高考英語語法必備

1.主謂一致主謂一致：謂語動(dòng)詞在人稱上和主語保持一致（語法一致、意義一致、就近一致）（1）語法一致：主語和謂語從語法形式上取得一致1.單數(shù)主語是單數(shù)形式，謂語也采取單數(shù)形式；主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語必須采取復(fù)數(shù)形式Agrammarbookhelpsyoulearnsomethingabouttherulesofalanguage.Grammarbookshelpyoulearnsomethingabouttherulesofalanguage.不定式，動(dòng)名詞，以及從句作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)Readingoftenmeanslearning.讀書常意味是學(xué)習(xí).ToreadEnglishaloudeverymorningdoesyoualotofgood.每天早晨朗讀英語有許多好處.Whathesaidhasbeenrecorded.他說的話已被錄音了.each,either,neither,one,theother,another,some,any,every和no等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合短語，如（somebody,someone,something,anyone,anything,anybody,everyone,everything,everybody,noone,nothing,nobody）在句子中做主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)Neitherlikesthefriendsoftheother.Everythingaroundusismatterneitherof與eitherof結(jié)構(gòu)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)Neitherofthemwasingoodhealth,butbothworkedveryhard.aseriesof,akindof,oneof等結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)看作單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).Aseriesofhightechnologyproductshasbeenlaidoutintheexhibition.Akindofroseinthegardensmellsverypleasant.Oneofthosestudentshaspassedtheexamination.由morethanone(或morethanone+單數(shù)名詞)，manya+單數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。Morethanonestudenthaspassedtheexamination.Manyaboylearnstoswimbeforehecanread.由aswellas,with,alongwith,like,togetherwith,ratherthan,except,but,including,accompaniedby,plus,besides,inadditionto,nolessthan等引起的結(jié)構(gòu)跟在主語后面，不能看作是并列主語，該主語不受這些詞組引導(dǎo)的插入語的影響，主語如是單數(shù)，其謂語動(dòng)詞仍然用單數(shù)Mymother,aswellasmyfather,hasakeytotheoffice.NobodybutAmywantstogotoschool.ThemantogetherwithhiswifeandchildrensitstherewatchingTV.Hissisternolessthanyouiswrong.Thereadingcoursebook,plusitsreferencebooks,ishelpfultocollegestudents.2.視情況而定由allof,mostof,alotof,someof,noneof,plentyof,therest等+名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單數(shù)形式應(yīng)與名詞一致。Noneofthebookssatisfythestudents.Noneofthismeatisfittoeat.Alloftheresearchworkwasdesignedbythechiefengineer.Allofthestudentsareagainsttheplanforanoutingatthistimeoftheterm.plentyof,halfof,alotof,lotsof,heapsof,loadsof,scadsof等+可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，不可數(shù)名詞的謂語只用單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞的謂語視可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。1）Halfofthisbuildingistobecompletedbyspring.2）Halfofthebuildingshavebeenpaintedcompletely.3）Thereisplentyofwaterinthepail.4）Thereareplentyofeggsinthebox.5）Thereisloadsofmilkonthefarm.6）Thereareloadsofbigredapplesontheground.由themajorityof+名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞視名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定。1)Themajorityofthedamageiseasytorepair.2)Themajorityofcriminalsarenon-violent.3.?？紅henumberof（……的數(shù)量），謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；anumberof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)Thenumberofprintingmistakesinsomerecentbooksoftensurprisespeopleeventodeath.Anumberofstudentsareplantingtreesonthehill.Agreat/large/smallquantityof：其謂語的數(shù)原則上與其中的名詞的數(shù)保持一致(large)quantitiesof…：當(dāng)它用作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞一律用復(fù)數(shù)Thereareasmallquantityofapplesinthehouse.房子里有少量的蘋果。Alargequantityoffoodwasonthetable.大量的食物擺在桌上。Greatquantitiesofmilkareneededinthiscity.Oneof：“oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句”中，定語從句一般被看成修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞，因此該從句的謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式；在“theonlyoneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句”中，定語從句?？闯尚揎梿螖?shù)名詞，從句謂語用單數(shù)形式。Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthathaveappearedthisyear.Hewastheonlyoneoftheboyswhowasgivenaprize.And與主謂一致1.