天津師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院《879語言學(xué)與語言習(xí)得》歷年考研真題及詳解

目錄

2004年天津師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院479語

言學(xué)與語言習(xí)得考研真題及詳解

2005年天津師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院479語

言學(xué)與語言習(xí)得考研真題及詳解

2006年天津師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院479語

言學(xué)與語言習(xí)得考研真題及詳解

2009年天津師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院879語

言學(xué)與語言習(xí)得考研真題及詳解

2010年天津師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院879語

言學(xué)與語言習(xí)得考研真題及詳解

2011年天津師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院879語

言學(xué)與語言習(xí)得考研真題及詳解

2004年天津師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院479語言學(xué)與語言習(xí)得考研真題及詳解

1．Explainthefollowingconcepts.Ifnecessary,illustrateyouranswerwith

examples.(45points,3pointseach)

(1)Competence

【答案】Competenceistheknowledgeonesubconsciouslypossessesabout

howtospeakalanguage.Itreferstotheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherules

ofhislanguage.Itenablesaspeakertoproduceandunderstandanindefinite

numberofsentencesandtorecognizegrammaticalmistakesandambiguities.

Itisstable.Competenceisdeemedasapropertyofthemindofeach

individual.

(2)Surprasegmentals

【答案】Surprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolve

morethansinglesoundsegments.Thefeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelof

thesegmentsandcandistinguishmeaningsarecalledsuprasegmental

features,whichincludesyllable,stress,intonationandtone.

(3)InnatenessHypothesis

【答案】ItwasproposedbyNormChomsky.Itbelievesthatlanguageis

somewhatinnate.ChildrenarebornwithwhatChomskycallsalanguage

acquisitiondevice.LADisauniquekindofknowledgethatfitsthechildren

forlanguagelearning.Chomskyarguesthechildcomesintotheworldwith

specificinnateendowment,notonlywithgeneraltendenciesorpotentialities,

butalsowithknowledgeofthenatureoftheworld,andspecificallywith

knowledgeofthebasicgrammaticalrelationsandcategories,andthis

knowledgeisuniversal.Thecategoriesandrelationsexistinallhuman

languagesandallhumaninfantsarebornwithknowledgeofthem.

(4)Allophones

【答案】Dictionariesoftentranscribethewordspeakandspeakas[pi:k]and

[spi:k]respectivelysuchbroadtranscriptionissaidtobe“phonemic”asit

onlyshowsthesoundsbyphonemes.However,whenthetwowordsare

actuallypronounced,the/p/isaspiratedinpeakandunaspiratedinspeak.We

knowthatinEnglishthereisarulethatthissoundisunaspiratedafter/s/but

aspiratedinotherplaces.Tobringoutthe“phonetic”difference,anaspirated

soundistranscribedwitharaised“h”afterthesymbolofthesoundsoa

phonetictranscriptionforpeakis[phi:k]andthatforspeakis[sp=i:k].

Phonemictranscriptionsareplacedbetweenslantlines(//)whilephonetic

transcriptionsareplacedbetweensquarebrackets([]).Inphoneticterms,

phonemictranscriptionsrepresentthe“broad”transcriptions.

Intheaboveexample,[P=,Ph]aretwodifferentphonesandarevariantsof

thephoneme/p/.Suchvariantsofaphonemearecalledallophonesofthe

samephoneme.

(5)FreeMorphemes

【答案】Freemorphemesareindependentofothermorphemesandhave

completemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunits

insentences.Theyareidenticalwithrootwords.

(6)Entailment

【答案】ENTAILMENTisalogicalrelationshipbetweentwosentencesin

whichthetruthofthesecondnecessarilyfollowsfromthetruthofthefirst.

Whilethefalsityofthefirstfollowsfromthefalsityofthesecond.

(7)PRO

【答案】Ingenerativelinguistics,PRO(called“bigPRO”,distinctfrompro,

“smallpro”or“l(fā)ittlepro”)isapronominaldeterminerphrase(DP)without

phonologicalcontent.Assuch,itispartofthesetofemptycategories.The

nullpronounPROispostulatedinthesubjectpositionofnon-finiteclauses.

