高一上學(xué)期寒假英語作業(yè)說明文閱讀強(qiáng)化練習(xí)

高一年級第一學(xué)期寒假英語作業(yè)——說明文強(qiáng)化練習(xí)班級________姓名______________~2023學(xué)年度高一年級第一學(xué)期寒假英語作業(yè)說明文閱讀強(qiáng)化練習(xí)Passage1Doyouliketokeepfit?We’realwaystoldthatregularexerciseisgoodforourbodyandmind.Moreandmorepeoplearetakingupactivitiesthatimprovetheirfitness.Butisthereariskthatsomeofusmightgetobsessed(著迷的)andoverdoit?Well,forsomepeople,fitnesshasbecomeanobsessionastheyaimforperfection.Andfitnesstrackersandappscanaddtothisaddiction,especiallyifsomeoneisdrivenbyachievementandperfectionism.Andsharingdataonsocialmediameansexercisingbecomespublicandcompetitive,whichcouldcauseproblemsinsomeonewhoisvulnerable(脆弱的).Expertssaythiscanleadtoamedicalconditioncalledorthorexianervosa,oraddictiontohealthyeatingandover-exercise.Untreated,itcanleadtomalnutritionandmentalhealthcomplications.Toomuchexercisecanalsotakeitstollonsomeone’sphysicalhealthaswell.Symptomsofover-exercisingincludeinjuriessuchasabrokenlegandalowimmunesystem.Sohowmuchexerciseistoomuch?Researchesfoundtheidealpacetojogwasabouteightkilometersperhour-andthatitwasbesttojognomorethanthreetimesaweekorfor2.5hoursintotal,showingthatmoderatejoggingispossiblymorebeneficialthanbeinginactiveorundertakingstrenuous(劇烈的)jogging.Ifyou’remoreofacouchpotatothanasprinter,thismightsoundlikegoodnews.Butforamateurathleteswhocan’thelpbutpushtheirbodiestothelimit,theadvicefromMartinTurner,asportsandexercisepsychologist,is,“It’sallaboutlettinggo,notbeingobsessed,learningnottocontroleverything,saying,“Youdon’tneedtobeperfect.”1．Whatcontributesmosttopeople’saddictiontoover-exerciseaccordingtoparagraph2?A．Theirurgeforsocialsupport. B．Theirpursuitofperfectionism.C．Theiraddictiontofitnessapps. D．Theirconcernoverhealthissues.2．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“takeitstoll”inparagraph3mean?A．Havingabadeffect. B．Goinghandinhand.C．Makinglittledifference. D．Playinganimportantrole.3．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Theriskoffitnessobsession. B．Theimportanceofmentalhealth.C．Thebenefitsofmoderatejogging. D．Thesymptomsofover-exercising.4．Inwhichsectionofanewspapermaythistextappear?A．Science. B．Opinion. C．Culture. D．Lifestyle.Passage2Palacesareknownfortheirbeautyandsplendor,buttheyofferlittleprotectionagainstattacks.Itiseasytodefendafortress(要塞),butusuallyfortressesarenotdesignedwiththecomfortofakinginmind.Whenitcomestostructuresthatarebothbeautifulanddefensive,theEuropeancastleisabigsuccess.CastleswereoriginallybuiltinEnglandbytheNormansin1066.Theybuilttowersandwallstosecurethelandtheyhadtaken.ThesecastlesprovidedtheNormanswithaquietandsafeplace.Theyalsoservedasbasesofoperationforattacks.Inthiswaycastlesservedbothdefensiveandoffensiveroles.Besides,castlesservedasofficesforgovernors.Thosethatweresociallybeneaththegovernorwouldcometoreportaffairsandexpresstheirrespect.Theywouldaddressproblems,handlebusiness,feast,andenjoyfestivitiesincastles.Socastlesservedassocialcentersaswell.Thefirstcastlesweremadefromearthandwood,andtheywerelikelytosufferfromattacksbyfire.Thenwoodencastlesweregraduallyreplacedbystone,whichgreatlyincreasedthestrengthofthesetowersandwalls.However,attackerscouldthrowflamingobjectsintocastlesthroughthewindowsorburnthewoodendoors.Thisledtomovingthewindowsandentrancesoffthegroundflooranduptothefirstfloortomakethemmoredifficulttoaccess.DuringtheMiddleAges,attacksincreasedinregularity,socastledefenseswereupdated.Arrow-slitswereadded.Theyweresmallholesinthecastle,whichalloweddefenderstofirewithoutbeinghurt.Towerswerebuiltfromwhichdefenderscouldprovidefireonbothsides.Thetowerswereconnectedtothecastlebywoodenbridges,sothatifonetowerfell,therestofthecastlewasstilleasytodefend.Alotofringsofcastlewallswereconstructed,sothatevenifattackerswentpastonewall,theywouldbecaughtonakillinggroundbetweeninnerandouterwalls.Alloftheseincreasedthedefenseofcastles.Theendofcastlescanbeattributed(歸因于)togunpowder.Duringthe15thcentury,artillery(炮),akindoflargeguns,becamepowerfulenoughtobreakthroughstonewalls.Thisgreatlymadetheroleofcastleslesseffective.Thoughcastlesnolongerservetheiroriginalpurposes,remainingcastlesreceivemillionsofvisitorseachyearwhowishtoexperiencethesituationsofancienttimes.5．Theauthorintroducesthetopicofthetextby.A．makingaguessB．makingacomparisonC．givinganexample D．providingdata6．Thereasonwhywoodencastleswerereplacedbystonecastleswasthat.A．stonecastlescostlessmoney B．stonecastlesofferedbetterdefenseC．woodencastleswereuncomfortable D．woodencastlestookalongtimetobuild7．Whichofthefollowingshowedanimprovementincastledefenses?A．Castlesweretotallyseparatedbystones.B．Arrow-slitsweremadeinlargequantities.C．Ringsofwallswerebuilttodefendthetowers.D．Windowsandentrancesweremovedtothehigherfloor.8．Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A．FancyLiving:LearningaboutCastlesB．Normans:BringingCastlestoEnglandC．AHistoryofCastles:TheRiseandFallofCastlesD．DefendingCastles:TechnologiesUsedtoDefendCastlesPassage3Nowresearchershavefoundthathumansproduceadifferentodor(氣味)whenunderpressure—anddogscansniffitout.Whilepreviousstudieshavesuggesteddogsmightnoticehumanemotions,possiblythroughsmell,questionsremainedoverwhethertheycoulddetectstressandifthiscouldbedonethroughsmell.Wilson,headofoneresearchteam,pointedthefindingscouldproveusefulwhentrainingservicedogs,suchasthosethatsupportpeoplewithPTSD(創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙).“They’reoftentrainedtolookatsomeoneeithercrouchingdownonthefloor,cryingoutinfear,orstartingtodoself-injuriousbehaviors,”saidWilson.Thelateststudy,shesaid,offersanotherpotentialclue.Wilsonandcolleaguestrainedfourdogstoidentifythecontainerholdingaparticularbreathandsweatsample,evenwhenthecontainersincludedunusedgauze(紗布),samplesfromanotherperson,orsamplesfromthesamepersontakenatadifferenttimeofday.Aftertheteamisconfidentthatthedogsunderstoodtheapproach,theyturnedtocollectbreathandsweatsamplescollectedfrom36peopleaskedtocountbackwardsfrom9,000inunitsof17,andtheparticipantsreportedfeelingstressed.Later,thedogsweretaughttopickoutsamplestakenjustafterthetask.Theresearchersthentestedwhetherthedogscoulddothesamewithsamplestakenfromthesameparticipantjustbeforethetask,whentheyweremorerelaxed.Eachsetofsampleswasshowntoasingledogin20trials.Theresultsrevealthatthedogschosethe“stressed”samplein675outofthe720trials.Itwasprettyamazingtoseehowsmoothlythedogsactintellingpeoplethesetwosamplesdefinitelydifferent.9．