如果and連接的是兩個(gè)單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞且兩個(gè)名詞前均有冠詞，就意味著是兩個(gè)不同的人或物，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。Thedirectorandthesecretarywerepresentatthemeeting.2.如果and連接的兩個(gè)單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞中，前一個(gè)有冠詞，后一個(gè)無冠詞，就意味著是同一個(gè)人或物，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Apainteranddecoratorwaspaintingthewallsofthehouse.3.如果and連接的兩個(gè)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞且前面均無冠詞，并且表示一個(gè)事物或一個(gè)概念，則謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；如果兩個(gè)名詞表示的是兩個(gè)事物或兩個(gè)概念，則謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Courageandresolutionarethespiritansoulofviture.勇氣和決心是品德的精神和靈魂。Thisbreadandbutteristoobig.這塊涂了黃油的面包太大了。4.awatchandchain（安上表鏈的表），aneedleandthread（串了線的針），aknifeandfork（刀叉），alockandkey（帶鑰匙的鎖），saltandwater，acoatandtie等在句中做主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Aneedleandthreadhasbeenfoundonthefloor.5.如果and連接的兩個(gè)名詞前面都有each，every，manya，no等限制性詞語修飾，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如果第二個(gè)名詞前面的修飾詞省略，也應(yīng)該用單數(shù)。Everyminuteandeverysecondisprecioustous.Manyaboyandmanyagirlhasreadthatnovel.DuringtheChristmasseason,everytrainandairlinerwascroweded.All與主謂一致1.如果all用于修飾名詞，那么其單復(fù)數(shù)意義與所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)一致。如：Allmoneyisspent.所有錢都花光了。Allpeopleareatlibertytoexpresshisopinion.所有人都可以發(fā)表自己的意見。2.如果用于allof…，那么其單復(fù)數(shù)意義與allof后的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)一致。如：Allofmyfriendslikeeatingcake.我的朋友大都喜歡吃蛋糕。Allofthebreadwasstale.所有的面包都不新鮮了。3.如果all單獨(dú)使用，那么其單復(fù)數(shù)意義與本身的意思有關(guān)，即當(dāng)all指人時(shí)，表復(fù)數(shù)意義；若指事物或現(xiàn)象，表單數(shù)意義。如：Oh,dear,allisup.哦，天呀，一切都完了。Allareequalbeforethelaw.法律面前，人人平等。比較：Allissilent.萬籟俱寂(指現(xiàn)象)。Allaresilent.人人都沉默不語(指具體的人)。（2）意義一致1.有些集合名詞如crowd,family,team,orchestra（管弦樂隊(duì)）,group,government,committee,class,school,union,firm,staff,public等，它們作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)語言內(nèi)容而定。如果它們作為一個(gè)集體單位時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，如就其中的各個(gè)成員來說，則謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：1）Hisfamilyisgoingtomove.2）Hisfamilyareverywell.注：如這類詞后跟有定語從句時(shí)，定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞也遵循概念一致的原則，強(qiáng)調(diào)具體成員時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞用who;強(qiáng)調(diào)整體時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞用which。例如：1）Thegovernmentwhowereresponsibleforthiseventattemptedtofindasolution.2）Thegovernmentwhichwasresponsibleforthiseventattemptedtofindasolution.2.有些表示總稱意義的名詞，形式上是單數(shù)，而意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如people,police,militia,cattle,poultry（家禽）等。例如：1）Cattlewereallowedtograzeonthevillagecommon.2）Thepolicearesearchingforatalldarkmanwithabeard.3.有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，而意義上卻是單數(shù)。如news,means,works.還有許多以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱，如economics,physics,mechanics,politics等，它們作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：1）Politicsisacomplicatedbusiness.2）Hereisthenews.4.表示時(shí)間、價(jià)格、重量、度量、數(shù)目、長度的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)形式。例如：1)Twentymilesisalongwaytowalk.2)Threepintsisn’tenoughtogetmedrunk.3)Fourweeksareoftenapproximatelyregardedasonemonth.4)Eightydollarsareenoughforastudenttospendonfoodforoneweek.5.國家、單位和書報(bào)的名稱，作為一個(gè)單一的概念，其謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：1）WarandPeaceisthelongestbookI’veread.2）GeneralMotorshasrecentlycloseddownaplant.(通用汽車公司最近關(guān)閉了一家工廠。)6.the+形容詞作主語時(shí)，如主語指的是一類人，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果指的是單個(gè)人或抽象概念，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如：1)Theblindaretaughttradesinspecialschools.2)Thedeparted（死者）wasagoodfriendofhis.(3)就近原則1.