機(jī)電行業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)下冊(cè)

書名：機(jī)電行業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)ISBN：978-7-111-34099-7作者：馮宜麗出版社：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社本書配有電子課件機(jī)電行業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)高職高專ppt課件

IntroductiontoMechanicalDesign

UnitTwo上冊(cè)機(jī)電行業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)高職高專ppt課件TEACHINGOBJECTIVETextThemeIntroductiontoMechanicalDesignVocabularyoriginal,conception,innovative,previously,incorporate,identify,fundamental,assurance,clingCollocationforthepurposeof,intermsof,forthesakeofGrammarOnlyif…(invertedorder)TranslationSkillsLanguagestyleofEnglishscientificarticles機(jī)電行業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)高職高專ppt課件SectionASectionBSectionCUnitTwo機(jī)電行業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)高職高專ppt課件SectionAUnitTwoPartOneTestingYourEarsPartTwoOpeningYourMouth機(jī)電行業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)高職高專ppt課件PartOneTestingYourEars機(jī)電行業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)高職高專ppt課件LISTENINGListentoashortdialogueandcompletethefollowingtasks.Fillinthefollowingblankswithwhatyouhaveheard.M:Youarenothappy,areyou?W:No.M:______________youunhappy?W:Myparents.M:Why?Iguesstheymustloveyouverymuch.W:Buttheyalwayswantmetodo____________________regardlessofmyfeeling,justbecauseI’mtheonlychild______________.AWhatmakeswhattheywish

inthefamily

機(jī)電行業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)高職高專ppt課件M:Oh,Isee.Thereisgenerationgapbetweenyourparentsandyou.W:Whatisagenerationgap?M:It______________alackofunderstandingbetweenparentsandchild.W:That’strue.Idon’tthinktheyunderstandme.M:Buthaveyouever______________understandthem.W:Maybenotmuch.

refersto

triedtoLISTENING機(jī)電行業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)高職高專ppt課件Listentoashortpassageandquestionsdesigned,thendecideonthecorrectanswersfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).1.A)Friendlytotheenvironment.B)Greenincolor.C)Cleanandfresh.D)Tasty.Key1.Whatdoestheword“green”meaninthepassage?ABLISTENING機(jī)電行業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)高職高專ppt課件2.A)Twoadults. B)Fiveadults.C)Fortypercentofadults. D)Alladults.Key2.Howmanypeopleconsidertheenvironmentalsafetyofaproductbeforetheybuyit?C機(jī)電行業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)高職高專ppt課件3.A)Choosegreenproducts.B)Buyit,useit,throwitaway,andforgetit.C)Demandthattheproductsshouldbesafefortheenvironment.D)Considertheenvironmentalsafetyofaproductbeforebuyingit.Key3.Whatisthecustomers’oldattitudetowardtheproductstheybuy?BScriptTodaymoreandmoreconsumersarechoosing“green”productsanddemandingthattheproductstheybuyshouldbesafefortheenvironment.Beforetheybuyaproduct,theyaskquestionslikethese,“Willthisshampoodamagetheenvironment?”“Canthismetalcontainerbereusedorcanitonlybeusedonce?”Arecentstudyshowedthattwooutoffiveadultsnowconsidertheenvironmentalsafetyofaproductbeforetheybuyit.Thismeansthatcompaniesmustnowchangethewaytheymakeandselltheirproductstomakesurethattheyare“green”,thatis,friendlytoenvironment.Theconcernforasaferandcleanerenvironmentismakingcompaniesrethinkhowtheydobusiness.Nolongerwillthepublicaccepttheoldattitudeof“Buyit,useit,throwitaway,andforgetit.”Thepublicpressureison,andgraduallybusinessiscleaningupitsact.