OnepropertyofPROisthat,whenitoccursinanon-finitecomplement

clause,itcanbeboundbythemainclausesubject(“subjectcontrol”)orthe

mainclauseobject(“objectcontrol”).ThepresenceofPROinnon-finite

clauseslackingovertsubjectsallowsaprincipledsolutionforproblems

relatingtoBindingTheory.

(8)S-selection

【答案】Onesometimesencountersthetermss(emantic)-selectionandc

(ategory)-selection.Theconceptofc-selectionoverlapstoanextentwith

subcategorization.Predicatesc-selectthesyntacticcategoryoftheir

complementarguments--e.g.noun(phrase),verb(phrase),adjective(phrase),

etc.--i.e.theydeterminethesyntacticcategoryoftheircomplements.In

contrast,predicatess-selectthesemanticcontentoftheirarguments.Thuss-

selectionisasemanticconcept,whereasc-selectionisasyntacticone.When

thetermselectionorselectionalrestrictionsappearsalonewithoutthec-ors-

,s-selectionisusuallyunderstood.

(9)C-command

【答案】C-command(constituentcommand)isarelationshipbetweenthe

nodesofgrammaticalparsetrees.Itiscloselyassociatedwiththephrase

structuregrammarsoftheChomskyantradition(GovernmentandBinding,

MinimalistProgram),andmaynotbevalidorapplicabletothetreestructures

ofothertheoriesofsyntax,suchasdependencygrammars.Therelationofc-

commandhasservedasthebasisformanyexplorationsandexplanationsof

phenomenaofsyntax.Ithasbeentakentobethebasicconfigurational

relationunderlyingbinding,andhasplayedacentralroleintheanalysisof

diversesyntacticmechanisms,suchasparasiticgapsandthescopeof

quantifiers.

(10)UG

【答案】UGispostulatedasaninnatelanguagefacilitythatlimitstheextent

towhichlanguagescanvary.Thatis,itspecifiesthelimitsofapossible

language.UGcontainsthreeprinciples:structuredependence,subjacenyand

ECP.Structuredependenceisthatlinguisticprinciplesoperateonsyntacticor

structuralunits.Subjaceny,whichlimitsamountofmovementsthatcantake

placewithinsentences.ECP(emptycategoryprinciple)isawayof

accountingforasymmetryfoundintheuseornonuseofcaseparticles.

(11)Avoidance

【答案】Itmeanswhenyoudon’twanttosayanything,youcantake

measurestoavoidthetopicorthewordsyouuse.Forexample,inclass,

teacherasksaquestionaboutthetext“Werethepeoplethereinterestedinthe

story?Why?Theproblemisthereactionofstudentstothefirstpartofthe

questionmaybeyesorno.itcanindicatetheirownideaaboutthequestion.

However,astothesecondpart,somestudentsmayhaveaslowreactionor

evenkeepsilent.Itisnotbecausestudentsdon’tunderstandthematter,but

it’sdifficultinexpressing.Intheseoccasions,theychoosetoavoid.

(12)PositiveTransfer

【答案】Whentherelevantunitorstructureofbothlanguagesisthesame,

linguisticinterferencecanresultincorrectlanguageproductionandthiskind

oflanguagetransfercanbecalledpositivetransfer.

(13)Interlanguage

【答案】Thetypeoflanguageconstructedbysecondorforeignlanguage

learnerswhoarestillintheprocessoflearningalanguageisoftenreferredto

asInterlanguage.Interlanguageisoftenunderstoodasalanguagesystem

betweenthetargetlanguageandthelearner’snativelanguage.Itisimperfect

comparedwiththetargetlanguage,butitisnotmeretranslationfromthe

learner’snativelanguageeither.However,interlanguageshouldnotreallybe

seenasabridginglanguagebetweenoramixtureofthetargetlanguageand

nativelanguage.Interlanguageisadynamiclanguagesystem,whichis

constantlymovingfromthedepartureleveltothenative-likelevel.Therefore,

“inter”actuallymeansbetweenthebeginningstageandthefinalstage.

Studiesoninterlanguagecanbedoneintwoways:(1)investigatingthe

psychological,biologicalorneurologicalmechanismsinvolvedinthe

productionofinterlanguage;(2)investigatingthelinguisticfeaturesof

interlanguage.Theformertypeofresearchhasbeenwidelyconducted,

whereasthelattertypehasnotreceiveddueattention.