由連詞or,neither…or,either…or,notonly…also,nor等連接的并列主語，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式按毗鄰一致的原則，與貼近它的主語一致。例如：1)Heoryouhavetakenmypen.2)Eitheryouorheisnotellingthetruth.3)Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwiringhasbeenchanged.2.在therebe的結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一般也采取就近原則。例如：1)Thereisadeskandfourbenchesintheoffice.2)Therearetwochairsandadeskintheoffice.2.名詞性從句2.1賓語從句賓語從句（主句+引導(dǎo)詞+簡單句）可以作及物動(dòng)詞、介詞（worryabout,thinkabout,findout）及形容詞(sorry,sure,afraid,glad)的賓語。如：Hetoldmethathewasbornin1998.Theyfoundoutwhobrokethewindow.I’msorrythatIdon’tknow.引導(dǎo)詞ThatIthinkthatheisacleverboy.Whether,ifSheaskedmeif/whethertheboycoulddrawahorse.只能用whether，不能用if的情況：與不定式todo連用Idon’tknowwhethertostayathome.做介詞的賓語Theoldmanisworriedaboutwhethertheycanfindoutthethief.Whether引導(dǎo)的從句放在句首Whetherwecanarrivethereontime,Iamnotsure.Whether…ornot固定結(jié)構(gòu)IwanttoknowwhetherwecangoskatingpnSaturdayoronSunday.疑問代詞（what,who,whom,which,whose）和疑問副詞（when,where,how,why）Iknowwhatyouwanttosay.Idon’trememberwhenwearrived.帶how的詞組，howmany,howmuch,howsoon,howlong,howoftenCouldyoutellushowmuchthepiturecosts?Whoever,whichever,whateverWhoever=anybodywhoWhatever=anythingthatWhichever=thepersonorthethingthat語序賓語從句的語序是陳述句語序即：連接代詞/副詞+主語+謂語+其他成分。即：連接代詞/副詞+陳述句語序。例句如下：Idon’tknowwhattheyarelookingfor.Couldyoutellmewhenthetrainwillleave?Canyouimaginewhatkindofmanheis?時(shí)態(tài)主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句根據(jù)實(shí)際情況使用任何時(shí)態(tài)。例句：Theheadmasterhopeseverythinggoeswell.主句是一般過去時(shí)，從句須用過去時(shí)態(tài)的某種形式。例句：Shewassorrythatshehadn’tfinishedherworkontime.當(dāng)賓語從句表示的是一個(gè)客觀真理或者事實(shí)真理時(shí)，即使主句是過去時(shí)，從句也用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。例句：Theteachertoldhisclassthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.2.2主語從句在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語成分的句子叫做主語從句(關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡單句)。(1)從屬連詞that（從句里不缺成分時(shí)用that）。如：Thattheywereintruthsisterswasclearfromthefacialresemblancebetweenthem.很明顯，她們確是親姐妹，她們的臉型很相似。(2)從屬連詞whether。如：Whetherhe’llcomehereisn’tclear.他是否會(huì)來這里還不清楚。(3)連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever；連接副詞where,when,how,why。如：Whatshedidisnotyetknown.她干了什么尚不清楚。Howthishappenedisnotcleartoanyone.這事怎樣發(fā)生的，誰也不清楚。Whoevercomesiswelcome.不論誰來都?xì)g迎。Whereveryouareismyhome----myonlyhome.你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。形式主語1.主語從句能用it作形式上的主語。常以it作形式主語的句型有：A.It+be+形容詞(obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny,possible,likely,certain,probable,etc.)+that從句。如：Itiscertainthatshewilldowellinherexam.毫無疑問她考試成績會(huì)很好。Itisprobablethathetoldhereverything.很可能他把一切都告訴她了。B.It+be+名詞詞組(nowonder,anhonour,agoodthing,apity,nosurprise,etc.)+that從句。如：It’sapitythatwecan’tgo.很遺憾我們不能去。It’snosurprisethatourteamshouldhavewonthegame.我們沒贏這場比賽真意外。C.It+be+過去分詞(said,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced,arranged,etc.)+that從句。如：ItissaidthatMr.GreenhasarrivedinBeijing.據(jù)說格林先生已經(jīng)到了北京。ItisreportedthatChinahassentanotherman-madeearthsatelliteintoorbit.據(jù)報(bào)道中國又成功地發(fā)射了一顆人造地球衛(wèi)星。D.It+seem,happen等不及物動(dòng)詞及短語+that從句。如：ItseemsthatAliceisnotcomingtothepartyatall.Alice似乎不來參加晚會(huì).IthappenedthatIwasoutthatday.碰巧我那天外出了。E.It+doesn’tmatter(makesnodifference,etc.)+連接代詞或連接副詞引起的主語從句。如：Itdoesn’tmatterwhethershewillcomeornot.她是否來這無關(guān)緊要。Itmakesnodifferencewhereweshallhavethemeeting.我們在哪里開會(huì)毫無區(qū)別。2.3表語從句表語從句放在連系動(dòng)詞之后，充當(dāng)復(fù)合句中的表語。(關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡單句)1.可接表語從句的連系動(dòng)詞有be，look，seem，sound，appear等。例句：Atthattime，itseemedasifIcouldn'tthinkoftherightword.當(dāng)時(shí)，我似乎怎么也想不出一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)淖盅蹃怼?.從屬連詞whether，as，asif/though引導(dǎo)的表語從句。例句：Itsoundsasifsomeoneisknockingatthedoor.聽起來好像有人在敲門。3.because，why引導(dǎo)的表語從句。