoets,ifyoucannotkeeponreadingabookofprosetakenrandomlyfromthebookshelf,itwon’tbeyourfault.(Here,theauthorimpliesthattheprosedoesnotmeasureuptothestandardsoftheworksofthosepoets.)Ifyoucontinuetoreadit,thatwillbetotheauthor’scredit:thatwillmeanthatthisauthorhassomethingtoaddtothetruthaboutourexistence.Ifyoucangoonwiththereading,theauthor,then,isworthreading,anditalsomeansthatthisauthorhasprovideduswithsometruthaboutourlives.tosb.’scredit:worthyofpraise;inone’snamee.g.Itisgreatlytoyourcreditthatyougavebackthemoneyyoufound;yourhonestydoesyoucredit. Itistomycredittohelpthoseinwant.KeytoExercisesI.Comprehension1.Oftenbookssitontheshelvesabsorbingdustlongafterthewriterhasturnedintoahandfulofdust./Booksremainontheshelvesabsorbingdustlongafterthewriterhasdied.2.Because,accordingtotheauthor,goodliteratureisdefinedbyitsdistinctionfrombadliterature.Thatistosay,goodliteratureisgoodbecauseitisnotbad,andbadliteratureisbadbecauseitisnotgood.Thisisratherparadoxical.3.Sinceweareallmoribund,andsincereadingbooksistime-consuming,weneedacompassintheoceanofbooks.Ifwedonothavesuchacompass,itisdifficultforustofindtherightbookstoread.4.a.hecanbeahack,asignorantasourselves;b.hecanhavestrongpreferenceforacertainkindofwritingorsimplytakebriberyfromthepublishinghouse;c.hemightturnhisreviewwritingintoanindependentartform.5.Ifhehadbeenapublisher,hewouldbeputtingonthebooks’coversnotonlytheirauthors’namesbutalsotheexactageatwhichtheycomposedthisorthatwork.Bysodoing,hewouldenablereaderstodecidewhethertheycaretoconsidertheviewsofabookwrittenbyapersonsomuchyoungerorsomucholderthanthemselves.6.Thisgroupofpeoplearespecialbecauseliteraturehasalwaysbeenamatterofsomehundrednamestothem,becausetheyfeelawkwardatlargegatherings,donotdanceatparties,tendtofindmetaphysicalexcusesforadultery,andarefinickyaboutdiscussingpolitics;becausetheydislikethemselvesfarmorethantheirdetractorsdo;becausetheystillpreferalcoholandtobaccotodrugs.Thesepeoplewon’tparticipateindemonstrations,andtheywon’tshootthemselvesortheirlovers.7.Thesepeopleareunpardonablysubjectiveintheirviews.8.Theauthorsuggeststhatthebestwaytodevelopgoodtasteinliteratureistoreadpoetry.Intheauthorspointofview,poetryisagreatdisciplinariantoproseandteachesthelatternotonlythevalueofeachwordbutalsothemercurialmentalpatternsofthespecies,alternativestolinearcomposition