Listentoanotherpassage.Attheendofthepassageyouwillhearthreequestions.Choosethebestanswers.1.A.It’saninitialphase.B.It’saseparatephase.C.Itneednotbeaninitialandseparatephase.Key1.What’sthepositionofthecreativephaseintheprocessofanalyses?CCLISTENING2.A.theimprovementofthespecificationsorthearrangementsB.theconceptionandperfectionofproductsC.solvingproblemsKey2.Inwhichaspectcanananalysttakethebroaderview?A3.A.HeisresponsibleforthewholedesignB.Heisabletoconceiveofalternatives.C.Heisabletogivethecorrectanswertoaproblem.Key3.Whatcanananalystdosincehewillbefamiliarwiththedeviceinhisanalysis?BScriptAppliedwithacreativeattitude,analysescanleadtoimportantimprovementsandtotheconceptionandperfectionofalternate,perhapsmorefunctional,economical,anddurableproducts.Thecreativephaseneednotbeaninitialandseparateone.Althoughhemaynotberesponsibleforthewholedesign,ananalystcancontributemorethanthenumericallycorrectanswertoaproblemthatheisaskedtosolve—morethanthevaluesofstress,dimensions,orlimitationsofoperation.Hecantakethebroaderviewthatthespecificationsorthearrangementsmaybeimproved.Sincehewillbecomefamiliarwiththedeviceanditsconditionsofoperationbeforeorduringhisanalysis,heisinagoodpositiontoconceiveofalternatives.運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的態(tài)度進(jìn)行的分析可以引起重大改進(jìn)以及對(duì)備用產(chǎn)品的構(gòu)思和完善，也許產(chǎn)品功能更多、更經(jīng)濟(jì)、更耐用。創(chuàng)造階段無(wú)須是最初和獨(dú)立的階段。雖然分析人員可能并不負(fù)責(zé)整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)，但是他不僅僅是能從數(shù)字上提出要他解決的問題的正確答案，不僅僅是給出應(yīng)力值、尺寸或者工作限制。他可以提出更廣泛的見解，以便改進(jìn)規(guī)范或方案。由于在分析前或分析過程中，他會(huì)熟悉裝置及其工作條件，他就處于一個(gè)構(gòu)思備選方案的有利位置。譯文：Listentoanuncompletedpassageforthreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillinthe8blankswithwhatyouhaveheard.Finallywhenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.Incontrasttoscientificproblems,designproblemshavenouniqueanswers.A“good”answertodaymaywell(1)______________tobea“poor”onetomorrowifthereisagrowthofknowledgeduringtheperiod,orifthereareother(2)______________orsocietalchanges.

turnout

D

structuralLISTENING

Inengineering,theword“design”(3)______________differentmeaningstodifferentpersons.Somethinkofadesignerasonewho(4)______________thedrawingboardtodraftthedetailsofagear,clutch,orothermachinemember.Othersthinkofdesignasthecreationofa(5)______________system,suchasacommunicationsnetwork.Insomeareasofengineering,theworddesign

(6)

______________________________,suchassystemsengineeringorapplieddecisiontheory.hasbeenreplacedbyothertermscomplexemploys

conveys

But(7)_______________________________thedesignfunction,inengineeringitisstilltheprocessinwhichscientificprinciplesandthetoolsofengineering—mathematics,computers,graphics,andEnglish—areusedtoproduceaplanwhich,(8)______________________________.whencarriedout,willsatisfyahumanneed

nomatterwhatwordsareusedtodescribe

譯文：與科學(xué)問題相反，設(shè)計(jì)問題的答案不是惟一的。今天的一個(gè)“好”的答案，如果在此階段認(rèn)識(shí)有了發(fā)展，或者如果出現(xiàn)了其他結(jié)構(gòu)或社會(huì)的變化，明天大概就成為一個(gè)“差”的答案。工程上的“設(shè)計(jì)”這個(gè)詞對(duì)于不同的人有著不同的涵義。一些人認(rèn)為設(shè)計(jì)師就是使用繪圖板繪制齒輪、離合器或機(jī)器零件詳圖的人。而其他一些人則把設(shè)計(jì)看做是研制一個(gè)像通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò)這樣復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)。在工程的某些領(lǐng)域，“設(shè)計(jì)”這個(gè)詞已被系統(tǒng)工程或?qū)嵱脹Q策理論這樣一些術(shù)語(yǔ)取代。但是，不論使用什么詞來(lái)闡述設(shè)計(jì)功能，它仍然是這樣一個(gè)過程：運(yùn)用科學(xué)原理和工程工具（包括教學(xué)、計(jì)算機(jī)、制圖學(xué)與英語(yǔ)）制定一個(gè)在付諸實(shí)施后將滿足人們需要的方案。PartTwoOpeningYourMouthTask1Readthefollowingsoundsandwordsaloud,andcomparethem.VowelsConsonants/e/menbegbed/f/safefineferry/?/manbagbad/v/savevinevery/?/mapbagfax/b/betboatbest/?/mopbogfox/v/vetvotevest3Allthatglittersisnotgold.