(14)ContrastiveAnalysisHypothesis

【答案】Contrastiveanalysisisawayofcomparinglanguagesinorderto

determinepotentialerrorsfortheultimatepurposeofisolatingwhatneedsto

belearnedandwhatdoesnotneedtobelearnedinanL2situation.

Contrastiveanalysisisaninvestigativeapproachbasedonthedistinctive

elementsinalanguage.Itinvolvesthecomparisonoftwoormorelanguages

orsubsystemsoflanguagesinordertodetermineboththedifferencesand

similaritiesbetweenthem.

(15)Code-switching

【答案】Itisaterminlinguisticsreferringtoalternationbetweentwoor

morelanguages,dialectsorlanguageregistersinasingleconversation,

stretchofdiscourseorutterance.Itisaconversationalstrategyusedto

establish,crossordestroygroupboundariesandusedtocreat,evokeor

changeinterpersonalrelationswiththeirrightsandobligations.

2．Describethefollowingconsonantswithfeatures.(6pointseach,0.5

pointsbeachfeature)

Example:/p/[+plosive,+bilabial,-voice]

(1)/m/

【答案】[+bilabial,+nasals,+voice]

(2)/w/

【答案】[+approximants,+continuant,+voice]

(3)/?/

【答案】[+fricatives,+postalveolars,-voice]

(4)/g/

【答案】[+stops,+velars,+voice]

3．Describethefollowingvowelswithfeatures.(6points,0.5pointeach

feature)

Example:/i/[+front,+high,-round]

(1)/e/

【答案】[+front,+mid,-round]

(2)/a/

【答案】[+central,+mid,+round]

(3)/?/

【答案】[+back,+mid,+round]

(4)/u/

【答案】[+back,+high,+round]

4．Useatree-diagramtorepresentthesyllabicstructureofthefollowing

word:spell

【答案】

5．Whyisthefollowingsyllableimpossible?(5points)

*/wkitl/

【答案】Accordingtothestructureofthesyllable,asyllablecanbedivided

intotwoparts,therhymeandtheonset.Asthevowelwithintherhymeisthe

nucleus,theconsonant(s)afteritwillbetermedthecoda.Allsyllablesmust

haveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.Thissyllable

consistsofaonsetwithtwoconsonants/w/and/k/,anucleus/i/andacoda

withtwoconsonants/t/and/l/.Ifwejustanalyzethisstructure,itseemsthat

thissyllableisnormal.However,whenconsideringthepronunciation,/w/is

abilabialapproximatewhile/k/isavelarstop.Normally,theplacesofthe

consonantsareinversedwhichismucheasierwhenpronouncing.Butinthis

syllable,itwouldbehardtochangetheplacefrombilabialtopalatal,sothis

syllableisimpossibleinthisrespect.

6．Whatdospeecherrorsshowintermsofphonology?(5points)

【答案】

(1)Phonologicalerrorsmainlyincludedarticulatoryclumsiness,whereas

otherformsofphonologicalerrorswerenotanalyzed,sinceasystematic

differentiationofinaccuraciesduetothespeaker’saccentandlackof

knowledgeofphonologicalformsoflexicalentriescouldpotentiallycause

seriousproblems.Forexample:hismother,hismothererer,sanga/lole/

lullabyander,thryfellasleep.

(2)Aspiration.Pitvs.spit.Theformer[p]isaspirated,butthelatterisnot.

Sometimespeoplepronouncetheminthesameway.

7．Whatisthesemanticrelationshipbetweenthefollowingwords?(5

points)

lion,creature,animal,dog

【答案】Theyarehyponymy.

8．Whatisthedifferencebetweenserial-autonomousprocessingmodelsand

parallel-interactiveprocessingmodels?(5points)

【答案】Serial-autonomousaccountsofprocessingmaintainsthatthese

decisionsaretakeninsequence,withalldecisionsofacertaintypebeing

takenbeforedecisionsofthenexttype.Furthermore,informationwhichmay

beavailableonthebasisoflaterdecisionscannotinformearlierdecisions.

Thealternative,parallel-interactiveapproachtakestheoppositeperspective

inprinciple,informationrelevanttoanydecisionisavailableatanypointin

processing,andthereisnoplaceforastrictlyorderedsetofsub-processes.

9．Drawtreediagramsofthefollowingsentences.(12points,4pointseach)

(1)WeItaliansdoloveoperas.

