How to Get the Poor off Our Conscience1教學培訓課件

LessonOneHowtoGetthePooroffOurConscienceARiddleNopains,nogains.Whatcanbegotwithoutpains?Nothingtobegotwithoutpainsbutpoverty.只有貧窮是可以不勞而獲的東西。Questionsandanswer1.whichcontinentisthepoorestoneintheworld?------Africa2.whichcountryisthepoorestone?------Ethiopia3.whoisthepoorestpersonintheworld?------?Lead-inquestions1.Doyouthinkyouarepoor?2.whatmakesthefactthatyouarepoor?/whoshouldberesponsibleforyourpoverty?3.ifyouareabillionaire,willyoufeelguiltyabouttheexistenceofthepoorpeople?Andhowtogetitoff?ClassProcedure1.Abouttheauthor2.GuidetoReading&Relevantinformation3.Textlearning4.ExercisesandtestAbouttheauthor

JohnKennethGalbraith(1908-2006)wasaneconomist,liberalthinker,author,professor,presidentialadvisorandambassador.Hewasalsoaproductivewriterandaneffectivecriticofmanypopularideasofhistime.Heclearlyinfluencedtheeconomicideasofmanypeople,includingpoliticiansandpresidents.JohnKennethGalbraithwasbornonafarmnearIonaStation,Canadain1908.YoungJohnfirststudiedagricultureatOntarioAgriculturalCollege.Buthesoonfoundeconomicsmoreinteresting.MisterGalbraithbecameaninstructoratHarvardUniversity.In1937,hebecameanAmericancitizen.

In1939,JohnKennethGalbraithbeganworkingforthegovernment.HejoinedtheNationalDefenseAdvisoryCommitteeinWashington.Later,hewasforcedtoresignfromthejobandstartedwritingforFortunemagazine

.In1958,MisterGalbraithpublishedhismostfamousbook,"TheAffluentSociety."

HearguedthatwhileprivateindividualsinAmericawerebecomingwealthier,publicinstitutionsweregrowingpoor.HecriticizedtheAmericanculturethathesaidwasrichingoodsbutpoorinsocialservices.MisterGalbraithwasalsoinvolvedinpolitics,whichwasunusualforaneconomist.HebecameatrustedadvisertoPresidentJohnF.Kennedy.PresidentKennedyappointedhimambassadortoIndiain1961.Thirtyyearslater,MisterGalbraithreceivedIndia'ssecond-highestcivilianhonorforhisworktostrengthentiesbetweenIndiaandtheUnitedStates.Afterthetragedy,MisterGalbraithhadgoodrelationswiththenewpresidentLyndonJohnsonandbecameanadviser.ButlaterbrokewithhimontheissueofVietnamWar.HeopposedtheinvolvementoftheUnitedStatesinthewar.IntheyearsaftertheVietnamWar,KenGalbraithputhisenergyintowriting.In1996,hisbook"TheGoodSociety"waspublished.Itwasanupdateofhisbook"TheAffluentSociety."HepointedoutthattheUnitedStateshadbecomeevenmoreaplaceforthewealthy,ora"democracyofthefortunate."

JohnKennethGalbraithreceivestheMedalofFreedomfromPresidentBillClinton.JohnKennethGalbraithdiedin2006attheageofninety-seven.Yethisbooksremainexcellentexamplesofthinkingaboutsocialresponsibilityandethics.Keynesianeconomics主張國家采用擴張性的經(jīng)濟政策，通過增加需求促進經(jīng)濟增長。即擴大政府開支，實行財政赤字。刺激經(jīng)濟。維持繁榮。凱恩斯則認為對商品總需求的減少是經(jīng)濟衰退的主要原因。由此維持整體經(jīng)濟活動數(shù)據(jù)平衡的措施可以在宏觀上平衡供給和需求。因此，凱恩斯的和其他建立在凱恩斯理論基礎上的經(jīng)濟學理論被稱為宏觀經(jīng)濟學，以與注重研究個人行為的微觀經(jīng)濟學相區(qū)別。