,theknackofomittingtheself-evident,emphasisondetail,andthetechniqueofanticlimax.9.Ifyoubelieveinwhattheauthorsays,allyouhavetodoistoreadtheworksofpoetsinyourmothertongue,preferablyfromthefirsthalfofthiscentury.10.Itmeansthatthebook,whichhasaddedsomethingtothetruthaboutourexistence,isworthreading.Itwouldalsomean,atthesametime,thatyouhavedevelopedanincurableaddictiontoreadingwhichisgoodforyourlife.II.Vocabulary1.dimension 2.idiosyncratic 3.reckon 4.stance 5.lousy6.paradox 7.debunk 8.disciplinary 9.semblance 10.vulnerableIII.Phrases1.onthetake 2.headedfor 3.tohiscredit 4.putting…on;puttingon 5.mightaswell 6.armedwith 7.inmorewaysthanone 8.actinIV.Errordetectionandcorrection1.thegreatestproblems2.inwhich改成which3.credited改成creditedwith4.Greatlyhigh改成High5.stood改成standing6.anyotherstudent7.asmuch改成asmany8.Thoughremembered9.considering改成toconsider10.thattheygot改成didtheyget V.Cloze1.shaped 2.desperate 3.objectivity 4.hierarchies 5.expected6.chiefly 7.driven 8.unimpeachable 9.evaluate 10.perspective11.industrial12.affiliation 13.sponsors 14.support 15.acknowledgementTextA的參考譯文論讀書〔趙亞莉譯〕總的來(lái)說，書本的壽命要比我們自己長(zhǎng)。常常是寫書的人早已化為了一堆黃土而其著作卻依舊立在書架上積聚塵土，但恰恰是死后占有這一席之地的欲望促使人們筆耕不墜。所以，當(dāng)我們手中擺弄和翻動(dòng)這些方塊形物體的時(shí)候，設(shè)想我們手里撫弄的不是具體的書本，而是盛著我們自己回歸大地的骨灰的甕，那也沒什么不對(duì)。畢竟，寫一本書投入進(jìn)去的，說到底是一個(gè)人只有一次的生命。有人說過進(jìn)行哲學(xué)思考就是一步步趨向死亡。不管是誰(shuí)說的，這種說法從幾種意義來(lái)說都是有道理的，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)人絕不會(huì)因?yàn)閷懸槐緯兡贻p。同樣讀一本書也不會(huì)使人更年輕。既然如此，我們自然傾向于讀好書。然而，困難在于文學(xué)中的“好〞是通過區(qū)別“壞〞來(lái)鑒定的。此外，要寫出一本好書，一個(gè)作家必須閱讀大量平庸讀物，否那么他是沒法找到必要的寫作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的。這可能就會(huì)為壞文學(xué)作品在最后審判日為自己辯護(hù)的最正確理由。既然我們精力不濟(jì)，既然讀書很消耗時(shí)間，我們就必須找出一個(gè)能讓我們至少外表上省時(shí)省力的方法來(lái)。當(dāng)然不可否認(rèn)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間讀一本厚厚的、情節(jié)開展緩慢的平庸小說所帶來(lái)的樂趣，但我們最終目的畢竟不是為讀書而讀書，而是為了學(xué)到點(diǎn)什么。因此，我們需要一些最大限度地濃縮人生矛盾困境的作品，需要一些在浩如煙海的書籍中類似指南針一樣的作品。當(dāng)然，這個(gè)指南針的職責(zé)是由文學(xué)評(píng)論及評(píng)論家們來(lái)?yè)?dān)當(dāng)?shù)?。不幸的是，指南針的針擺動(dòng)得太沒譜了。對(duì)某些人來(lái)說它指北，而對(duì)另一些人來(lái)說卻是指南。評(píng)論家的問題有三：第一，他可能是個(gè)作品低劣的平庸文人，而且就和我們自己一樣無(wú)知；第二，他可能對(duì)某一類作品特別偏愛或者干脆從出版社得到好處；第三，如果他是一個(gè)有才華的作家的話，他會(huì)將他的評(píng)論寫成一篇獨(dú)立于原作的文學(xué)作品，在這一點(diǎn)上喬治·路易斯·博爾赫斯就是一個(gè)典型例子。結(jié)果，你可能會(huì)只讀他的評(píng)論而不去管他評(píng)論的那本書了。