例句：That'swhyhegotangrywithme.那正是他對我生氣的原因。(That'swhy…強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果)注意：what引導(dǎo)的主語從句表示結(jié)果或名詞reason作主語時(shí)，后面的表語從句表示原因時(shí)要用that引導(dǎo)，不宜用because。4.連接代詞who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever連接副詞where，when，how，why例句：Theproblemiswhowecangettoreplaceher.問題是我們能找到誰去替換她呢。5.從屬連詞that例句：ThetroubleisthatIhavelosthisaddress.麻煩是我把他的地址丟了。6.使用虛擬語氣的表語從句在表示建議、勸告、命令含義的名詞后的表語從句，謂語動(dòng)詞需用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”表示，should可省略。常見的詞有：advice，suggestion，order，proposal，plan，idea等。例句：Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)startearlytomorrow.我的建議是我們明天一早就出發(fā)。2.4同位語從句在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)同位語的從句，同位語從句用來對其前面名詞進(jìn)行解釋說明。一般情況下同位語從句跟在某些名詞(如news,idea,fact,promise,hope,message等)的后面，用以說明該名詞所表達(dá)的具體內(nèi)容。由that，whether引導(dǎo)Wearesurprisedatthefactthatthechildrendiditallontheirown.Ihavenoideawhetherweshouldsendtheequipmenttothem.注：在名詞doubt“懷疑”后的同位語從句用whether連接；在nodoubt“不懷疑”之后的同位語從句用that連接。例如：Wehavesomedoubtwhethertheycancompletethetaskontime.我們懷疑他們是否能準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成任務(wù)。ThereisnodoubtthatZhangWeiwillkeephispromise.我們相信張偉會(huì)守信的。由連接代詞（who,what,whose,which）和連接副詞(when,where,why,how)引導(dǎo)Thequestionwhomyhelpusisnotclear.Theyarosethequestionwhereweweretogetthemachinesneeded.在suggestion,advice,request,order等意為“建議；命令；要求”的名詞后，同位語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞通常用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”的虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)，句中的should可以省略。例如：Ourteachergaveussomeadvicehowwe(should)usethecomputer.老師給我們提出了一些如何使用電腦的建議。Thesuggestioncamefromthechairmanthatthenewrule(should)beadopted.采納新規(guī)則的建議是主席提出來的。hegovernmentgavetheorderthatallthesehouses(should)bepulleddowninthreeweeks.政府下令三個(gè)星期內(nèi)所有這些房子都要拆掉。同位語從句的固定句型Thereisnodoubtthat…毫無疑問Thereisnodenyingthat…無可否認(rèn)Thereisachancethat…有可能Thereisanopportunitythat…有可能Thereisapossibilitythat…有可能Thereisnopossibilitythat…沒可能3.形容詞性從句（定語從句）修飾名詞或者代詞的從句叫做定語從句。被修飾的名詞或者代詞叫先行詞；定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞叫關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞&關(guān)系副詞）；定語從句分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句（前有逗號隔開）。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有：thatwhichwhowhomwhoseas關(guān)系副詞有：whenwherewhy1.that與which在指代物時(shí)的用法區(qū)別that和which都可以引導(dǎo)先行詞為物的定語從句，但是用法有區(qū)別：(1)只能用that的情況a.先行詞為everything，all，little，much等不定代詞時(shí)；b.先行詞被all，every，no，any，some，little，much，one修飾時(shí)；c.先行詞被theonly，thevery，thesame，thelast修飾時(shí)；d.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時(shí)；e.先行詞是be的表語或therebe的主語時(shí)；f.先行詞有人又有物時(shí)；g.當(dāng)主句是以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)。(2)只能用which的兩種情況a.非限定性定語從句中b.關(guān)系代詞前面有介詞時(shí)Galileobuiltatelescopethroughwhichhecouldstudytheskies.2．which與as的區(qū)別as和which都可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，三種情況下只能用as，不能用whicha.as置于句首引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)（Asweknow,…）b.as含有“正如”之意（…asweexpected）c.先行詞前有such,thesame修飾時(shí)（…suchaneasyquestionasthelittleboycananswer.）Asisoftenthecase等。3.who、whom、that的區(qū)別a.先行詞為指人的不定代詞時(shí)，如those或people時(shí)，常用關(guān)系代詞who,不用thatb.介詞之后用關(guān)系代詞whom引導(dǎo)定語從句c.當(dāng)先行詞是一個(gè)限定性的表示人的特定名詞時(shí)，不用that.如：Theauntwhocametoseeuslastweekismyfarther’syoungersister.4.whose用法“whose”表示誰（可以為人也可以為物）的（東西）例：Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.（“whoseparents”表示那個(gè)孩子的雙親）Helivesinaroomwhosewindowfacessouth.（“whose”表示那個(gè)房子的窗戶）whose表所屬關(guān)系指物時(shí)，可與ofwhich轉(zhuǎn)換，詞序一般是：名詞+ofwhichLookatthebuilding,theroofofwhich(=whoseroof)iswhite.5.介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句的用法a.介詞之后的關(guān)系代詞只能用which（先行詞為物）或者是whom（先行詞為人）b.介詞的選擇方法有三個(gè)原則：一“先”二“動(dòng)”三“意義”Ilostmypen,withwhichItooknotes.