(2)Whatwouldyousay?

(3)Johnwasdefeated.

【答案】

10．Explainwhythefollowingsentencesareungrammaticalintermsofthe

bindingtheory.(9points,3pointseach)

(1)*Billlikeshim.

【答案】Pronounsdifferfromanaphorsinthattheydonotrequirealocal

antecedent,althoughtheymayhaveanon-localonewhichshowsupeitherin

therootclauseasonepossibleinterpretationoronethatisinthediscourse,as

shownintheexample.“him”meanssomeothermaleperson,butnotBill.

Butinthissentence,himreferstoBillsoitisungrammatical.

(2)*Billlikeshimself.

【答案】ReflexivepronounsaredependentonR-expressionsorpronouns

forreference(interpretation).Theyareanaphoricexpressionsoranaphors.

AnanaphormustgetitsreferencefromadependentDP--theanaphorandthe

dependentDPbearthesameindex;theyareco-indexed.Theco-indexation

meansthatthereferenceofananaphorisinterpretedviaasetoffeaturessuch

asperson,number,gender,containedinthedependentDP.Inthissentence,

“himself”and“Bill”arenotthesamepersonsothatco-indexedarenot

realizedandthesentenceisungrammatical.

(3)*HethinksBilllikesJohn.

【答案】Anreferentialexpressionreferstoanentityintheworld(areal

wordorapossibleworldinthemindofthespeaker).AnR-expressioncannot

haveanantecedentintheclausethatcontainsit.Thereisnoco-indexation

betweenthethreeDPs(he,Bill,andJohn).

11．ExplaintheungrammaticallyofthefollowingsentencesintermsofGB

framework.(9points,3pointseach)

(1)*Itriedshetohithim.

【答案】ThinsentenceshowsGovernmentrelation.Governmentisatypeof

controlovertheformofsomewordsbyotherwordsincertainsyntactic

constructions.Itisarelationshipinwhichawordofcertainclassdetermines

theformofothersintermsofcertaincategory.“tried”controlsovertheform

of“she”.Sothat“she”shouldbetransformedinto“her”.

(2)*Ilikedverymuchhim.

【答案】“l(fā)ike”controlsover“him”not“verymuch”,so“him”shouldbe

putbefore“verymuch”.

(3)*WhodoyouwonderJohnlikes?

【答案】“Like”controlsover“who”soitshouldbechangedinto“whom”.

12．Whatisthedifferencebetweenerrorsandmistakes?(5points)

【答案】Mistakereferstoaperformanceerrorthatiseitherarandomguess

ora“slip”,inthatitisafailuretoutilizeaknownsystemcorrectly.All

peoplemakemistakes,inbothnativeandsecondlanguagesituations.Itisnot

theresultofadeficiencyincompetencebuttheresultofsomesortof

breakdownorimperfectionintheprocessofproducingspeech.Errorisa

noticeabledeviationfromtheadultgrammarofanativespeaker,reflecting

theinterlanguagecompetenceofthelearner.Itrevealsaportionofalearner’s

competenceinthetargetlanguage.

13．Listfoursocialfactorsrelatingtosecondlanguageacquisition.(4

points)

【答案】gender,age,languagepolicy,attitude,motivation.

14．Whatisageneraldifferenceinpurposebetweencaretakertalkand

foreignertalk?(4points)

【答案】Whencaretakersspeaktoyoungchildrenwhoareintheprocessof

acquiringtheirL1,theytypicallyadjusttheirspeechinanumberofways.

Theregisterthatresultshasbeenreferredtovariouslyas“baby-talk”,

“motherese”,“caretakertalk”.Caretakersadjusttheirspeechformallysothat

theinputthatchildrenreceiveisbothclearerandlinguisticallysimplerthen

thespeechtheyaddresstootheradults.Theforeignertalkisusedbynative

speakerswhencommunicatingwithnon-nativespeakers.Foreignertalk

displaysmanyofthecharacteristicsofcaretakertalk.Whennativespeakers

addresslearners,theyadjusttheirnormalspeechinordertofacilitate

understanding.Theseadjustments,whichinvolvebothlanguageformand

languagefunction,constitute“foreignertalk”.Nativespeakermodifications

aremorefrequentintwo-waycommunicationbecauseconversationprovides

thenativespeakerwithfeedbackfromthelearnerandthusenableshimto

estimatetheamountofadjustmentrequired.Itcansignalspeakers’attitude

towardstheirinterlocutors.Itcanteachthetargetlanguageimplicitly.