無(wú)論何種情況，你都會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己漂流在海洋中，緊緊抓住一只你不知道它能漂浮多久的木筏。因此，你如另謀他途就只好培養(yǎng)你自己的品味，制造自己的指南針，親自去熟悉那些特殊的星星及星座，無(wú)論它們是暗淡的還是明亮的，但總是那么遙遠(yuǎn)的。不過，這樣做要消耗大量的時(shí)間，以至于你很快就發(fā)現(xiàn)自己老了，頭發(fā)白了，胳肢窩里夾著一本一無(wú)是處的書，正在走向人生的終點(diǎn)。那么這樣漂浮究竟在哪兒著陸呢，哪怕僅僅只是一個(gè)荒無(wú)人煙的小島也好？我們的那個(gè)好人“星期五〞又在哪兒呢？在我提出我的建議之前，我想先就這一解決方法的提出者也就是鄙人說幾句，這不是出自我的個(gè)人虛榮，而是因?yàn)槲蚁嘈乓环N意見的價(jià)值是與它提出的背景密切相關(guān)的。確實(shí)，如果我是個(gè)出版商的話，我必將在每本書的封面上不僅印上作者名字，還要把他們創(chuàng)作這部或那部作品確實(shí)切年齡都印上，讓讀者自己決定是否愿意考慮這個(gè)比他們年輕得多或者老得多的作者作品里的觀點(diǎn)。這個(gè)即將提出的建議出自這樣一類人，在他們看來(lái)，文學(xué)只不過是幾百個(gè)人的名字而已；他們?cè)诖笮途蹠?huì)上感到別扭，在晚會(huì)上不跳舞，喜歡為通奸找玄學(xué)上的借口，談?wù)撜涡☆}大作吹毛求疵；這類人比誹謗者更不喜歡他們自己；喜愛喝酒抽雪茄勝于吸海洛因或大麻――用ＷＨ奧登的話說，就是那種“你在街壘旁看不到，也絕不會(huì)朝自己或情人開槍的人。〞如果這樣的人偶爾發(fā)現(xiàn)自己滿身是血倒在監(jiān)牢地板上，或是在講壇上發(fā)表演講的話，這是因?yàn)樗麄兎磳?duì)的不是某種特殊的非正義行為而是反對(duì)整個(gè)世界秩序。他們對(duì)于自己觀點(diǎn)的客觀性不抱任何夢(mèng)想；相反，他們堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為自己有不可寬恕的主觀性。然而，他們這么做并非是為了掩護(hù)自己免受可能的攻擊。他們采取與達(dá)爾文相反的態(tài)度，認(rèn)為脆弱是一切生物的主要特征。這與其說是對(duì)自己不利處境感到滿足，不如說他們本能地認(rèn)識(shí)到極端的主觀性、偏見，而且還有個(gè)人乖僻行為可以幫助藝術(shù)防止成為陳腐的東西。而對(duì)陳腐的抵抗恰好是使藝術(shù)有別于生活的地方?，F(xiàn)在你們知道了我要說的話的背景，我還是直說了好：培養(yǎng)良好文學(xué)情趣的方法就是讀詩(shī)。如果你認(rèn)為我這么說是因?yàn)槲易约焊傻倪@一行而有偏愛，你就錯(cuò)了。因?yàn)槲也粚儆谌魏我粋€(gè)行業(yè)組織。我想說的是，詩(shī)是人類語(yǔ)言的最高形式，不僅用最簡(jiǎn)潔的方式表述人類經(jīng)驗(yàn)，而且還為任何語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)尤其是書面語(yǔ)言提供最高的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。一個(gè)人詩(shī)讀得越多，就越不能容忍任何形式得贅述和羅嗦。詩(shī)是從墓志銘及格言警句脫胎而出的，它對(duì)散文起很大的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作用。它不僅教會(huì)后者每個(gè)詞的價(jià)值而且教給它此種文體各種變換的思維模式，線性寫作之外的多種選擇，省略不言自明的東西的訣竅，強(qiáng)調(diào)細(xì)節(jié)以及運(yùn)用突降法的技巧。最重要的是，詩(shī)在散文中培養(yǎng)起那種對(duì)形而上學(xué)的追求――那種把一部藝術(shù)作品與只具文學(xué)形式的作品區(qū)別開來(lái)的追求。請(qǐng)不要誤解我：我并不是要貶低散文。真實(shí)情況是文學(xué)開始于詩(shī)歌，游牧民族的歌要早于定居者寫下來(lái)的東西。我要做的就是務(wù)實(shí)，防止使你的視力及腦細(xì)胞浪費(fèi)在毫無(wú)用處的文字材料上?？梢哉f，詩(shī)歌就是為這個(gè)目的而創(chuàng)造出來(lái)的。你須做的是：讀用你母語(yǔ)寫的詩(shī)，以此來(lái)武裝自己，最好是從本世紀(jì)前半葉的詩(shī)讀起，那么你的狀況會(huì)非常好。如果你的母語(yǔ)是英語(yǔ)，我可以推薦你讀以下詩(shī)人的作品：羅伯特弗羅斯特，托馬斯哈代，葉芝，艾略特，奧登，瑪麗安莫爾以及伊麗莎白畢曉普。如果在讀完了上面提到的任何一個(gè)詩(shī)人的作品后，你把從書架上拿的一本散文書棄之一旁，這不能怪你，要是你能繼續(xù)往下讀這本散文，這個(gè)作者就值得稱贊；它意味著這個(gè)作者為我們生活的真理增添了某種有價(jià)值的東西。