(先行詞為pen,使用鋼筆用with)Thisisthehouseinwhichhelives.(定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞live為不及物動(dòng)詞)Thegasisoxygenwithoutwhichwecan’tlive.(根據(jù)句意決定)6.先行詞為way時(shí)先行詞為way，在定語從句中作狀語時(shí)，用that，inwhich引導(dǎo)定語從句，也可以省略關(guān)系詞。e.g.Idon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)hespeakstohisparents.7.關(guān)系副詞when、where、when引導(dǎo)定語從句的具體用法①先行詞表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因時(shí)，在定語從句中作狀語，選擇相應(yīng)的關(guān)系副詞when、where、why引導(dǎo)定語從句。若其在定語從句中作主語或賓語，則選擇關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。區(qū)別三組例句：a.Thisistheplacewherehelives.a.Thisistheplacethat/whichhevisitedlastyear.b.Istillrememberthetimewhenmybrotherwasalittleboy.b.Istillrememberthetimethat/whichwespenttogether.c.Thisisthereasonwhyhewaslate.c.Thisisthereasonthat/whichhegaveus.②某些非地點(diǎn)時(shí)間名詞用定語從句修飾，關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語，由where引導(dǎo)定語從句（stage,case,point,situation,position）；同樣用法的還有occasion,由when引導(dǎo)定語從句。e.g.Icanthinkofmanycaseswherestudentsknowalotofwordsbutdon’twriteagoodessay.Therearemanyoccasionswhenpeopledon’tknowwhattheywant.8.定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該與先行詞保持一致。e.g.Anyonewhowantstohaveaholidayputsupyourhand.Thosewhowanttohaveaholidayputupyourhand.Thisisoneofthestudentswhohavepassedtheexam.Thisistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohaspassedtheexam.9.區(qū)分定語從句和其他句型①區(qū)別于簡單句和并列句Thereare70studentsinourclass,mostofwhomareboys.(定語從句)Thereare70studentsinourclass,andmostofthemareboys.（并列句）Thereare70studentsinourclass.Mostofthemareboys.（簡單句）②區(qū)別于強(qiáng)調(diào)句型Itisinthefactorythatheworks.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)Itisthefactorywhereheworks.（定語從句）③區(qū)別于同位語從句Thenewsthatshehadpassedtheexamexcitedus.（同位語從句：對名詞解釋說明）Thenewsthathetoldusexcitedus.（定語從句：對名詞修飾限定）④區(qū)別于狀語從句Doyouknowthetimewhentheclassisover?(定語從句，有先行詞)Let’splaygameswhentheclassisover.（時(shí)間狀語從句，無先行詞）Putthebookwhereitbelongs.(地點(diǎn)狀語從句，無先行詞)10.定語從句中關(guān)系詞的省略定語從句中，作賓語的關(guān)系代詞可以省略，介詞之后的關(guān)系代詞不可省略。Thisisthehousewhichhelivesin.(√)Thisisthehousehelivesin.(√)Thisisthehouseinwhichhelives.(√)Thisisthehouseinhelives.(×)4.副詞性從句（狀語從句）時(shí)間狀語從句1.需注意各種從屬連詞，尤其是比較容易引起錯(cuò)誤的搭配和不常使用的詞。如：hardly…when，nosooner…than，themoment，once，eachtime等。2.注意時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)：主將從現(xiàn)。3.注意While，when，as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句的差別。從句的謂語是短暫動(dòng)詞時(shí)，不能用while引導(dǎo)；as用于表示兩個(gè)動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)進(jìn)行，而且從句的動(dòng)詞不能是表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞（見例2）；as之后不能用分詞作狀語；從句的謂語是持續(xù)性的時(shí)候，三者可以互換（見例1）；when還可表示某事突然發(fā)生（見例3），此外不能用其他的詞代替。例1.When/While/AshewasinAustralia,helearnedtoplaytheguitar.例2.Asthedayswentby,sheknewmoreaboutherhometown.例3.Iwaslockingthedoorwhenthepostmancame.例4.When/Whilewaitingforhisturn,shepickedupamagazineandbeganbrowsingthroughit.原因狀語從句主要區(qū)別because,as，since的用法。because的語氣最強(qiáng)烈，用于回答why引起的問題；since和as用于雙方皆知的原因，一般放在句首，相對而言，since比as更正式一點(diǎn)；for引導(dǎo)的原因往往是一種補(bǔ)充說明，不用于句首，用逗號和前面的句子分開。結(jié)果狀語從句as和such的用法是一個(gè)難點(diǎn)，歸納如下：Sucha/an+adj.+singularnounSuch+adj.+pluralnounSuch+adj.+uncountablenounSo+adj.+a/an+singularnounSo+adj./adv.So+many/much/little/few+nounSuch+little(小)+noun目的狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞有：inorderthat,sothat,incase,forfearthat等。從句中的謂語常和may,might,can,could,should,would連用。當(dāng)主句和從句的主語一致時(shí)，可用inorderto和soasto加不定式來代替從句。條件狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞除了常用的if,unless,as/solongas之外，還有onconditionthat,providedthat,supposing,incase，ifonly。條件狀語從句和時(shí)間狀語從句一樣，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來時(shí)。尤其需要注意的是條件句可以是真實(shí)的或者虛擬的。如果是假設(shè)的條件，需要用虛擬語氣，在用虛擬語氣時(shí)，要特別注意錯(cuò)綜條件和省略條件的句子以及虛擬條件和真實(shí)情況混雜的句子。