地質(zhì)專業(yè)英語

1我們研究地區(qū)位于距離重慶市大約60公里的一個(gè)叫做小張村的地方Ourstudyareaislocatedinxiaozhangvillage,whichisabout60kilometerssouthwestfromthechongqingcity.2關(guān)于海相中生代地層和火山作用的地址調(diào)查早在1959年就曾在該地進(jìn)行過GeologicalsurveyonMesozoicmarinestrataandvolcanismwasconductedasin1959.3在這個(gè)地區(qū)，除了在小張村北面很小的一片地區(qū)侏羅系被白堊系玄武巖大量侵入以外，侏羅紀(jì)地層露頭幾乎是連續(xù)的。Inthisregion,Jurassicstrataisnearlycontinuousexceptthatinlocalplaceofxiaozhangvillagethestratawasintrudedbymassivecretaceousbasalts.42005年夏季，在王教授的率領(lǐng)下，我們?cè)谶@里進(jìn)行了為期30天的野外地質(zhì)工作。Inthesummerof2005,ledbyprof,wang,wecarriedout30days”fieldwork.5昨天下午我們?cè)诮淌依锍晒φ匍_了關(guān)于如何組織下一次野外考察的會(huì)議。Wesuccessfullyheldthemeetingonhowtoorganizethenextfieldsurveyyesterdayafternoon.1在所有的沉積層序的野外資料收集到之后，就要解釋這些資料。Allfielddataofsedimentarysuccessionshavetobeinterpretedaftercollected.2由于這種研究的目的是判斷沉積過程和當(dāng)時(shí)的環(huán)境，所以就要運(yùn)用所有的野外資料來確定層序中的沉積相。Sincethisstudyaimsdecidedepositionprocessandenvironment,allfielddatahavetobeappliedtodeterminethesedimentaryfaciesofthesuccession.3盡管近期研究中仍然存在一些不大的分歧，但是涉及古生代岡瓦納大陸的形態(tài)和構(gòu)造的觀點(diǎn)卻大致相同。Althoughtherearestillsomesmalldifferencesinrecentresearch,theviewpointsastothefromandstructureoftheGondwanacontinentinthepaleozoicremainroughlysame.4板塊構(gòu)造理論被大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家普遍接受，因?yàn)樗峁┝艘粋€(gè)可以解釋地球內(nèi)部運(yùn)動(dòng)以及解釋許多似乎不相關(guān)的地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象之間的相互關(guān)系的綜合模式，Thetheoryofplatetectonicsisgenerallyacceptedbymostgeologists,becauseitoffersanintegratedmodelwhichcaninterpretthemovementsofearth’sinteriorandexplaininteractionsofmanyseeminglyirrelativegeologicphenomena.52006年11月27日上午6點(diǎn)到11點(diǎn)，要求地質(zhì)系全體新生到古生物實(shí)驗(yàn)室參觀。Allnewstudentsofdepartmentofgeology,pleasevisitthepaleontologyat8amto11am,November27,2006.1晚二疊世末期標(biāo)志著海退高峰期一直是大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家接受的傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)Mostgeologiststhetraditionalideathattheendofthelatepermianmarksthepeakofregression.2許多地質(zhì)學(xué)家因此很自然地同意了他得觀點(diǎn)，即重要的環(huán)境變化分別是在晚二疊世末期和三疊紀(jì)早期。Therefore,manygeologistsnaturallyagreedtohisviewpointthattheimportantenvironmentalchangesoccurredinlatepermianandearlyTriassic,respectively.3盡管張教授的論文中多次提及王教授在其他學(xué)科方面的研究，但是沒有一處提及他的大地構(gòu)造學(xué)說論點(diǎn)。Professorzhangdidn’tmentionprof.Wang’sgeotectonicmodelatall.,althoughherepeatedlymentionedhisworkinotherdisciplinesinhispaper.4讓我最感興趣的是一群中國古生物學(xué)家在煤山的同一著名剖面所做的工作。WhatinterestedmemostwastheworkconductedbyagroupofchinespaleontologistsinthesamefamoussectioninMeishan.5生物與環(huán)境的相互關(guān)系為我們認(rèn)識(shí)地質(zhì)歷史中的生物圈演化提供了可能性。Theinterrelationbetweenbiologyandenvironmentprovidespossibilityforunderstandingtheevolutionofthebiosphereinthegeologicalhistory.6沒有足夠菊石資料的中生代地層的全球年代地層對(duì)比是難以被信賴的。