閃光的東西并不一定都是金子。

Allthingsaredifficultbeforetheyareeasy.

萬(wàn)事開頭難。Anemptysackcannotstandupright.

有理走遍天下，無(wú)理寸步難行。proverbsandsayingsReadthefollowingproverbsandsayings,andpracticemore.Task2Abigblackbearsatonabigblackbug.Abigblackbugbitabigblackbearandmadethebigblackbearbleedblood.

TongueTwistersReadthefollowingtonguetwisters,andpracticemore.Task3SongAppreciatethesong,andlearntosingbyyourself.Task4

DearHeart

Dearheartwishyouwereheretowarmthisnight

Mydearheart,seemslikeayearsinceyou'vebeenoutofmysight

Asingleroom,atableforone

It'salonesometownallright

ButsoonI'llkissyouhelloatourfrontdoor

AnddearheartIwantyoutoknow

I'llleaveyourarmsnevermore

(Asingleroom,atableforone)

It'salonesometownallright

ButsoonI'llkissyouhelloatourfrontdoor

AnddearheartIwantyoutoknow

I'llleaveyourarmsnevermore

SectionASectionBSectionCUnitTwoSectionB

TextA

Practice

TextBUnitTwoTextA

EngineeringMaterials1

Mechanicaldesignistheapplicationofscienceandtechnologytodeviseneworimprovedproductsforthepurposeofsatisfyinghumanneeds.Itisavastfieldofengineeringtechnologywhichnotonlyconcernsitselfwiththeoriginalconceptionoftheproductintermsofitssize,shapeandconstructiondetails,butalsoconsidersthevariousfactorsinvolvedinthemanufacture,marketinganduseoftheproduct.original:adj.最初的，原始的；新穎的，有獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的e.g.Ipreferyouroriginalplantothisone.我認(rèn)為你原來(lái)的計(jì)劃比這個(gè)好。Theoriginalownerofthehousemovedout.房子原先的主人搬出去了。TextA

EngineeringMaterials1

Mechanicaldesignistheapplicationofscienceandtechnologytodeviseneworimprovedproductsforthepurposeofsatisfyinghumanneeds.Itisavastfieldofengineeringtechnologywhichnotonlyconcernsitselfwiththeoriginalconceptionoftheproductintermsofitssize,shapeandconstructiondetails,butalsoconsidersthevariousfactorsinvolvedinthemanufacture,marketinganduseoftheproduct.conception：n.概念，觀念;構(gòu)思，設(shè)想

e.g.Ihavenoconceptionofwhatyoumean.我想不出你的意思是什么。He’sgotaprettystrangeconceptionoffriendship.他對(duì)友誼有一種非常獨(dú)特的見解。TextA

EngineeringMaterials1

Mechanicaldesignistheapplicationofscienceandtechnologytodeviseneworimprovedproductsforthepurposeofsatisfyinghumanneeds.Itisavastfieldofengineeringtechnologywhichnotonlyconcernsitselfwiththeoriginalconceptionoftheproductintermsofitssize,shapeandconstructiondetails,butalsoconsidersthevariousfactorsinvolvedinthemanufacture,marketinganduseoftheproduct.intermsof

：asregards

就...而言，在...方面e.g.Stayinguplatemakeshimathisworstintermsofphysicalsituation.熬夜使得他的體力狀況處于低潮。Itiswrongtotrytojudgehappinessintermsofworldlysuccess.試圖以世間的成功來(lái)判斷幸福是錯(cuò)誤的。TextA

EngineeringMaterials

機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一門通過設(shè)計(jì)新產(chǎn)品或者改進(jìn)老產(chǎn)品，滿足人類需求的應(yīng)用技術(shù)科學(xué)。它涉及工程技術(shù)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，主要研究產(chǎn)品的尺寸、形狀和詳細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)的基本構(gòu)思，還要研究產(chǎn)品在制造、銷售和使用等方面的問題。

譯文TextA

EngineeringMaterials2Peoplewhoperformthevariousfunctionsofmechanicaldesignaretypicallycalleddesigners,ordesignengineers.Mechanicaldesignisbasicallyacreativeactivity.However,inadditiontobeinginnovative,adesignengineermustalsohaveasolidbackgroundintheareasofmechanicaldrawing,kinematics,dynamics,materialsengineering,strengthofmaterialsandmanufacturingprocesses.innovative

:adj.