如果不是這樣，那可能意味著閱讀讓你上了癮，欲罷不能無(wú)法可想，單就這種隱而言，它并不是最壞的。TextBCriticalReadingtowardCriticalWritingKeytoExerciseInordertowriteyourownanalysisofthesubject,youwillneedtodocarefulcriticalreadingofsourcesandtousethemcriticallytomakeyourownargument.Criticalreadingisoneinwhichyoumakejudgmentsabouthowatextisargued.Itisahighlyreflectiveskillrequiringyouto“standback〞andgainsomedistancefromthetextyouarereading.Youneedtoavoidextractingandcompilinglistsofevidence,listsoffactsandexamples.Thefivetechniquestheauthormentionsare:Firstdeterminethecentralclaimsofpurposeofthetext(itsthesis);Begintomakesomejudgmentsaboutcontext;Distinguishthekindsofreasoningthetextemploys;Examinetheevidence(thesupportingfacts,examples,etc.)thetextemploys;Criticalreadingmayinvolveevaluation.Whenyouhighlightargument,youneedtopayattentiontothoseareasinatextwhereanauthorexplainsheranalyticalmoves,theconceptssheuses,howsheusesthem,howshearrivesatconclusions.Itmeansthatyoushouldnotsubstitutethequotationforyourownarticulationofapoint.參考譯文批評(píng)性閱讀與批評(píng)性寫作德保拉-諾特多倫多大學(xué)〔李嶠譯〕批評(píng)性寫作必須以批評(píng)性閱讀為根底。我們寫的大多數(shù)文章都涉及對(duì)已有文章的研究與反思，因?yàn)檫@些文章對(duì)你的研究課題已經(jīng)做出種種思考與探索。要對(duì)自己的研究課題進(jìn)行深入的分析，必須對(duì)已有材料進(jìn)行批評(píng)性研讀與甄別，并在此根底上提出嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)恼擖c(diǎn)。你對(duì)已讀材料的評(píng)判與解讀是邁向明確闡述自己研究方法的第一步。批評(píng)性閱讀究竟是指什么呢？它是指對(duì)一篇文章的立論做出評(píng)價(jià)和判斷。這是一個(gè)需要思考的高難度的技能。你必須“退一步〞，從遠(yuǎn)距離看這篇文章?！惨苍S在深入細(xì)致地批評(píng)性研讀之前你得瀏覽全文?！酬P(guān)鍵是：不要只為或主要為獲取信息而閱讀。閱讀時(shí)留心尋找研究本課題的思考方式。閱讀或做重點(diǎn)標(biāo)識(shí)以及做筆記時(shí)，防止對(duì)文中的例證事實(shí)做摘錄或編排。閱讀時(shí)不要問：“我能從文章中獲取什么樣的信息？〞而要問：“本文的論述如何？它又是如何展開論述的？其中的證據(jù)〔事實(shí)，例子等〕是如何安排和解釋的？最終的結(jié)論又是如何得出的？〞怎樣在閱讀中尋找研究的思考方式呢？首先要找準(zhǔn)文章的主旨〔即主題〕。批評(píng)性閱讀就是要辯析并評(píng)論文中的主要論點(diǎn)是如何一步步被推導(dǎo)論證的。對(duì)文章的寫作背景做出評(píng)判。如文章的目標(biāo)讀者是誰(shuí)？它在與誰(shuí)進(jìn)行對(duì)話式討論？〔比方對(duì)方很可能是持相反觀點(diǎn)的學(xué)者或作者?！澄恼率鞘裁礃拥臍v史背景下完成的？所有這些背景因素都會(huì)對(duì)評(píng)判全文有很大幫助。對(duì)文章運(yùn)用的推理方式進(jìn)行判別。文章給哪些概念下了定義，又使用了哪些概念？本文是否支持一種或幾種理論？是否展示了某種特定的方法論？如果本文顯示了對(duì)某一特定概念，理論或方法的偏愛，那么這種概念，理論或方法又是如何被用來(lái)歸納解釋數(shù)據(jù)的呢？你也可以考察一下文章的布局結(jié)構(gòu)。作者如何分析〔或駁斥〕這些材料的？注意不同學(xué)科〔如歷史學(xué)，社會(huì)學(xué)，哲學(xué)，生物學(xué)〕會(huì)運(yùn)用不同的論證方法。對(duì)文中運(yùn)用的證據(jù)〔如支持論點(diǎn)的事實(shí)，例子等〕進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。