WhydidWilsonandcolleaguesdosuchanexperiment?A．TotrainservicedogsforpeoplewithPTSD． B．Toconfirmdogscansmelloutstressedpeople.C．Toprovedogscouldrecognizehumanemotions. D．Tohelppeopleunderstandhowstressedtheyare.10．Theservicedogswillusuallyprovidehelpwhensomeone________.A．hurtshimself B．liesonthebedC．producesanodor D．screamsinexcitement11．Whichorderdoestheexperimentfollow?a.Totraindogstopickouttheparticularcontainer.b.Toshoweachsetofsamplestoasingledogin20trials.c.Tocollectsamplesfromparticipantswhentheyarestressedout.d.Toaskparticipantstocountbackwardsfrom9,000inunitsof17.A．a(chǎn)-d-c-b B．a(chǎn)-c-d-b C．c-a-d-b D．c-a-b-d12．What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsthefinding?A．Negative. B．PositiveC．Uncertain. D．Neutral.Passage4EngineersandscientistsattheUniversityofTexasatAustinhavedevelopedauniquesolutiontohelppeopleintheseareasgetcleandrinkingwater.Theydevelopedalow-costgelfilm(凝膠膜)thatcanpullwaterfromtheairineventhedriestclimate.Justonekilogramofgelcanabsorbuptosixlitersofwaterinadryclimate.Forthoselivinginaclimatewithrelativehumidity(潮濕),onekilogramofgelcancollectupto13litersofwateraday.Asthegelissoinexpensiveandeasytomake,itmayofferawayofprovidingdrinkingwatertocountrieswithwatershortages.Previously,researchershaveharvestedfreshwaterfromfoganddew,butthatonlyservesareaswithhighhumidity.Otherattemptsatpullingwaterfromdesertairconsumelotsofenergyanddonotproducemuch.Infact,thisgelisabigimprovementfrompreviouswaterharvestingtechnologies.Themaximumwaterharvestedhasbeen5.87litersinplaceswithrelativehumidity.Thisnewgeldoublesthisamount,usesnoenergyandissimpletooperateanditcanbemoldedintoashapeorsizethatbestsuitstheuser.“Thisnewworkisaboutpracticalsolutionsthatpeoplecanusetogetwaterinthehottest,driestplacesonEarth,”saidGuihuaYu,professorattheCockrellSchoolofEngineering.“Thiscouldallowmillionsofpeoplewithoutconsistentaccesstodrinkingwatertohavesimple,watergeneratingdevices(取水裝置)athomethattheycaneasilyoperate.”“Thisisnotsomethingyouneedanadvanceddegreetouse,”thepaper’sleadauthor,Youhong“Nancy”Guosaid.“It’sstraightforwardenoughthatanyonecanmakeitathomeiftheyhavethematerials.”Scientistsareplanningonmakingathickergelthatwillincreasetheproduction,makingthistechnologyapracticablesolutiontodrought.13．Whatdoweknowaboutthegelfilmfromparagraph2?A．Itcanincreasethehumidityoftheair.B．Itcanharvestdrinkingwaterfromtheair.C．Ithasbeenwidelyappliedindesertareas.D．Itcostslotsofmoneyandenergytoproduce.14．WhatisGuihuaYu’sattitudetowardsthenewwater-harvestingmethod?A．Indifferent. B．Skeptical.C．Disapproving. D．Hopeful.15．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“straightforward”inlastparagraphmean?A．easy. B．straight. C．frank. D．cheap16．Whatwillscientistsplantodonext?A．Developathickergel.B．Producethegelonalargescale.C．Raisemoneyforfurtherresearch.D．Teachpeopletomakethegelathome.高一第一學(xué)期寒假作業(yè)-說明文閱讀答案Passage1【答案】1．B