革新的，創(chuàng)新的

e.g.Iworkedinaveryinnovativecompany.我在一家非常富有創(chuàng)新精神的公司工作。TextA

EngineeringMaterials2Peoplewhoperformthevariousfunctionsofmechanicaldesignaretypicallycalleddesigners,ordesignengineers.Mechanicaldesignisbasicallyacreativeactivity.However,inadditiontobeinginnovative,adesignengineermustalsohaveasolidbackgroundintheareasofmechanicaldrawing,kinematics,dynamics,materialsengineering,strengthofmaterialsandmanufacturingprocesses.solid:adj.

堅(jiān)固的；結(jié)實(shí)的

e.g.

onsolidground在牢固的基礎(chǔ)上builtonsolidfoundations在堅(jiān)實(shí)的地基上建造的TextA

EngineeringMaterials

進(jìn)行各種機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)工作的人員通常被稱為設(shè)計(jì)人員或者設(shè)計(jì)工程師。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計(jì)工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)新性，還必須在機(jī)械制圖、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)、動(dòng)力學(xué)、工程材料、材料力學(xué)和機(jī)械制造工藝等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。譯文TextA

EngineeringMaterials

3Asstatedpreviously,thepurposeofmechanicaldesignistoproduceaproductwhichwillserveaneedforman.Inventions,discoveriesandscientificknowledgebythemselvesdonotnecessarilybenefitpeople;onlyiftheyareincorporated

intoadesignedproductwillabenefitbederived.Itshouldberecognized,therefore,thatahumanneedmustbeidentifiedbeforeaparticularproductisdesigned.incorporate:vt.

包括，包含;合并

e.g.

Manyofyoursuggestionshavebeenincorporatedinthenewplan.你的很多建議已經(jīng)被納入新計(jì)劃中。Thenewcardesignincorporatesallthelatestsafetyfeatures.新的汽車設(shè)計(jì)具備最新安全措施的一切特點(diǎn)。TextA

EngineeringMaterials3Asstatedpreviously,thepurposeofmechanicaldesignistoproduceaproductwhichwillserveaneedforman.Inventions,discoveriesandscientificknowledgebythemselvesdonotnecessarilybenefitpeople;onlyiftheyareincorporated

intoadesignedproductwillabenefitbederived.Itshouldberecognized,therefore,thatahumanneedmustbeidentifiedbeforeaparticularproductisdesigned.identify:vt.

識(shí)別，鑒定Sheidentifiedthatthemanwasherattacker.她認(rèn)出那個(gè)男人就是襲擊過她的人。vi.認(rèn)同，感同身受

Ifoundithardtoidentifywithanyofthecharactersinthefilm.我對(duì)這部影片里的任何角色都難以認(rèn)同。TextA

EngineeringMaterials

如前面所述，機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的目的是生產(chǎn)滿足人類需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科學(xué)知識(shí)本身并不一定能給人類帶來(lái)益處，只有當(dāng)它們被用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因而，應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到在一個(gè)特定產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)之前，必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。譯文TextA

EngineeringMaterials4Mechanicaldesignshouldbeconsideredtobeanopportunitytouseinnovativetalentstoenvisionadesignofaproduct,toanalyzethesystemandthenmakesoundjudgmentsonhowtheproductistobemanufactured.Itisimportanttounderstandthefundamentalsofengineeringratherthanmemorizemerefactsandequations.Therearenofactsorequationswhichalonecanbeusedtoprovideallthecorrectdecisionsrequiredtoproduceagooddesign.Ontheotherhand,anycalculationsmademustbedonewiththeutmostcareandprecision.Forexample,ifadecimalpointismisplaced,anotherwiseacceptabledesignmaynotfunction.fundamental:n.基本原理，基本規(guī)則Ifyoutwoaregoingtomarry,Iadvisethatyouneedtoknowthefundamentalsofcooking.如果你們要結(jié)婚的話，我建議你們了解烹調(diào)的基本知識(shí)。adj.基本的，根本的，重要的