如：Ifyouhadtakenhisadvice,therewouldbenotroublenow.Butforthepolice,thewoundeddriverwouldhavelosthislife.Hewouldhavelentyouhisnewcaratthattime,butyouaresocarelessdriver.方式狀語從句要注意由asif/though引導(dǎo)的從句虛擬和陳述語氣的使用區(qū)別。Itseemsasiftheshipwillleavetheharborinaminute.(陳述)Thecheatsactedasiftheyhadbeenworkingveryhardthewholenight.(虛擬)讓步狀語從句要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1.though和although都不能和but連用。2.although一般在句首，而though還可以作并列連詞，（相當(dāng)于andyet）放在兩個(gè)分句之間用逗號分開。Shewantedtohaveanothertry,thoughshehadnochance.3.However,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever等在狀語從句中等同于nomatterhow/what/who/where/when,但在名詞性從句中不能等同。比較：Howeverdifficultthetaskmaybe,wewillfinishitwithinthetimegiven.=Nomatterhowdifficultthetaskmaybe,wewillfinishitwithinthetimegiven.Whateverhesays,Iwillnotchangemymind.=Nomatterwhathesays,Iwillnotchangemymind.Whateverhesaidinthecourtwaswrittendownbyasecretaryforlateruse.≠Nomatterwhathesaidinthecourtwaswrittendownbyasecretaryforlateruse.比較狀語從句1.比較的對象要平衡一致。Herhandwritingismorebeautifulthananybodyelse’sinherclass.2.從句中常常省略一些相同的成分。MyparentsdonotlovepopmusicasmuchasI(do).3.比較級常用表示程度的狀語有：much,still,far,alot,agreatdeal,threetimes,abit,rather,slightly等。狀語從句連接詞時(shí)間狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：when,as,while,assoonas(一……就……),while,before,after,since,till,until。特殊引導(dǎo)詞：theminute,themoment,thesecond,theday，theinstant,immediately,directly,nosooner…than,hardly…when,barely\scarcely…when(一……就……)，eachtime,thefirst（第一次）,lasttime。everytime（每次）地點(diǎn)狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：where。特殊引導(dǎo)詞：wherever,anywhere,everywhere原因狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：because,since,as,since。特殊引導(dǎo)詞：seeingthat,nowthat,inthat,consideringthat,giventhat,consideringthat,inasmuchas條件狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：if,unless,。特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as/solongas,onlyif,providing/providedthat,supposethat,incasethat,onconditionthat。讓步狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：though,although,evenif,eventhough。特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as(用在讓步狀語從句中必須要倒裝)，while(一般用在句首)，nomatter…，inspiteofthefactthat,while,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whichever。結(jié)果狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：so…that,so…that,such…that。特殊引導(dǎo)詞：suchthat,tothedegreethat,totheextentthat,tosuchadegreethat。方式狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：as,asif,how。特殊引導(dǎo)詞：theway目的狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：sothat,inorderthat。特殊引導(dǎo)詞：lest,incase,forfearthat，inthehopethat,forthepurposethat,totheendthat。比較狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：as(同級比較),than(不同程度的比較)。特殊引導(dǎo)詞：themore…themore…;justas…，so…;AistoBwhat/asXistoY;no…morethan;notAsomuchasB5.強(qiáng)調(diào)句概念：為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的某一成分（通常是主語、賓語、或狀語），常用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。1）強(qiáng)調(diào)句句型1.陳述句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：Itis/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分（通常是主語、賓語或狀語）+that/who（當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)主語且主語指人）+其他部分。e.g.ItwasyesterdaythathemetLiPing.2.一般疑問句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：同上，只是把is/was提到it前面。e.g.WasityesterdaythathemetLiPing？3.特殊疑問句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分（通常是疑問代詞或疑問副詞）+is/was+it+that/who+其他部分？e.g.Whenandwherewasitthatyouwereborn？4.強(qiáng)調(diào)句例句：針對ImetLiMingattherailwaystationyesterday.句子進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。強(qiáng)調(diào)主語：ItwasIthat（who）metLiMingattherailwaystationyesterday.強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語：ItwasLiMingthatImetattherailwaystationyesterday.強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語：ItwasattherailwaystationthatImetLiMingyesterday.