15．Whatisthemaindifferencebetweencognitiveandmentalistaccountsof

languagelearning?(5points)

【答案】cognitivetheoryisalearningtheoryofpsychologythatattemptsto

explainhumanbehaviorbyunderstandingthethoughtprocesses.Itconsiders

thestudentsastheprinciplepartandexplainslearningtakesplaceinthe

mind,notinthebehavior.Itisconcernedwiththewayinwhichthehuman

mindthinksandlearns.Itregardslanguagelearningnotasahumanbehavior,

butasaninternallinguistic-processingabilityofhumanindividual.

Mentalismbelievesthatahumanbeingpossessesamindwhichhas

consciousness,ideas,etc,andthatthemindcaninfluencethebehaviorofthe

body.

16．Explainanyfiveoutofthefollowingstrategies.(10points)

(1)AdvancedOrganizers

【答案】Previewingthemainideasandconceptsofthematerialtobe

learned,oftenbyskimmingthetextfortheorganizingprinciple.

(2)DirectedAttention

【答案】Decidinginadvancetoattendingeneraltoalearningtaskandto

ignoreirrelevantdistracters.

(3)DelayedProduction

【答案】Deliberatelypostponingspeakingsothatonemaylearnby

listening.

(4)Resourcing

【答案】Usingtargetlanguagereferencematerialssuchasdictionaries,

encyclopedias,ortextbook.

(5)Grouping

【答案】Classifyingwords,terminology,orconceptsaccordingtotheir

attributesormeaning.

(6)Deduction

【答案】Applyingrulestounderstandorproducethesecondlanguageor

makinguprulesbasedonanalysis.

(7)KeyWord

【答案】Rememberinganewwordinthesecondlanguageby:(1)identifya

familiarwordinthefirstlanguagethatsoundslikeorotherwiseresemblesthe

newword,and(2)generatingeasilyrecalledimagessomerelationshipwith

thefirstlanguagehomonymandthenewwordinthesecondlanguage.

(8)Elaboration

【答案】Relatingnewinformationtopriorknowledge,relatingdifferent

partsofnewinformationtoeachother,ormakingmeaningfulpersonal

associationswiththenewinformation.

17．WhatarethethreebroadtypesofdatainSLAresearch?Howtocollect

them?(10points)

【答案】

(1)Descriptive,evolutionaryanddevelopmental.

(2)Researchinthefieldofsecondlanguageacquisitionusebothquantitative

andqualitativeresearchdesignsandmethods.Somestudiesalsousea

combinationofbothapproaches,thesearecalledmixedmethodsstudies.

Collectingmultipledatausingqualitativeandquantitativemethodsmeans

thattheresultingmixtureislikelytoresultincomplementarystrengthsand

nonoverlappingweakness.

Qualitativeresearchisconcernedwithprovidingdescriptionsofphenomena

thatoccurnaturally,withouttheinterventionofanexperimentoran

artificiallycontrivedtreatment.Qualitativemethodsoriginallydevelopedin

thefieldsofanthropologyandsociology.

2005年天津師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院479語言學(xué)與語言習(xí)得考研真題及詳解

1．Explainthefollowingterms.Ifnecessary,illustrateyouranswerwith

examples.(45points,3pointsforeachterm)

(1)BehavioristLearningTheory

【答案】BehavioristLearningTheoryisbasedonastimulus-response

theoryofpsychology,andproposedbybehavioralpsychologistSkinner.He

suggestedthatlanguageisalsoaformofbehavior.Itcanbelearnedthesame

wayasananimalistrainedtorespondtostimuli.Thistheoryoflearningis

referredtoasbehaviorism.

(2)CommunicativeCompetence

【答案】CommunicativeCompetenceincludesboththeknowledgeabout

thelanguageandtheknowledgeabouthowtousethelanguageappropriately

incommunicativesituations.Speakersnotonlyhavetoknowfunctional

meaningofthelanguagebutalsothesocialcontextwherethemessageis

given.Itincludesfivecomponents,namely,linguisticcompetence,pragmatic

competence,discoursecompetence,strategiccompetence,andfluency.