Thereisafundamentaldifferenceinattitudebetweenthesetwopoliticians.這兩位政治家的態(tài)度有著根本的區(qū)別。TextA

EngineeringMaterials4Mechanicaldesignshouldbeconsideredtobeanopportunitytouseinnovativetalentstoenvisionadesignofaproduct,toanalyzethesystemandthenmakesoundjudgmentsonhowtheproductistobemanufactured.Itisimportanttounderstandthefundamentalsofengineeringratherthanmemorizemerefactsandequations.Therearenofactsorequationswhichalonecanbeusedtoprovideallthecorrectdecisionsrequiredtoproduceagooddesign.Ontheotherhand,anycalculationsmademustbedonewiththeutmostcareandprecision.Forexample,ifadecimalpointismisplaced,anotherwiseacceptabledesignmaynotfunction.utmost:adj.極度的，最遠(yuǎn)的Themeetingwasarrangedwiththeutmostsecrecy.會(huì)議絕對(duì)保密。Thisisanissueoftheutmostimportance.這是一個(gè)極為重要的問題。n.極限，最大可能

Shedoesherutmosttopleaseherparents.她竭盡全力使父母高興。TextA

EngineeringMaterials

應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)看成設(shè)計(jì)人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝的一個(gè)良機(jī)。掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面，應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確地進(jìn)行所有運(yùn)算。例如，即使將一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò)，也會(huì)使正確的設(shè)計(jì)變成錯(cuò)誤的。譯文TextA

EngineeringMaterials5Gooddesignsrequiretryingnewideasandbeingwillingtotakeacertainamountofrisk,knowingthatifthenewideadoesnotworktheexistingmethodcanbereinstated.Thusadesignermusthavepatience,sincethereisnoassuranceofsuccessforthetimeandeffortexpended.Creatingacompletelynewdesigngenerallyrequiresthatmanyoldandwell-establishedmethodsbethrustaside.Thisisnoteasysincemanypeopleclingtofamiliarideas,techniquesandattitudes.Adesignengineershouldconstantlysearchforwaystoimproveanexistingproductandmustdecidewhatold,provenconceptsshouldbeusedandwhatnew,untriedideasshouldbeincorporated.

reinstate:vt.使復(fù)位，恢復(fù)e.g.HissupportersfailedintheirattempttoreinstatethePresidentintheWhiteHouse.他的支持者試圖使總統(tǒng)重新入主白宮的努力失敗了。TextA

EngineeringMaterials5Gooddesignsrequiretryingnewideasandbeingwillingtotakeacertainamountofrisk,knowingthatifthenewideadoesnotworktheexistingmethodcanbereinstated.Thusadesignermusthavepatience,sincethereisnoassuranceofsuccessforthetimeandeffortexpended.Creatingacompletelynewdesigngenerallyrequiresthatmanyoldandwell-establishedmethodsbethrustaside.Thisisnoteasysincemanypeopleclingtofamiliarideas,techniquesandattitudes.Adesignengineershouldconstantlysearchforwaystoimproveanexistingproductandmustdecidewhatold,provenconceptsshouldbeusedandwhatnew,untriedideasshouldbeincorporated.

thrust:v.pushsuddenlyorforcefully推擠

e.g.Myobjectionswerethrustaside.我提出的異議被置之一旁。Wethrustourwaythroughthecrowd.我們用力擠過人群。TextA

EngineeringMaterials5Gooddesignsrequiretryingnewideasandbeingwillingtotakeacertainamountofrisk,knowingthatifthenewideadoesnotworktheexistingmethodcanbereinstated.Thusadesignermusthavepatience,sincethereisnoassuranceofsuccessforthetimeandeffortexpended.Creatingacompletelynewdesigngenerallyrequiresthatmanyoldandwell-establishedmethodsbethrustaside.Thisisnoteasysincemanypeopleclingtofamiliarideas,techniquesandattitudes.Adesignengineershouldconstantlysearchforwaystoimproveanexistingproductandmustdecidewhatold,provenconceptsshouldbeusedandwhatnew,untriedideasshouldbeincorporated.cling:vi.粘緊，附著，緊貼e.g.Heclungtomyarm.他緊抓著我的胳膊。Littlechildrenalwaysclingtotheirmothers.小孩子總是緊依著母親。TextA