Rocketingdefensebudget“星球大戰(zhàn)計劃”的出臺背景是在冷戰(zhàn)后期，由于蘇聯(lián)擁有比美國更強大的核攻擊力量和導彈破防能力，美國害怕“核平衡”的形勢被打破，需要建立有效的反導彈系統(tǒng)，來保證其戰(zhàn)略核力量的生存能力和可靠的威懾能力，維持其核優(yōu)勢。同時，美國也是想憑借其強大的經(jīng)濟實力，通過太空武器競爭，把蘇聯(lián)的經(jīng)濟拖垮。這項計劃于1984年由美國總統(tǒng)R.里根批準實施.計劃由“洲際彈道導彈防御計劃”和“反衛(wèi)星計劃”兩部分組成。其預算高達1萬多億美元.。太空基地IronyIrony(反語):isafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.

Leechassertsthatirony“enablesaspeakertobeimpolitewhileseemingtobepolite.”Examples1.whatafineweather.2.Slowlytheoldladystoopedtopickit(thecheque)up.Herpresent,herlovelypresent.

Withtremblingfingersshetoreitintolittlebits.老太太慢慢地彎下腰，把支票從地上撿起來，她的禮物，她的可愛的禮物！用顫抖的手指把它撕得粉碎。-------------adisappointingpresent3.ShewasnotsoyoungasIexpectedandinappearanceimposingratherthanattractive.她并不如我想象的那么年輕。她的外表與其說吸引人，不如說是令人難忘。---------afatandbad-lookingladyOutline

PartI(1&2)opening:thesearchofwaysof“gettingthepooroffourconscience”hasbeenandcontinuestobeanintellectualpreoccupationPartII(3--9)fivehistoricalsolutions

PartIII(10--11)TransitionPartIV(12--20)fivecurrentdesignsPartV(21)conclusionTextlearning

PartI(1&2)opening:thesearchofwaysof“gettingthepooroffourconscience”hasbeenandcontinuestobeanintellectualpreoccupationParagraph1Whatdoestheauthorwanttoreflecton?Theauthorwantstodiscusshowpeoplehavebeentryingnottofeelguiltyabouttheexistenceofthepoorpeople.Paragraph2Whatdoestheauthormeanwhenheuses“perilously”?Theauthormusthaveinmindtheslaveuprisings,peasantuprisings,andworkers’strikes.Ifthedisparitybecomestoogreat,thepoorwillriseupagainsttherichandcausemuchdamage.Anintellectualpreoccupation

Translation:有思想有學問的人幾百年來孜孜不倦思考探索的問題Themainidea:forcenturies,thosewithhighintellecthavebeensearchingforexplanationstojustifythecoexistenceoftherichandpoor.Forcenturies↓↓Historypresent

↓↓FivehistoricalsolutionsfivecurrentdesignsContinuetobesoinourowntimePartII(3—9)Thispartdealswiththefivesolutionsthathadbeenofferedinhistory.Thesesolutionsarearrangedchronologically.Iftheyarepoorandalsomeek,theyeventuallywillinherittheearth.如果他們貧窮但卻溫順，他們將最終成為這個世界的主人。Whyitisironical?IntheBible,theword“meek”isusedinapositivesense------patientandmildInthisstatement,thewordisusedinaironicalsense-----submissiveWhydoestheauthorthinkitisanadmirablesolution?Becauseinthisway,therich_________.