GlobalchronostratigraphiccorrelationofMesozoicstrataisunreliablewithoutsufficientdataofammonites.1至于東南亞的古地磁數(shù)據(jù)，由于年代控制很差，古生代的資料為有限，其結(jié)果也十分可疑；中生代的數(shù)據(jù)總體上雖然更加可以信賴，但是依然處于認(rèn)識(shí)階段。ThepaleomagneticdataoftheSoutheastAsiaquitedoubtableduetothepoorgeochronologicalconstraintbythelimitedpaleozoicdata.AlthoughtheMesozoicdatamayberelativelymorereliable,itisstillbeinginvestigated.2這篇論文試圖在當(dāng)前獲知的地質(zhì)物理?xiàng)l件下評(píng)估這些地塊的起源以及它們?cè)诠派椭猩\(yùn)移歷史的證據(jù)。ThispaperattemptedtoevaluatetheoriginoftheseblocksandevidencesoftheirmovementsinthepaleozoicandMesozoicbasedonthecurrentlyavailablegeologicalandgeophysicalconditions.3基于最近該區(qū)古地磁的研究進(jìn)展，可以建立從三疊紀(jì)至白堊紀(jì)的古地磁地層學(xué)層序。Basedontherecentprogressofpaleomagnetisminthisarea,thepaleomagnetostratigraphicsequencefromtheTriassictoCretaceouscanbeestablished.holdsthatthesamefaciesfollowingoneanotherinaconformableverticalsequencewillalsoreplaceoneanotherlaterally.當(dāng)在橫向上追蹤巖層時(shí)，沃爾特詳盡地?cái)⑹隽艘粋€(gè)沉積于橫向相鄰的沉積環(huán)境也存在于垂直序列的沉積相。他的觀察被歸納為沃爾特相律。相律所持的觀點(diǎn)垂向上有幾種沉積相相互出現(xiàn)的次序與它們?cè)跈M向上的相帶順序是一致的4Geologistsagreethatupliftorsubsidenceofthecontinents,theamountofseawaterfrozeninglaciers,andratesofseafloorspreadingareenoughtocausemarinetransgressionsandregressions.地質(zhì)學(xué)家同意大陸的抬升或沉降，大量的海水凍結(jié)成冰川和海底擴(kuò)張的速率是足以導(dǎo)致海侵或海退的5Asaresultoftheoceanographicresearchconductedinthe1950s,HarryHessofthePrincetonUniversityproposedthetheoryofseafloorspreadingin1962toaccountforcontinentalmovement.作為20世紀(jì)60年代開展的海洋學(xué)研究結(jié)果，普林斯頓大學(xué)的HarryHess1962年提出的洋底擴(kuò)張理論對(duì)大陸漂移學(xué)說作出了解釋1Thisbookattemptstointroduceprofessionalandamateurpaleontologists,andallthosefascinatedbyevolutionarybiology,totheaestheticandscientificessenceoftheChengjiangfossils.這本書試圖介紹給專業(yè)和業(yè)余的古生物學(xué)者和那些著迷于生物進(jìn)化的人去了解澄江化石群美學(xué)和科學(xué)的本質(zhì)2Fossilsaretheremainsortracesofprehistoriclifethathavebeenpreservedinsedimentaryrocksorstratifiedigneousrocks.Inadditiontotheiruseindeterminingrelativeagesofstrata,fossilsareimportantindeterminingdepositionalenvironments.化石是史前生物的遺骸或遺跡，被保存在沉積巖或分層火成巖中，另外它們用來判斷地層的相對(duì)年齡，化石對(duì)于沉積環(huán)境也是重要的判別依據(jù)3WilliamSmith,anEnglishcivilengineerinvolvedinsurveyingandbuildingcanalsinsouthernEngland,independentlyrecognizedtheprinciplefsuperposition,reasoningthatthelowestfossilsinasequenceofstrataareoldestandthosehigherinthesequenceareyounger.威廉史密斯，一名參與過英格蘭南部運(yùn)河的勘測(cè)和建設(shè)的英國土木工程師。