2．A

3．A

4．D【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章講述了過度沉迷健身給我們帶來的影響，以及建議我們要適度健身，不必追求完美。1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Well,forsomepeople,fitnesshasbecomeanobsessionastheyaimforperfection.(嗯，對一些人來說，健身已經(jīng)成為一種癡迷，因?yàn)樗麄冏非笸昝馈?”可知，有些人追求完美導(dǎo)致對健身十分癡迷，故選B項(xiàng)。2．詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第三段“Toomuchexercisecanalsotakeitstollonsomeone’sphysicalhealthaswell.Symptomsofover-exercisingincludeinjuriessuchasabrokenlegandalowimmunesystem.(過多的鍛煉也會對某人的身體健康造成損害。過度運(yùn)動的癥狀包括腿部骨折和免疫系統(tǒng)低下。)”可知，后句是在分析過度健身帶來的危害，由此可知“takeitstoll”是有壞影響的意思，故選A項(xiàng)。3．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Butisthereariskthatsomeofusmightgetobsessed（著迷的）andoverdoit?(但是是否有這個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)？——我們有可能會著迷，甚至過度健身。)”以及最后一段話““It’sallaboutlettinggo,notbeingobsessed,learningnottocontroleverything,saying,“Youdon’tneedtobeperfect.”(這是關(guān)于放手，不要沉迷，學(xué)會不要控制一切，說：“你不需要完美?！?”可知，本文講述了過度沉迷健身給我們帶來的影響，故選A項(xiàng)。4．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Doyouliketokeepfit?(你喜歡健身嗎？)”以及結(jié)合全文可知，本文是在講述我們過度健身的影響，應(yīng)該屬于生活方式類，故選D項(xiàng)。Passage2【答案】5．B

6．B

7．D

8．C【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。主要講述城堡的歷史和興衰。5．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Palacesareknownfortheirbeautyandsplendor,buttheyofferlittleprotectionagainstattacks.Itiseasytodefendafortress(要塞),butusuallyfortressesarenotdesignedwiththecomfortofakinginmind.Whenitcomestostructuresthatarebothbeautifulanddefensive,theEuropeancastleisabigsuccess.(宮殿以其美麗和輝煌而聞名，但它們幾乎無法抵御攻擊。保衛(wèi)要塞很容易，但通常要塞的設(shè)計(jì)并沒有考慮到國王的舒適。說到既美觀又具有防御能力的建筑，歐洲城堡是一個(gè)巨大的成功)”可推知，作者先對比了宮殿和要塞，說明了兩者各自的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，再引出即既美觀又具有防御能力的城堡，即文章的話題。故選B項(xiàng)。6．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“Thenwoodencastlesweregraduallyreplacedbystone,whichgreatlyincreasedthestrengthofthesetowersandwalls.(后來，木制城堡逐漸被石頭取代，這大大提高了這些塔和墻的強(qiáng)度)”可推知，木頭城堡被石頭城堡取代的原因是石頭城堡提供了更好的防御。故選B項(xiàng)。7．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“However,attackerscouldthrowflamingobjectsintocastlesthroughthewindowsorburnthewoodendoors.Thisledtomovingthewindowsandentrancesoffthegroundflooranduptothefirstfloortomakethemmoredifficulttoaccess.(然而，攻擊者可以通過窗戶向城堡投擲燃燒的物體或燒毀木門。這導(dǎo)致將窗戶和入口從一樓移到二樓，使它們更難以進(jìn)入)”可知，窗戶和入口被移到較高的樓層表明城堡防御的改善。故選D項(xiàng)。8．主旨大意題。通讀全文，并結(jié)合第一段最后一句“Whenitcomestostructuresthatarebothbeautifulanddefensive,theEuropeancastleisabigsuccess.(當(dāng)談到既美觀又防御性的建筑時(shí)，歐洲城堡是一個(gè)巨大的成功)”和最后一段中“Theendofcastlescanbeattributedtogunpowder(城堡的滅亡可以歸因于火藥)”可知，本文講述的是城堡的興衰，故“AHistoryofCastles:TheRiseandFallofCastles(城堡的歷史：城堡的興衰)”是最佳標(biāo)題。故選C項(xiàng)。Passage3【答案】9．B