EngineeringMaterials

一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；當(dāng)新的方法不適用時(shí)，就恢復(fù)采用原來(lái)的方法。因此，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須要有耐心，因?yàn)樗ㄙM(fèi)的時(shí)間和努力并不能保證帶來(lái)成功。一個(gè)全新的設(shè)計(jì)，要求摒棄許多陳舊的、為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人易于墨守成規(guī)，這樣做并不是一件容易的事情。一位設(shè)計(jì)工程師應(yīng)該不斷地探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品的辦法，在此過程中應(yīng)該認(rèn)真選擇原有的、經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的設(shè)計(jì)原理，將其與未經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的新觀念結(jié)合起來(lái)。譯文TextA

EngineeringMaterials6Newdesignsgenerallyhave“bugs”orunforeseenproblemswhichmustbeworkedoutbeforethesuperiorcharacteristicsofthenewdesignscanbeenjoyed.Thusthereisachanceforasuperiorproduct,butonlyathigherrisk.Itshouldbeemphasizedthat,ifadesigndoesnot

warrant

radicalnewmethods,suchmethodsshouldnotbeappliedmerelyforthesakeofchange.warrant:vt.保證，擔(dān)保；證明有理、恰當(dāng)e.g.Thetroubleisn’toveryet,I’llwarrantyou.麻煩事并沒有完，我可以給你打包票。Thatdoesnotwarrantyouindoingso.那并不表明你有理由這樣做。

TextA

EngineeringMaterials新設(shè)計(jì)本身會(huì)有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問題發(fā)生，只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問題被解決之后，才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此，—個(gè)性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時(shí)，也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，如果設(shè)計(jì)本身不要求采用全新的方法，就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新辦法。譯文

Practice

UsingtheRightWord

Fillintheblankswiththewordsgivenbelow.Changetheformwherenecessary.

previouslyclungtoprecisionfundamentalconceptionconcernutmostequationoriginalidentify1.Youhaveno______________ofwhatitwasliketobethere.2.The______________ofwealthwithhappinesscanbedangerous.3.She______________thehopethathersonwasnotdead.4.There’snoneedto_____________________thismatter;we’redealingwithit.

Practiceconceptionequationclungtoconcernyourselfwith5.Aknowledgeofeconomicsis______________toanyunderstandingofthisproblem.6.Hisdesignsarehighly______________.7.Thestarofthefilmisa______________unknownactor.8.Theteacherlaidemphasisonthe______________ofthetranslationfromtheoutset.

PracticefundamentaloriginalpreviouslyprecisionTranslatingBasically,thereareonlythreemeansofcommunicationavailabletous.Thesearethewritten,theoral,andthegraphicalforms.Thereforethesuccessfulengineerwillbetechnicallycompetentandversatileinallthreeformsofcommunication.Atechnicallycompetentpersonwholacksabilityinanyoneoftheseformsisseverelyhandicapped.Ifabilityinallthreeformsislacking,noonewilleverknowhowcompetentthatpersonis!Thecompetentengineershouldnotbeafraidofthepossibilityofnotsucceedinginapresentation.Infact,occasionalfailureshouldheexpectedbecausefailureorcriticismseemstoaccompanyeveryreallycreativeidea.Thereisagreatdealtobelearnedfromafailure,andthegreatestgainsareobtainedbythosewillingtoriskdefeat.Inthefinalanalysis,therealfailurewouldlieindecidingnottomakethepresentationatall.

Practice人們基本上只有三種表達(dá)自己思想的方式，即文字材料、口頭表述和繪圖。因此，一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的工程師除了掌握技術(shù)之外．還應(yīng)該精通這三種表達(dá)方式。如果一個(gè)技術(shù)能力很強(qiáng)的人在上述三種表達(dá)方式中的某一種的能力較差，他就會(huì)遇到很大的困難。如果上三種能力都較差，那將永遠(yuǎn)沒有人知道他是一個(gè)多么能干的人!