whilethepoorwill___________________.will_notfeelguiltyandcanhappilyenjoytheirpresentlife.Willhavesomethingtolookforwardto---theirfuturefortune,andwillmeeklyaccepttheircurrentmisery.Doestheauthorreallythinkthatthisisanadmirablesolution?Whyorwhynot?No,hedoesn’t.Hecallsitsobecausenowtherichcangetthepoorofftheirconscience.Itistherich’scharacterofselfness.Heisbeingironicalhere.Utilitarianismju:tili't??ri?n

iz?m

功利主義Correctactionsarethosethatresultinthegreatesthappinessforthegreatestnumberpeople.正確的行為是那些能夠給最大多數(shù)人帶來最大幸福的行為JeremyBentham杰里米·邊沁JeremyBentham出生在一個律師家庭，三歲能讀，五歲會拉小提琴，六歲開始學習拉丁語和法語，12歲進入牛津大學，15歲取得法律學位，獲得律師從業(yè)資格。邊沁認為，人們一切行為的準則取決于是增進幸福抑或減少幸福的傾向。社會全體的幸福是由組成此社會的個人的幸福的總和。社會的幸福是以最大多數(shù)的最大幸福來衡量的。如果增加社會的利益即最大多數(shù)的最大幸福的傾向比減少的傾向大，這就適合于功利原理。Translate:Theprinciplewhichapprovesordisapprovesofeveryactionwhatsoeveraccordingtothetendencywhichitappearstohavetoaugmentordiminishthehappinessofthepartywhoseinterestisinquestion.所謂功利主義原則，就是依照每次行動中，不管怎樣都依照涉及到的利益各方是受益還是受損的趨勢來決定贊同還是否決該項行動的原則。Theprincipleofutilitymeansthatanactionisjudgedbywhetheritwillincreaseordecreasethebenefitsofthosewhoareaffectedbytheaction.Paraphrase:Virtue德行

is,indeedmustbe,self-centered.(para4)----Byrightaction,wemeanitmusthelppromotepersonalinterest正確的行為是，而且的確必須是以自我為中心的。MalthusianismApessimisticviewpointonpopulationandworldresources,basedonthedoctrinesofThomasMalthus.Malthusianismholdsthatpopulationtendstoincreasefasterthanthesupplyoffood,thuspreventingthesteadyprogressofmankind.Malthusadvocatedpremaritalchastity貞潔

,latemarriage,andsexualabstinence禁欲

aspartialsolutions.Paraphrase：(poverty)wasaproductoftheirexcessivefecundity…(para5)Thepovertyofthepoorwascausedbytheirhavingtoomanychildren.Translate：Theirgrievouslyuncontrolledlustcausedthemtobreeduptothefulllimitsoftheavailablesubsistence生存令人遺憾的是，他們不能控制性欲，過度生育把地球具有的養(yǎng)活人口的能力推向極限。ParaphraseTherichwerenotresponsibleforeitheritscreationoritsamelioration改善,改良,改進Therichwerenottoblamefortheexistenceofpovertysotheyshouldnotbeaskedtoundertakethetaskofsolvingtheproblem.“

CouplesinloveshouldrepairtoR.H.Macy’snottheirbedroom”一對對熱戀的新婚夫婦應該上梅西百貨公司過夜，而不是到他們的新房Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsReagan’ssuggestion?ThisridiculesReagan’sviewthatthebestformofpopulationcontrolcomesfromthemarket.Theauthorthinkssuchanideaiswideofmark.ReadPara7.WhatdoessocialDarwinismmean?SurvivalofthethefittestTheeliminationofthepooristhenature’swayofimprovingtherace.TheAmericanBeautyRosecanbeproducedinthesplendorandfragrancewhichbringcheertoitsbeholderonlybysacrificingtheearlybudswhichgrowuparoundit.美國這朵玫瑰花后,以其華貴與芳香讓觀眾傾倒,贊不絕口,而她之所以能被培植出來,就是因為在早期其周圍的花蕾給掐掉了.Othercountrieshavebeenweakened;Americahasagoodchancetobecomeastrongestcapitalisticcountry,whichownswealthandsplendor.paraphraseItismerelytheworkingoutofalawofnatureandalawofGod.(para.8)Itisonlytheresultofeffectofthelawofthesurvivalofthefittestappliedtonatureortohumansociety這是自然規(guī)律和上帝的意志在起作用.PublicassistancetothepoorinterferedwiththeeffectiveoperationoftheeconomicsystemSomethingeconomicallydamagingabouthelpingthepoorWhatisthemainideaheldbyCalvinCoolidgeandHerbertHoover?Paraphrase:

Itdeclinedinpopularity,andreferencestoitacquiredacondemnatorytone(para.9)

PeoplebeguntorejectSocialDarwinismbecauseitseemedtoglorifybrutalforceandopposedtreasuredvalueofsympathy,loveandfriendship.Therefore,whenitwasmentioned,itwasusuallythetargetofcriticism.PartIII.(10&11)Thispartisatransition.WhatistheRooseveltrevolution?What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardit?Foritoragainstit?FranklinD.RooseveltTheRooseveltrevolutionreferredtothesocialwelfarepoliciesinitiatedbyFranklinD.RooseveltintheNewDeal.HewaselectedPresidentinNovember1932.ByMarchtherewerealready13,000,000unemployed,andalmosteverybankwasclosedduetotheGreatDepression.Inhisfirst"hundreddays,"Rooseveltproposed,andCongresspassedtheSocialSecurityActtobringrecoverytobusinessandagriculture,relieftotheunemployedandtothoseindangeroflosingfarmsandhomes.Thiswasarevolutionarystepbecauseitbrokeawayfromthetraditionalconceptthatthefederalgovernmentwasnotresponsibleforsocialwelfare.By1935theNationhadachievedsomemeasureofrecovery,butbusinessmenandbankerswereturningmoreandmoreagainstRoosevelt'sNewDealprogramwhichfocusedonSocialSecurity,heaviertaxesonthewealthy,newcontrolsoverbanksandpublicutilities,andanenormousworkreliefprogramfortheunemployed.FranklinD.RoosevelthelpedtheAmericanpeopleregainfaithinthemselves.Hebroughthopeashepromisedprompt,vigorousaction,andassertedinhisInauguralAddress,"theonlythingwehavetofearisfearitself."Translate:Ithasagainbecomeamajorphilosophical,literary,andrhetoricalpreoccupation,andaneconomicallynotunrewardingenterprise.這一命題又一次成為哲學家,文學家,演說家們思考探索的問題，也成為他們收入不菲的一個重要行業(yè).……aneconomicallynotunrewardingenterpriseDoublenegativeforemphasisusedinanironicalsense,thatismoneycanbemadebycontributingtotheprocessofignoringthepoor.PartIV(12-20)fivecurrentdesignsInthispart,theauthormakesacriticalanalysisofthefivecurrentdesignstogetthepooroffourconscienceandpointsoutthatthefirstfourareinventivedescendantsfromBentham,Malthus,andSpencer.TheauthorfurthershowsthatthesedesignsareverypopularinWashingtonD.C.atthetimehewritesthearticleinthe1980s.Whatisthefirstdesigntogetthepooroffourconscience？Mostoftheassistancetothepoorhastobeundertakenbythegovernment,butthegovernmentisinessenceincompetentandineffectiveandwillmakeamessofthejob.Therefore,thegovernmentshouldnotbeaskedtoaidthepoor.proceed1.繼續(xù)進行;繼續(xù)做(或講)下去[(+to/with)]

Theoldmantookadrinkfromhiscupandproceededwithhisstory.

老人拿起杯子喝了一口,繼續(xù)講他的故事。2.開始,著手,出發(fā)[+to-v]

Aftereveryonewasseatedthechairmanproceededtoannouncehisplan.

大家就坐后,主席開始宣布他的計劃。3.發(fā)出,出自[(+from)]

Thewholetroubleproceededfromamisunderstanding.

整個麻煩起于誤會。proceed4.起訴[(+against)]

Thedistrictattorneyproceededagainstthedefaultingdebtor.