強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語：ItwasyesterdaythatImetLiMingattherailwaystation.5.注意：構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句的it本身沒有詞義；強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的連接詞一般只用that，who，即使在強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí)也如此，that，who不可省略；強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的時(shí)態(tài)只用兩種，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)。原句謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)和過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，用Itwas……，其余的時(shí)態(tài)用Itis……2）謂語動(dòng)詞的強(qiáng)調(diào)1.Itis/was……that……結(jié)構(gòu)不能強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語，如果需要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語時(shí)，用助動(dòng)詞do/does或did.e.g.Dositdown.務(wù)必請坐。Hedidwritetoyoulastweek.上周他確實(shí)給你寫了信。Dobecarefulwhenyoucrossthestreet.過馬路時(shí)，務(wù)必（千萬）要小心啊！2.注意：此種強(qiáng)調(diào)只用do/does和did，沒有別的形式；過去時(shí)用did，后面的謂語動(dòng)詞用原形。3）強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：Itis(was)notuntil...that...注意此時(shí)從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞要用肯定式。如：Itwasnotuntil12o'clocklastnightthatmyfathercamehome.ItwasnotuntilshetookoffherdarkglassesthatIrealizedshewasafamousfilmstar.6.倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)全部倒裝全部倒裝是只將句子中的謂語動(dòng)詞全部置于主語之前。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有：1)here,there,now,then,thus等副詞置于句首,謂語動(dòng)詞常用be,come,go,lie,run。Theregoesthebell.Thencamethechairman.Hereisyourletter.2)表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞或地點(diǎn)狀語置于句首，謂語表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。Outrushedamissilefromunderthebomber.Aheadsatanoldwoman.注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須是名詞，如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。Herehecomes.Awaytheywent.部分倒裝部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞倒裝至主語之前。沒有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do,does或did，并將其置于主語之前。1)句首為否定或半否定的詞語，如no,not,never,seldom,little,hardly,atnotime,innoway,notuntil…,notonly…(butalso),hardly/scarcely…(when),nosooner…(than)等。NeverhaveIseensuchaperformance.Nowherewillyoufindtheanswertothisquestion.Notuntilthechildfellasleepdidthemotherleavetheroom.Notonlydidherefusethegift,healsoseverelycriticizedthesender.Hardlyhadshegoneoutwhenastudentcametovisither.Nosoonerhadshegoneoutthanastudentcametovisither.2)so,either,nor作部分倒裝“so+adj./adv.”位于句首時(shí)的倒裝副詞so后接形容詞或副詞位于句首時(shí)，其后用部分倒裝：Socoldwastheweatherthatwehadtostayathome.天氣太冷，我們只好呆在家里?！皊o+助動(dòng)詞+主語”倒裝當(dāng)要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情況也同樣適合于后者，通常就要用“So+助動(dòng)詞+主語”這種倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：YouareyoungandsoamI.你年輕，我也年輕。ShelikesmusicandsodoI.她喜歡音樂，我也喜歡。Ifhecandoit,socanI.要是他能做此事，我也能?！咀⒁狻咳羟懊嫣岢瞿骋环穸ǖ那闆r，要表示后者也屬于同樣的否定情況，則應(yīng)將其中的so改為neither或nor：Youaren’tyoungandneitheramI.你不年輕，我也不年輕。Shehasn’treaditandnorhaveI.她沒有讀它，我也沒有讀3)only+狀語在句首要倒裝的情況Onlyinthisway,canyoulearnEnglishwell.Onlyafterbeingaskedthreetimesdidhecometothemeeting.Onlywhenheisseriouslyill,doesheeverstayinbed.4)as,though引導(dǎo)的倒裝句as/though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前（形容詞,副詞,分詞,實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前）。Tryhardashewill,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.Youngboyasheis,heknowsalotaboutbasketballteams.Hardasitwas,theyreachedthepeakofthemountain.5)其他部分倒裝So/such…that句型中的so位于句首時(shí)，需倒裝。Sofrightenedwashethathedidnotdaretomoveaninch.在某些表示祝愿的句型中：Mayyouallbehappy.在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動(dòng)詞有were,had,should等詞，可將if省略，把were,had,should移到主語之前，采取部分倒裝。WereIyou,Iwouldtryitagain.Hadyoucomeyesterday,youwouldhaveseenhim.若你昨天來，你就會(huì)見到他了。Shouldyourequireanythinggivemearing.如果需要什么，可以給我打電話。Wereitnotforyourhelp,Iwouldstillbehomeless.要不是你幫助，我仍然無家可歸。7.虛擬語氣一、條件句中的虛擬語氣1.