—個(gè)有能力的工程師不應(yīng)該害怕在提出自己的方案時(shí)遭到失敗的可能性。事實(shí)上，偶然的失敗肯定會(huì)發(fā)生的，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)真正有創(chuàng)造性的設(shè)想似乎總是有失敗或批評(píng)伴隨著它。從一次失敗中可以學(xué)到很多東西，只有不怕遭受失敗的人們才能取得最大的收獲。總之，決定不把方案提交出來(lái)，才是真正的失敗。

Practice譯文TextB

SomeRulesforMechanicalDesign1Designingstartswithaneed,realorimagined.Existingapparatusmayneedimprovementsindurability,efficiency,weight,speed,orcost.Newapparatusmaybeneededtoperformafunctionpreviouslydonebymen,suchascomputation,assembly,orservicing.Withtheobjectivewhollyorpartlydefined,thenextstepindesignistheconceptionofmechanismsandtheirarrangementsthatwillperformtheneededfunctions.Forthis,freehandsketchingisofgreatvalue,notonlyasarecordofone’sthoughtsandasanaidindiscussionwithothers,butparticularlyforcommunicationwithone’sownmind,asastimulantforcreativeideas.

設(shè)計(jì)是從實(shí)際或者假想的需要開始的。對(duì)于現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備可能需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度或成本等方面做一些改進(jìn)工作；也可能需要新的設(shè)備完成以前由人來(lái)做的工作，如計(jì)算或裝配。當(dāng)目標(biāo)完全或部分被確定以后，下一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)步驟是對(duì)能夠完成所需要功能的機(jī)構(gòu)及其布局進(jìn)行總體設(shè)計(jì)。對(duì)于此項(xiàng)工作，徒手畫的草圖是很有價(jià)值的，它不僅可以記錄下我們的想法，而且還有助于與別人進(jìn)行討論，特別是和自己的大腦進(jìn)行交流，從而促進(jìn)創(chuàng)新想法的產(chǎn)生。譯文TextB

SomeRulesforMechanicalDesignTextB

SomeRulesforMechanicalDesign2Whenthegeneralshapeandafewdimensionsoftheseveralcomponentsbecomeapparent,analysiscanbegininearnest.Theanalysiswillhave,asitsobjective,satisfactoryorsuperiorperformance,plussafetyanddurabilitywithminimumweight,andacompetitivecost.Optimumproportionsanddimensionswillbesoughtforeachcriticallyloadedsection,togetherwithabalancebetweenthestrengthoftheseveralcomponents.Materialsandtheirtreatmentwillbechosen.Theseimportantobjectivescanbeattainedonlybyanalysisbasedupontheprinciplesofmechanics,suchasthoseofstaticsforreactionforcesandfortheoptimumutilizationoffriction;ofdynamicsforinertia,acceleration,andenergy;ofelasticityandstrengthofmaterialsforstressanddeflection;andoffluidmechanicsforlubricationandhydrodynamicdrives.

當(dāng)一些零件的大致形狀和幾個(gè)尺寸被確定后，就可以開始認(rèn)真的分析工作。分析工作的目的是要在重量最輕、成本最低的情況下，獲得令人滿意或優(yōu)良的工作性能，并且還要安全耐用。對(duì)于每個(gè)關(guān)鍵承載截面，應(yīng)該尋求最佳的比例和尺寸，同時(shí)要對(duì)這幾個(gè)零件的受力進(jìn)行平衡。要對(duì)材料和處理方式進(jìn)行選擇。只有根據(jù)力學(xué)原理進(jìn)行分折才能達(dá)到這些重要目的。這些分析包括根據(jù)靜力學(xué)原理分析反作用力和充分利用摩擦力，根據(jù)動(dòng)力學(xué)原理分析慣性、加速度和能量；根據(jù)彈性力學(xué)和材料力學(xué)分析應(yīng)力和變形；根據(jù)流體力學(xué)來(lái)分析潤(rùn)滑和流體傳動(dòng)。譯文TextB

SomeRulesforMechanicalDesignTextB

SomeRulesforMechanicalDesign3Finally,adesignbaseduponfunctionandreliabilitywillbecompleted,andaprototypemaybebuilt.Ifitstestsaresatisfactory,andifthedeviceistobeproducedinquantity,theinitialdesignwillundergocertainmodificationsthatenableittobemanufacturedinquantityatalowercost.Duringsubsequentyearsofmanufactureandservice,thedesignislikelytoundergochangesasnewideasareconceivedorasfurtheranalysisbasedupontestsandexperienceindicatealterations.Salesappeal,customersatisfaction,andmanufacturecostareallrelatedtodesign,andabilityindesignisintimatelyinvolvedinthesuccessofanengineeringventure.

最后，完成基于