(3)Creole

【答案】Whenapidgindevelopsbeyonditsroleasatradelanguageand

becomesthefirstlanguageofasocialcommunity,itbecomesacreole.The

processbywhichapidginbecomesacreoleiscalledcreolization.

(4)CriticalPeriodHypothesis

【答案】CriticalPeriodHypothesisstatesthatthefirstfewyearsoflifeis

thecrucialtimeinwhichanindividualcanacquirealanguageifpresented

withadequatestimuliandafterthisperiod,furtherlanguageacquisition

becomesmoredifficultandeffortful.

(5)Fossilizaion

【答案】Inlinguistics,fossilizationusuallyreferstointerlanguage

fossilization,aphenomenonofsecondlanguageacquisition(SLA)inwhich

secondlanguagelearnersdevelopandretainalinguisticsystem,or

interlanguage,thatisself-containedanddifferentfromboththelearner’sfirst

languageandthetargetlanguage.

(6)IllocutionaryAct

【答案】IllocutionaryActisoneoftheactsAustinproposedinhisSpeech

ActTheory,whichisanactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention.Itistheact

performedinsayingsomething.

(7)LAD

【答案】LADisahypotheticalmoduleofthehumanmindpositedto

accountforchildren’sinnatepredispositionforlanguageacquisition.This

theoryassertsthathumansarebornwiththeinstinctor“innatefacility”for

acquiringlanguage.

(8)Markedness

【答案】Markednessistermwhichoriginatedinlinguistics,isthestateof

standingoutasunusualordifficultincomparisontoamorecommonor

regularform.Itisthecharacteristicsofa“normal”linguisticunit(i.e.the

unmarkedterm)comparedtotheunit’spossible“irregular”forms(i.e.the

markedterm).

(9)GenerativeGrammar

【答案】Byagenerativegrammar,Chomskysimplymeans“asystemof

rulesthatinsomeexplicitandwell-definedwayassignsstructural

descriptionstosentences”.Hearguesthateveryspeakerofalanguagehas

masteredandinternalizedagenerativegrammarthatexpresseshisknowledge

ofhislanguage.

(10)ExtendedProjectionPrinciple

【答案】TheExtendedProjectionPrinciple(EPP)isalinguistichypothesis

aboutthesubjects.ItwasproposedbyNoamChomskyasanaddendumto

theProjectionPrinciple.ThebasicideaoftheEPPisthatclausesmust

containaNPorDPinthesubjectposition.

(11)MaximalOnsetPrinciple

【答案】MaximalOnsetPrinciplestatesthat“wheretwosyllablesaretobe

divided,anyconsonantsbetweenthemshouldbeattachedtoright-hand

syllable,nottheleft,assoonaspossible.”Inotherwords,consonantsshould

beorganizedintotheonsetofafollowingsyllablewithoutviolatingthe

phonotacticconstraints.

(12)Complementizer

【答案】Inlinguisticsespeciallyingenerativegrammar,complementizeris

alexicalcategory(partofspeech)thatincludesthosewordsthatcanbeused

toturnaclauseintothesubjectorobjectofasentence.

(13)Surperordinate

【答案】Superordinateistheupperterminthehyponymyrelationthatis

meaninginclusivenessoramatterofclassmembershipanditisoppositeto

thelowertermthatiscalledhyponyms.Asuperordinateusuallyhasseveral

hyponymsandthemembersofthesameclassareco-hyponyms.

(14)EmptyCategories

【答案】Inlinguistics,theEmptyCategoryPrinciplewasproposedinNoam

Chomsky’ssyntacticframeworkofgovernmentandbindingtheory.TheECP

issupposedtobeauniversalsyntacticconstraintthatrequirescertaintypesof

emptycategories,namelytraces,tobeproperlygoverned.ECPisaprinciple

oftransformationalgrammarbywhichtracesmustbevisible.

(15)BindingPrinciples

【答案】Inlinguistics,bindingisthedistributionofanaphoricelements

(pronounsandotherpro-forms).Apronoun(a“bindee”)usuallyhasan

antecedent(a“binder”)incontext.Thegoalofbindingtheoryistoidentify

thesyntacticrelationshipthatcanormustholdbetweenagivenpronounor

nounanditsantecedent(orpostcedent).