支持性的論據(jù)對(duì)論點(diǎn)是至關(guān)重要的。經(jīng)過前三個(gè)步驟，你現(xiàn)在的任務(wù)就是要抓住這些論據(jù)是如何被運(yùn)用來(lái)推動(dòng)支持論點(diǎn)以及其它主要觀點(diǎn)理念的。前三個(gè)步驟是讓你在上下文大背景下看這些論據(jù)。接下來(lái)請(qǐng)仔細(xì)考慮本文運(yùn)用了哪些類型的論據(jù)。在此論點(diǎn)中本論據(jù)的重要性是什么？該論據(jù)是數(shù)據(jù)性的，文學(xué)性的，還是歷史性的？諸如此類的問題。還有論據(jù)源于何處？這些出處是原始一手的還是間接二手的？批評(píng)性閱讀涉及評(píng)價(jià)與判斷。如果你在閱讀一篇文章時(shí)對(duì)其立論做出闡釋或一系列評(píng)判，你的閱讀就是批評(píng)性的閱讀。然而有的文章可能需要你對(duì)論點(diǎn)的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)分別做出評(píng)價(jià)。如果文章立論有力，是什么原因？如果以其它方法來(lái)論證，是否效果更好？文中立論是否有遺漏或不一致之處？分析方法是否值得推敲？文中列出的論據(jù)還有其它解釋么？這些論據(jù)能確保必然得出這些結(jié)論嗎？其對(duì)立的論點(diǎn)又可能是什么呢？一些實(shí)用性建議：批評(píng)性閱讀常發(fā)生在閱讀的預(yù)備階段。開始閱讀時(shí)要快速略讀全文。尤其是引言和結(jié)論局部，以便找準(zhǔn)需要細(xì)讀的重要局部。在標(biāo)出文中內(nèi)容或摘錄筆記時(shí)，要學(xué)會(huì)突出文章的論點(diǎn)：諸如作者在何處解釋說明她的分析步驟，她所運(yùn)用的概念，以及如何運(yùn)用這些概念。最后她又是如何得出結(jié)論的？不管文中的事實(shí)多么有趣，千萬(wàn)不要過分突出或孤立看待它們。首先要找到那些賦予實(shí)例目的，使命和意義的大框架。而每段的開頭句很可能對(duì)此有所幫助。在你開始考慮如何把文中局部論點(diǎn)用在自己的論文中時(shí)，要充分了解此局部在原文論點(diǎn)中是如何與其上下文和諧統(tǒng)一的。充分注意上下文是至關(guān)重要的判斷的步驟。如果你的引用直接摘自原文，要謹(jǐn)慎運(yùn)用此引言。也就是說你不能直接把引用局部當(dāng)自己的話說出來(lái)。相反，在介紹引言時(shí)要說明你對(duì)它的評(píng)價(jià)以及選用它的原因。引言之后常付有進(jìn)一步的分析說明。批評(píng)性閱讀技巧也是批評(píng)性地聽取的技巧。在課堂上不僅要聽取具體信息，也要注意其思考方式。老師往往對(duì)與某一學(xué)科相宜的思考方式予以詳細(xì)的講解和例示。Keytotranslationexercises:1.為什么有些人強(qiáng)詞奪理，專橫跋扈，而另一些人卻羞羞答答，優(yōu)柔寡斷？……為什么有些人貪婪自私，玩世不恭，而另一些人卻平易近人？2.從開展中國(guó)家的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看，下一個(gè)十年應(yīng)有一個(gè)大力加速科學(xué)技術(shù)合作的綱領(lǐng)，旨在廣泛傳播技術(shù)以滿足人們諸如營(yíng)養(yǎng)、住宅、交通、衛(wèi)生保健之類的根本需要。3.盡管律師的見解和反響可能會(huì)提升新聞報(bào)道的質(zhì)量，但記者最好憑借自己對(duì)該新聞意義的理解做出自己的判斷。4.達(dá)爾文在自傳中謙虛地指出，他經(jīng)常很難清晰而簡(jiǎn)潔地表達(dá)自己的思想，但他認(rèn)為可能正因?yàn)橛辛诉@個(gè)困難，他才不得不對(duì)自己要說的每一句話進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的認(rèn)真思考，從而發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在推理和觀察中的錯(cuò)誤，結(jié)果這反而成了他的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。5.Presently,aneducationalreformisunderwaythatcentersoncurriculumsandteachingmaterials.Asourmaingoal,wewilltrytoreformtheeducationalsystemsothatitfocusesontheenhancementofthestudents’abilitiesinsteadoftrainingthemmerelytopassexams.Weusedtohaveonlyonesetoftextbooksinlinewithasinglesyllabusforeachcourse.Withthereformdeepening,wearebeginningtohavemorethanoneseriesoftextbooksunderthesamesyllabusor,insomecases,evenmorethanonesyllabusforthesamecourse.Inordertoenhancestudents’abilitiesandstrengtheneducationaladministrationforthevarietyofsyllabusesandteachingmaterialsavailable,itisnecessaryforustoformulateteachingtargetssuitedtoChina’ssituationandparticularsubjects.Formulationofsuchtargetsisadifficultscientificprojectthatmustbeorganizedandcoordinatedbytheappropriatestateeducationauthorities.UnitTwoTextARecession-proofingyourcareerByBarbaraMosesI.Introduction1.Warm-upactivities:a.Areyouemployable?Why?b.Discussthepositivesandnegativesofearningadoctoratedegreeforyourcareer’sdevelopment.(Reference)Aquestionnaireaboutyourpotentialemployability:1.Howdoesthesubjectyouchoosetostudyrelatetoyourinterests,attibutesandabilities?2.Ifyouareworkingwhileyouarestudying,whatskillsandknowledgedoesthisgiveyouanopportunitytodevelop?3.Whatextra-curricularactivitiesareyouparticipatingin?Howdothesereflectyourinterestsandabilities?4.Whatareyourachievementsinlifesofar?Whatdoestheysayaboutyourstrengthsandweaknesses?5.Ifyouarelivingindependently,howhasthischallengedyou?Whathaveyoulearnedfromtheexperience?6.Describeyourpersonality.Analyzewhatstrengthsitprovidesandwhatchallengesitcreates?7.Whatfivethingsdoyouwanttoachievefromyouruniversitycareer?8.Whatareyourlife/careergoalsatthisstageandexplainhowtheyarelinkedwithwhatyouknowaboutyourself?9.HowshouldIpresentmyselfinaninterview?WhatevidenceshouldIgivetobackupmyclaims?2.IntroductoryremarksInthetext,Dr.BarbaraMosesdescribesanewcareerdevelopmentparadigmfortoday’semployees,thatis,guaranteedjobshavealreadybecomehistoryandit’shightimetoengageinalifelong,self-monitoredprocesswhichcanhelptopromoteandprepareoneselfforachange,esp.duringperiodsofrecession.Shethensuggestssomeskillswhichareindispensablewhenrespondingtonewworktrends.Sherecommendsdiscoveringbothyourovertandcoverttalents,makingsureawiderangeofpositionsareavailabletoyou,andnevercommittingtoany“hotjob〞whichexceedseitheryourinterestortalent.Moreover,beingskilledorqualifiedisnottheonlycriteria.Youmustbeableto“market〞yourself,toconvincetheemployerthatyouarethemostsuitablecandidateforthejob,forwhichpurposeyouhavetoestablishasocialnetworkthatcanhelpyoumakeyourcareerdecisions“bothinsideandoutsideofyourprofessions.〞Alwaysfollowworktrends.Finally,psychologicalelementsarealsoimportant