地方檢查官起訴不履行債務的債務人。5.進行,開展

Theprojectisproceedingasplanned.

工程正在按計劃進行。Paraphrase:sincethegovernmentisincapableandinefficient,itshouldnotbeaskedtoundertakethetaskofaidingthepoor.Otherwise,itwillmakeamessofthejobormakethesituationworse.bureaucrat：[‘bjur?,kr?t]官僚，官僚主義者bureaucracy：[bju?‘r?kr?si]官僚制度，官僚主義，官僚作風,官僚機構

Translation:對政府無能的指責，在我們這個時代，是與對官僚的籠統(tǒng)譴責聯(lián)系在一起的-----與國防有關的人士又不在此列。Inparagraph13,theauthoragainmentionsthePentagonornationaldefense.Why?Whatistheauthor’sattitude?

Theauthorwantstopointouttheironicalfactthatallpeopleattackthegovernmentorthebureaucracyexceptthemilitarypeoplebecausetheywantthegovernmenttodolessin___________butmoreon______________.Theaurhorishighlycriticalofsuchaview.(hugemilitaryexpenditures)socialwelfareNationaldefenseTheimplicationisthatmostformsofdiscriminationintheUnitedStatesarelegallyimpermissibletoday.ThisshowstheprogressmadeintheU.S.Buttheresstilloneformwhichisnotonlypermissblebutofficiallyencouraged.Arousesthereaders’curiosityRevealstheauthor’scriticalattitudeTheauthor’sattitudetowardpublicserviceOnthewhole,theauthorispositiveaboutpublicservice&governmentemployees.HethinksthattheAmericangovernmenthasrecruitedmanytalentedanddedicatedpeople.Hiscriticismisdirectedatthemilitaryestablishment.wrench1.猛扭,猛擰[O]

Hewrenchedtheknoboffwhenhewastryingtoopenthedoor.

他開門時把門把手擰了下來。2.歪曲,曲解

Shewrenchedthemeaningofthepassage.

她曲解了這段文字的意義。3.扭傷

Harrywrenchedhisanklewhenhejumpeddownfromthefence.

哈里從圍墻上跳下來時扭傷了腳踝。TheessenceofthefirstdesignTotakeawaytheresponsibilitytoaidthepoorfromthegovernmentandputanendtothesocialwelfarepoliciesThegovernmentisinherentlyincompetentWhatistheseconddesigntoavoidtheresponsibility？AnyformofpublichelptothepooronlyhurtsthepoorReasons：1）Itdestroysmorale(destroythepoor’smotivation)2）Itseducespeopleawayfrompainfulemployment(makethemlazy)3）Itbreaksupmarriagesinflict使遭受，給予打擊~ablow[awound]on[upon]aperson予人以打擊[傷害]Doestheauthoragreetotheargument?No,theauthorthinksthattheaccusationsaregroundless.Thecaseismade-----andbelieved….Inspiteofthefactthatthereisnoprooftosuchargument,theargumenthasbeenputforthandacceptedbymany.ParaphraseandtranslateThisisperhapsourmosthighlyinfluentialpieceoffiction.Itisaverypopularstoryandhasbeenacceptedbymanybutitisnottrue.

這種說法也許是我們最有影響的一個虛構的故事。WhatisthethirddesignforrelievingourselvesofresponsibilityforthepoorPublic-assistancemeasureshaveanadverseeffectonincentive.Whenyougivepublicassistancetothepoor,youtakemoneyawayfromtherich(throughtaxes)andgiveittothepoor(intheformofpublicassistance).Therichbecomelesswillingtoworkhardandcreatewealthandthepoorareencouragedtoremainidle.incentive./in'sentiv/[對行動等的]刺激,動機供給學派(Supply-sideEconomics)