2．Identifythefollowingphonemes.(18points,3pointsforeachitem)

Example:[+plosive,+bilabial,-voice]

Answer:/p/

(1)[+plosive,+alveolar,-voice]

【答案】/t/

(2)[+fricative,+alveolar,+voice]

【答案】/z/

(3)[+nasal,+velar,+voice]

【答案】/?/

(4)[+plosive,+velar,-voice]

【答案】/k/

(5)[+back,-midopen,+unrounded]

【答案】/?/

(6)[+front,+high,+unrounded]

【答案】/i/

3．Explainthemeaningofthefollowingphonologicalrule.(5points)

【答案】Accordingtothisrule,/p,t,k/([-voiced,-cont])areall

unaspirated([-asp])after[s]andaspirated([+asp])inallotherpositions.

4．Useatree-diagramtorepresentthesyllabicstructureofthefollowing

word.(5points)

word:central

【答案】

5．MatcheachexpressionunderAwiththeonestatementunderBthat

characterizesit.(5points)

A

a.boys

b.cowboy

c.aboy

d.boyhood

e.naughtyboy

1．compoundnoun

2.rootmorphemeplusderivationalprefix

3．phraseconsistingofadjectiveplusnoun

4．rootmorphemeplusinflectionalsuffix

5．rootmorphemephisderivationalsuffix

6．grammaticalmorphemefollowedbylexicalmorpheme

【答案】a--4;b--1;c--6;d--5;e--3.

6．Whatdoeseachofthefollowingsentencesentail?(9points.3pointsfor

eachsentence)

(1)Johnmanagedtosendtheletter.

【答案】Thissentenceentailsthat“Johnhasalreadysenttheletter”.

(2)Johngot10percentonallhisexampapers.

【答案】Thissentenceentailsthat“EveryexampapersofJohngot10per

cent”.

(3)Smithdoesn’tknowthatBillisastudent.

【答案】Thissentenceentailsthat“Billisastudent”.

7．ThefollowingaresomeformsinChickasaw.Chickasawisanendangered

language,whichisspokeninsouth-centralOklahoma.(16points.2pointsfor

eachitem)

A.Whatisthemorphemetomeanthefollowing?

(1)tobetall

【答案】chaaha

(2)tobehungry

【答案】hopoba

(3)pasttense

【答案】tok

(4)I

【答案】Sa

(5)You

【答案】Chi

B.IftheChickasawrootfor“tobeold”issipokni,howwouldyousay?

(6)Youareold

【答案】Chisipokni

(7)Hewasold

【答案】Sipoknitok

(8)Theyareold

【答案】Hoosipokni

8．DrawTreeDiagramsoftheFollowingSentences.(10points.5pointsfor

eachtree)

(1)Heistryingtosolvetheproblem.

【答案】

(2)Whodoyouthinkwillborrowthebook?

【答案】

9．Explainwhythefollowingsentencesareungrammaticalintermsof

generativegrammar.(8points.2pointsforeachsentence)

(1)*HelikesBill.

【答案】ReflexivepronounsaredependentonR-expressionsorpronouns

forreference(interpretation).Theyareanaphoricexpressionsoranaphors.

AnanaphormustgetitsreferencefromadependentDP--theanaphorandthe

dependentDPbearthesameindex;theyareco-indexed.Theco-indexation

meansthatthereferenceofananaphorisinterpretedviaasetoffeaturessuch

asperson,number,gendercontainedinthedependentDP.“He”and“Bill”

arethesameperson,sothat“Bill”needstobechangedinto“himself”.

(2)*WhatdidSamBelievetheclaimthatMaryhadbought?

【答案】Ingenerativegrammar,thissentenceisregardedasungrammatical

becausethattheword“believe”expressesthemeaning“tobesurethat

somethingistrueorthatsomeoneistellingthetruth”,sothereisnoreason

askingSam’sattitudetowardtheclaimMaryhadboughtsince“believe”has

alreadyshowshisattitude.Thusthissentenceisungrammatical.

(3)*BillreadMary’snovelabouthimself.

【答案】ReflexivepronounsaredependentonR-expressionsorpronouns

forreference(interpretation).Theyareanaphoricexpressionsoranaphors.

AnanaphormustgetitsreferencefromadependentDP--theanaphorandthe

dependentDPbearthesameindex;theyareco-indexed.Theco-indexation

meansthatth