他獨(dú)立的驗(yàn)證了地層疊覆律，論證了在地層層序中最低部的化石是最老的層序上層的化石更年輕4Accordingtotheprincipleoffossilsuccession,fossilassemblagessucceedoneanotherthroughtimeinaregularanddeterminableorder根據(jù)化石層序律，化石組合以一定規(guī)律的和可決定的時(shí)間順序出現(xiàn)5AlvarezrackedhisbraintofigureoutanexplanationforthesuperhighcontentofiridiumbetweentheCretaceousandPaleocenelimestones,andtheonlyonethatmadesensewasanimpactbyanasteroidabout10kmindiameter阿爾瓦雷斯絞盡腦汁終于想出了一個(gè)解釋白堊紀(jì)和古新世灰?guī)r中銥元素大量富集的原因，而唯一能解釋是這是由于它是被一個(gè)直徑為10千米的小行星所撞擊所導(dǎo)致的1Atnumeroustimesinthegeologicpast,theEarth’smagneticfieldhascompletelyreversed.在過去很長的地質(zhì)歷史時(shí)期中，地磁場曾完全倒轉(zhuǎn)2Magneticsurveyoftheoceaniccrustrevealedstripedmagneticanomaliesintherocksthatwerebothparalleltoandsymmetricalwiththeoceanicridges.在洋殼磁性調(diào)查中顯示了巖石中的磁異常曲線沿大洋中脊平行，對(duì)稱分布3Theageoftheworld’soceanbasinsestablishedfrommagneticanomaliesdemonstratesthattheyoungestoceaniccrustisadjacenttothespreadingridgesandthatitsageincreasesawayfromtheridgeaxis世界上海洋盆地的年齡是通過磁異常來確定的，越年輕的洋殼越鄰近擴(kuò)張中脊，洋殼的年齡隨著距離洋中脊軸線距離的增大而變老4Whenironmineralsarebeingdepositedasparticles,theyfallintoplacelikefreelyswingingcompassneedlesalignedinthedirectionoftheEarth’smagneticfield.Thisiscalleddepositionalremanentmagnetism.當(dāng)鐵礦物作為顆粒沉積時(shí)，它沉積時(shí)就像羅盤指針隨地球磁場自由搖擺對(duì)齊。這種現(xiàn)象叫沉積剩磁5PaleomagnetismistheremanentmagnetisminancientrocksrecordingthedirectionoftheEarth’smagneticpolesatthetimeoftherock’sformation古地磁學(xué)是在巖石形式過程中記錄的地球磁極方向在古巖石中的剩磁1Themechanicalforceofamagmainvadingrocksleadstostructuraldeformation,whichalonecanmetamorphoserocks.巖漿侵入巖石的機(jī)械應(yīng)力導(dǎo)致結(jié)構(gòu)變形，這就能使巖石變質(zhì)2Irememberedhavingseenthisgeologicphenomenonsomewhereelse.我記得在另一個(gè)地方見到過這種地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象3Somemagmaiseruptedontothesurfaceaslavaflows,andsomeisforcefullyejectedintotheatmosphereasparticlesknownaspyroclasticmaterials.一些巖漿被噴發(fā)至表面作為熔巖流，還有一些被強(qiáng)有力地噴發(fā)至大氣中作為我們所知道的火山碎屑物原料的顆粒來源4Althoughsilicaistheprimaryconstituentofnearlyallmagmas,silicacontentvariesandservestodistinguish雖然二氧化硅是幾乎所有巖漿的主要組成部分，二氧化硅含量會(huì)有變化且有助于區(qū)分長英質(zhì)（＞65%二氧化硅），中性（53-60%二氧化硅），鎂鐵質(zhì)（45-53%二氧化硅）巖漿5Metamorphismusuallytakesplacebeneath...........................變質(zhì)作用通常發(fā)生在地球表面之下，巖石遭受充分的熱量，壓力，流體活動(dòng)改變了礦物的成分和（或）結(jié)構(gòu)1Thedivisionofthegeologictimescale..................................地質(zhì)年代的劃分分為紀(jì)、世、期，主要是基于化石記錄的變化；因此，它原本是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)間刻度2Uniformitarianismisthusapowerfulprinciple........................均變論是一個(gè)允許我們使用現(xiàn)今的過程作為解釋過去和預(yù)測(cè)未來事件強(qiáng)有力的原則3TheEarth’scurstanduppermantle...............................地殼和上地幔的巖石圈，它被分解成一系列的板塊，發(fā)散，收斂，橫向滑動(dòng)到另一個(gè)板塊上4Althoughgeologistscandescribe..............................盡管地質(zhì)學(xué)家可以描述和解釋在板塊邊界發(fā)生的事情，但仍有關(guān)于導(dǎo)致板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)的可能驅(qū)動(dòng)因素的爭論1Visualizingthelargerpatternofgeologic.....................