主要代表人物包括美國南加州大學的拉弗教授、哈佛大學的費爾德斯坦教授等。供給學派認為，美國經(jīng)濟衰退的主要原因是由于資本形成不足和儲蓄率偏低，而資本形成不足和儲蓄率偏低的原因來自過高的邊際稅率。因為邊際稅率越高，人們通過工作和投資提高收入的積極性就越低，從而導致儲蓄率下降，投資減少。在經(jīng)濟政策方面供給學派主張：大幅度減稅刺激人們工作的積極性，增強儲蓄和投資引誘；采取相對緊縮的貨幣政策，使貨幣供給量的增長與經(jīng)濟長期增長潛力相適應；減少國家對經(jīng)濟生活的干預，縮小政府開支，大規(guī)模削減社會福利支出等。雖然供給學派缺乏一個完整的理論體系，但對里根政府的經(jīng)濟政策產(chǎn)生了相當大的影響。

Howdoestheauthorrefutethisargument(adverseincentive)?Theauthorusestworhetoricalquestions.Heimpliesthatitisnotthecasethatmostpoorpeoplewouldprefersocialwelfaretopayingjobs.Asforcorporateexecutives,theyareworkingveryhard,showingnosignoflackofincentive.Tosaytheyarelazybecausetheyarenotpaidenoughisaninsulttothebusinessexecutives.(acleverretort)Paraphraseandtranslate:

Believecanbeservantoftruth---butevenmoreofconvenience.Beliefcanbeusefulinthesearchfortruth.Butmoreoftenthannotitisacceptedbecauseitisconvenientandself-serving.

信念可以是真理的仆人---但更多的情況下只是一時之需。Whatisthefourthdesignforgettingthepooroffourconscience

presumedadverseeffectonfreedom政府替窮人承擔責任可能會對自由產(chǎn)生不利的影響Whosefreedom?!Whatdoesfreedommeanwhenwecometospendingmoney?spendamaximumofone’smoneybyone’sownchoice,andtoseeaminimumtakenandspentbythegovernment.Translation:沒有那種壓迫形式比身無分文更厲害，也沒有哪種對思想和行動的束縛比一無所有更全面徹底。Translate:Freedomwerightlycherish.Cherishingit,weshouldnotuseitasacoverfordenyingfreedomtothoseinneed.我們珍惜自由是對的，正因為我們珍惜自由，我們就不能以此為借口，不給需要自由的人自由。Howdoestheauthorrefutethisargument?1.povertydoesthegreatestharmtothefreedomofthepoor.Whenyouarepenniless,howcanyoubefreetochoose?2.whenyoucomparethegainofthepoorandthelossoftherich,youwillfindthegainisfargreaterthantheloss.Paragraph19Whatisthemethodmentioned?PsychologicaldenialFinally,whenallelsefails,weresorttosimplepsychologicaldenial.最終，當一切辦法都無濟于事時，我們就干脆裝聾作啞。Thisisapsychictendencythatinvariousmanifestationsiscommontousall.---thistendencymaytakedifferentforms.Whatsolutionsdoyouusuallyresorttotoavoidthinkingaboutthoseunpleasantthings?“ahighlyprobableextinction”referstothepossibleoutbreakofanuclearwar,byplanorbyaccident,whichwilldestroythewholdworld.Theauthorbelievessuchaneventisnotmerelypossiblebutprobable.SouthBronx:anotoriouslypoordistrictinNewYorkcityElysium:Greekwordforparadise,anironicusebytheauthorDescribethefivecontemporarydesigns.Howdoestheauthorchallengeeachofthesearguments?TotakeawaytheresponsibilitytoaidthepoorfromthegovernmentandputanendtothesocialwelfarepoliciesAnyformofpublichelptothepoorwillhurtthepoorthemselvesPublic-assistancemeasureshaveadverseeffectonincentiveTransferringmoneyfromtherichtothepoorhasadverseeffectonfreedomPsychologicaldenialAll,savethelast,aregreatinventivedescentfromBentham,Malthus,andSpencer.Save:except(prep.)Inve