10．A

11．A

12．B【導(dǎo)語】本文是篇說明文。研究者們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)人類在壓力下會一種不同的氣味，而狗可以嗅出這種氣味。為此，Wilson和他的同事們一起進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)，并最終證實(shí)了這一發(fā)現(xiàn)。9．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Whilepreviousstudieshavesuggesteddogsmightnoticehumanemotions,possiblythroughsmell,questionsremainedoverwhethertheycoulddetectstressandifthiscouldbedonethroughsmell.”（雖然之前的研究表明，狗可能通過嗅覺察覺到人類的情緒，但它們是否能察覺到壓力，以及是否能通過嗅覺察覺到壓力，仍存在疑問。）及后面開始的實(shí)驗(yàn)可以推斷，Wilson和同事們做實(shí)驗(yàn)是為了證明狗能夠嗅出有壓力的人。故選B。10．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Wilson,headofoneresearchteam,pointedthefindingscouldproveusefulwhentrainingservicedogs,suchasthosethatsupportpeoplewithPTSD(創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙).”（Wilson是一個(gè)研究小組的負(fù)責(zé)人，他指出，這一發(fā)現(xiàn)在訓(xùn)練服務(wù)犬時(shí)很有用，比如那些支持PTSD患者的服務(wù)犬。）和“They’reoftentrainedtolookatsomeoneeithercrouchingdownonthefloor,cryingoutinfear,orstartingtodoself-injuriousbehaviors”（它們通常被訓(xùn)練成看著那些蹲在地板上、害怕地大喊大叫或開始做自殘行為的人）可知，服務(wù)犬通常會在人們有傷害自己或是自殘行為時(shí)提供幫助。故選A。11．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Wilsonandcolleaguestrainedfourdogstoidentifythecontainerholdingaparticularbreathandsweatsample,”（Wilson和他的同事們訓(xùn)練了四只狗來識別裝著特定呼吸和汗水樣本的容器）可知，這是實(shí)驗(yàn)的第一步a；根據(jù)第三段“theyturnedtocollectbreathandsweatsamplescollectedfrom36peopleaskedtocountbackwardsfrom9,000inunitsof17,andtheparticipantsreportedfeelingstressed.”（他們收集了36人的呼吸和汗水樣本，這些樣本被要求以17為單位從9000開始倒數(shù)，參與者表示感到有壓力。）可知，先是要求參與者以17為單位從9000開始倒數(shù)，即第二步d，再當(dāng)他們感到有了壓力時(shí)收集他們的呼吸和汗水樣本，即第三步c；最后根據(jù)第四段“Eachsetofsampleswasshowntoasingledogin20trials.”（每組樣本在20次試驗(yàn)中向一只狗展示。）可知，最后一步是在20次實(shí)驗(yàn)中向一只狗展示每組樣本，即第四步b。所以實(shí)驗(yàn)順序是a-d-c-b。故選A。12．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Itwasprettyamazingtoseehowsmoothlythedogsactintellingpeoplethesetwosamplesdefinitelydifferent.”（看到狗狗們?nèi)绱肆鲿车馗嬖V人們這兩個(gè)樣本絕對不同是非常令人驚嘆的。）及其中的“amazing”可知，作者認(rèn)為實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果是肯定的、令人驚嘆的。故選B。Passage4【答案】13．B

14．D

15．A

16．A【導(dǎo)語】本文為一篇說明文。文章主要講述了德克薩斯大學(xué)奧斯汀分校的工程師和科學(xué)家開發(fā)了一種獨(dú)特的解決方案，幫助這些地區(qū)的人們獲取清潔的飲用水。13．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Theydevelopedalow-costgelfilm(凝膠膜)thatcan