設(shè)想把大多數(shù)地質(zhì)關(guān)系和構(gòu)造大多數(shù)模式的圖件，與地質(zhì)學(xué)交叉部分結(jié)合在一起能幫助地質(zhì)研究者的想法并且能從圖件上達(dá)證明更多的細(xì)節(jié)和推理2Thegeologicmapperstrivestounderstandthecomposition........................地質(zhì)圖旨在圖件上使用符號(hào)和顏色來描述觀察和解釋，努力去認(rèn)知地球表面及深處在地質(zhì)圖件上的文字和地質(zhì)細(xì)節(jié)的構(gòu)造3Themostnotablemineraldeposits..............................原生代最值得注意的礦物儲(chǔ)量是條帶狀鐵礦。盡管在太古代和原生代有一小部分被發(fā)現(xiàn)，但是92%的條帶狀鐵礦是在被存儲(chǔ)在晚原生代4Thekeytoanyreconstructionofworld...............................世界古地理的大陸經(jīng)緯度正確位置的重建的關(guān)鍵就和古大陸的相關(guān)性跟古北極的一樣1Bothcompoundsdonotdissolveinwater兩個(gè)化合物不溶于水2Icouldn’tagreeyoumore我非常同意你的觀點(diǎn)3Butforyourhelp,weshouldnothavefinishedworkintime要不是你的幫助，我們就不能及時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)工作了。4Idon’tthinkitisbeyondhispowertofulfillthistask我覺得他有能力完成這個(gè)任務(wù)5HisvisittoLondonisanothingbutsuccess他的倫敦之行根本不成功6Nothinghiscontributedmoretothefallofnationsthanhumankind’sfailuretocooperatewithnature.沒有什么比人類與自然合作的失敗更能促進(jìn)國家的下降完型；1.THE-nature,breaks,movesdown,ismadeupof,top,whose,erupts,every,which,pile,volcanoFOR-eroded,downstream,bedded,grains,sedimentary,deposition,concrete,clay,pressure,evaporatePEKING-Excavated,vanished,mystery.Tension,breakout,schemes,temporary,territory,alternative,however,granted,transferred,where,attacked,lostTHEFIRST-Recorded,navigation,however,parallel,stable,interval,unfortunately,alter,various,extract,that,caused,where,dynamic,rangesA-Destructive,constantly,smaller,wind,pressure,consist,huge,categories,capableTWO-Contribute,proposed,accounted,perfect,species,contrast,gradual,present,beyond,additionGEOLOGIC-Distribution,locate,features.Striking,color,different,pale,information,basis,illustrateGEOLOGYSTUDIES-Referred,comes,evolved,well,chemical,understand,predict,earthquakes,locate,requireSandstone砂巖limestone灰?guī)rdolomite白云巖calcite方解石sedimentary沉積巖softsediment軟沉積deposition沉積作用Sedimentarycompaction壓實(shí)explosion大爆發(fā)strata地層stratigraphy地層學(xué)methane甲烷Ammonia氨thinsection薄片rock巖石currentlyfoundgalaxy目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的星系solarsystem太陽系Lithostratigraphy巖石地層biostratigraphy生物地層學(xué)tectonostratigraphy構(gòu)造地層學(xué)DepositionalGap沉積間斷causesofHiatus地殼抬升outcrop露頭quarry采石場DrillingExploration鉆探fold褶皺Drillhole鉆孔ProspectingTrench探槽MiningAdit開采平硐Attitude產(chǎn)狀strike走向directionofDip傾向AngleofDip傾角Unconformity不整合Disconformity平行不整合AngularUnconformity角度不整合Nonconformity非整合IntrusiveContact侵入接觸SedimentaryContact沉積接觸Cambrianexplosion寒武紀(jì)大爆發(fā)Normalfault正斷層Overfault逆斷層faultplane斷層面anticline背斜syncline向斜Fossil化石magma巖漿Permian二疊Triassic三疊Jurassic侏羅紀(jì)cretaceous白堊紀(jì)Continentaldrift大陸漂移學(xué)說riftvalley東非大裂谷paleomagnetism古地磁學(xué)mantle地幔seismicsection地震剖面Pangea泛大陸plungingfold傾伏褶皺horizontalfold橫向褶皺inclined