條件句中虛擬語氣的形式時(shí)間

從句謂語形式

主句謂語形式

將來動(dòng)詞過去式(be用were)should+

動(dòng)詞原形wereto+

動(dòng)詞原形

would/should/might/could+

動(dòng)詞原形現(xiàn)在動(dòng)詞過去式(be

用

were)would/should/might/could+

動(dòng)詞原形過去had+動(dòng)詞過去分詞would/should/might/couldhave+

動(dòng)詞過去分詞從句中提出一種與客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)不相符或根本不可能存在的條件，主句會(huì)產(chǎn)生的一種不可能獲得的結(jié)果。條件句中的虛擬語氣根據(jù)不同的時(shí)間有三種不同的形式。

2.

條件句中的虛擬語氣的舉例(1)

將來時(shí)的條件句中的虛擬語氣。如：IfheshouldgotoQingHuaUniversity,hewouldmakefulluseofhistime.如果他要上清華大學(xué)的話，他就會(huì)充分利用他的時(shí)間了。Ifheweretocomehere,hewouldtellusaboutit.如果他要來的話，他會(huì)通知我們一聲。(2)

現(xiàn)在時(shí)的條件句中的虛擬語氣。如：Ifhewerefree,hewouldhelpus.要是他有空的話，它會(huì)幫助我們的。(3)

過去時(shí)的條件句中的虛擬語氣。如：IfIhadseenthefilm,Iwouldhavetoldyouaboutit.我如果看過這場電影，我會(huì)把電影內(nèi)容告訴你了。二、賓語從句中的虛擬語氣1．英語中，如：一堅(jiān)持insist(堅(jiān)決要求),二命令order,command，三建議propose,suggest(建議),advise四要求request,,requiredemand,desire表示請求、要求、命令或建議等意義的動(dòng)詞所接的賓語從句一般用虛擬語氣，其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：(should)+原形動(dòng)詞。Theteacheradvisedthatweshouldmakegooduseofeveryminutehere.老師勸我們要好好地利用在這兒的每一分鐘。ThePartyaskedthatweshouldservethepeoplewithourheartandsoul.黨要求我們要全心全意地為人民服務(wù)。但是，當(dāng)insist的意思為：堅(jiān)決認(rèn)為，堅(jiān)持說；suggest的意思為：表明，暗含，暗示等時(shí)，賓語從句一般不用虛擬語氣。如：Tominsistedthathehadn’tstolenthewatch.湯姆堅(jiān)持說他沒有偷那塊手表。Hissmilesuggestedthathehadsucceededinthisexam.他的微笑表明他在考試中成功了。2.

believe,expect,suspect,think,imagine等動(dòng)詞的否定句或疑問句中的賓語從句常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：should+原形動(dòng)詞。如：Canyoubelievethatheshouldkillatiger?你能相信他竟殺死了一只老虎？Canyouimaginethatheshouldtakethefirstplaceinthelongjumpcontest?

你能想象得到他在跳遠(yuǎn)比賽中竟獲得了第一名？3.

英語中，wish之后的賓語從句，表示一種沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)或根本不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：表示所發(fā)生的時(shí)間虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前

(1)

had+過去分詞；

(2)

would/could/might/should+have+過去分詞與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生過去時(shí)(be用were)發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之后would/could/might/should+原形動(dòng)詞Iwishshewerenotmarried.

我真希望她沒結(jié)婚。Iwishthebuswenttotheuniversity.

我希望公共汽車能通到大學(xué)。IwishIhadn’twastedsomuchmoney.

但愿我沒浪費(fèi)這么多錢。注意，從句的時(shí)態(tài)只與從句所指的時(shí)間有關(guān)，而與

wish

的時(shí)態(tài)無關(guān)。比較：IwishIwererich.

要是我現(xiàn)在有錢就好了。IwishIhadbeenrich.

要是那時(shí)我有錢就好了。IwishedIwererich.

當(dāng)時(shí)我后悔自己沒有錢。IwishedIhadbeenrich.

當(dāng)時(shí)我后悔自己曾經(jīng)沒有錢。4.英語中，wouldrather,hadrather,wouldsooner等之后的賓語從句常表示與客觀事實(shí)不相符的一種愿望，故使用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：表示所發(fā)生的時(shí)間虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)過去had+過去分詞；現(xiàn)在過去時(shí)(be用were)將來過去時(shí)(be用were)I’dratheryouhadseenthefilmyesterday.我倒想你昨天看過了這場電影。I’dratheryouwereherenow.我倒想你現(xiàn)在在這兒。We’dratheryouwentheretomorrow.我么倒想你明天去那兒。三、主語從句中的虛擬語氣在表達(dá)驚異、惋惜、遺憾、理應(yīng)如此等意義的主語從句中常使用虛擬語氣，其虛擬語其的結(jié)構(gòu)為：

should+動(dòng)詞原形，主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞形式不限。句型：(1)

Itisadmirable/dreadful/extraordinary/odd/remarkable/sad/advisable/annoying/disappointing/surprising/upsetting/frightening/better/best/curious/desirable/important/strange/peculiar/proper/necessary/natural...that...(2)

Itisapity/ashame/nowonder...that...(3)

Itissuggested/requested/desired/proposed/...

that...(4)

Itworriesmethat...如：Itisimportantthatweshoulddowellinourlessonsfirst.我們先把功課學(xué)好很重要。Itisstrangethatheshouldnotcome.很奇怪，他竟沒有來。Itisapitythatweshouldnotmeetlastnight.真遺憾我們昨天晚上沒有見過面。Itworriesmethatweshouldbeblamedforthat.我們竟要受責(zé)備真讓人煩惱。四、表語從句及同位語從句中虛擬語氣英語中，表示請求、要求、命令、建議等名詞advice,desire,decision,idea,instruction,order,plan,proposal,recommendation,request,requirement,suggestion,wish充當(dāng)句