化合物英文命名課件

CoursewareonEnglishNamingofCompounds目錄IntroductiontoEnglishNamingRulesforCompoundsBasicprinciplesfornamingcompoundsinEnglishExampleAnalysisofEnglishNamingofCompoundsCommonQuestionsandAnswerstoEnglishNamingofCompoundsPracticeandConsolidationofEnglishNamingofCompounds01IntroductiontoEnglishNamingRulesforCompoundsPartRule2Iftwoormorenamesareequallylong,thepreferrednameisthatwhichendsinthemorerestrictedsuffixRule1UsethelongestnamethatisconsistentwiththesuffixesusedinthelanguageRule3Iftwoormorenamesendinthesamesuffix,thepreferrednameisthatwhichisformedfromthemorerestrictedstemRuleOverviewImprovingcommunication01Standardizednamingruleshelptoensurethatscientifictermsareconsistentlyused,facilitatingclearcommunicationbetweenresearchersandotherprofessionalsEnhancingreproducibility02Followingnamingrulesguaranteesthatexperimentsandstudiesarereproducible,asotherswillunderstandandbeabletoreplicatethecompoundnamesusedFacilitiesliteraturesearches03ConsistentuseofcompoundnamesinscientificliteraturemakesiteasiertosearchandretrieverelevantinformationTheImportanceofRulesTheHistoryandDevelopmentofRulesThefirsteffortstostandardizecompoundNamingBeganinthe19thcentury,withtheestablishmentoforganizationssuchastheInternationalChemicalUnion19thcenturyThedevelopmentoftheInternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry(IUPAC)NomenclatureCommitteeplayedapivotalroleinthestandardizationoforganiccompoundnames1970sTheHistoryandDevelopmentofRulesTheIUPACGreenBook,whichprovidedguidelinesfornaminginorganicsubmarines,waspublished1993Currently,IUPACisthepreparatoryorganizationfordevelopingandmaintainingnamingstandardsforinorganicandorganiccompounds,withregularupdatesandrevisionstoitsrecommendationspublishedintheBlueBookandGreenBook,respectivelyCurrentstatus02BasicprinciplesfornamingcompoundsinEnglishPartAlkylsubstituentsAlkylsubstituentsarenamedaccordingtothelongestcarbonchainpresentandthenumberandpositionofthecarbonatomsbearingthesubstituentgroupsArylsubstituentsArylsubstituentsarenamedbyindicatingtheringsystemandthepositionofthesubstituentgroupsHaloalkylsubstituentsHaloalkylsubstituentsarenamedbyindicatingthealkylgroupandthehalogenatomspresentNamingofsubscribersLongcarbonchainsarenamedbyindicatingthenumberofcarbonatomsandthepositionoffunctionalgroupsCycliccarbonchainsarenamedbyindicatingthenumberofcarbonatomsandthetypeofringsystemNamingofcarbonchainsCycliccarbonchainsLongcarbonchainsCarbonacidgroupsCarbonacidgroupsarenamedbyindicatingthecarbonchainandthepositionofthecarbonacidgroupAminegroupsAminegroupsarenamedbyindicatingthecarbonchainandthepositionoftheaminegroupNamingoffunctionalgroupsHeterocycliccompoundsHeterocycliccompoundsarenamedbyindicatingtheringsystemandthetypeofheteroatompresentMetalcomplexesMetalcomplexesarenamedbyindicatingthemetalionandligandspresentNamingofSpecialCompounds03ExampleAnalysisofEnglishNamingofCompoundsPartNamingofhydrocarbonsThenamingofhydrocarbonsinEnglishfollowsasetofrulesthatarebasedonthenumberofcarbonatomsandthetypeofbondingHydrocarbonsarenamedbyindicatingthenumberofcarbonatomsandthetypeofbondingForexample,methane(CH4)hasonecarbonatomandfourhydrogenatoms,whileethane(C2H6)hastwocarbonatomsandsixhydrogenatomsLongerhydrocarbonchainsarenamedbyaddingprefixestothebasename,suchas"etal"or"copyl"ThenamingofalcoholsinEnglishfollowsasetofrulesthatindicatethepresenceofanalcoholgroup(-OH)andthetypeofhydrocarbonitisattachedtoThealcoholgroupisindicatedby"-alcohol"or"-ol"attheendofthenameThehydrocarbonpartisnamedaccordingtothehydrocarbonNamingrulesForexample,ethanol(C2H5OH)isnamedas"ethylalcohol"becauseithasanalcoholgroupattachedtoanethylhydrocarbonchainNamingofAlcoholsThenamingofacidsinEnglishfollowsasetofrulesthatindicatethetypeofhydrocarbongroupattachedtothecarboxylicacidgroup(-COOH)Thecarboxylicacidgroupisindicatedby"-icacid"attheendofthenameThehydrocarbonpartisnamedaccordingtothehydrocarbonNamingrulesForexample,aestheticacid(CH3COOH)isnamedas"ethicalcarbonacid"becauseithasacarboxylicacidgroupattachedtoanethicalhydrogenchainNamingofAcidsThenamingofestersinEnglishfollowsasetofrulesthatindicatesthepresenceofanestergroup(-COO-)andthetypeofhydrocarbonitisattachedtoTheestergroupisindicatedby"-ate"attheendofthenameThehydrocarbonpartisnamedaccordingtothehydrocarbonNamingrulesForexample,ethylacetate(C2H5COOCH3)isnamedas"ethylacetate"becauseithasanestergroupattachedtoanethylhydrocarbonchainNamingofEstersNamingofEthersThenamingofothersinEnglishfollowsasetofrulesthatindicatesthepresenceofanothergroup(-O-)andthetypeofhydrocarbonitisattachedtoTheothergroupisindicatedby"-other"attheendofthenameThehydrocarbonpartisnamedaccordingtothehydrocarbonNamingrulesForexample,diethylether(C2H5OC2H5)isnamedas"diethylether"becauseithastwoothergroupsattachedtotwoethylhydrarbonchains04CommonQuestionsandAnswerstoEnglishNamingofCompoundsPartHowtodeterminetheorderofsubscribers?ElectricalactivitySubjectswithhigherelectricalactivityaregivenhigherpriorityAlphabeticalOrderIfallotherfactorsareequal,thesubstituentsarenamedalphabeticallyPositionSubjectsclosertotheattachmentpointaregivenhigherpriorityNumberofCarsSubstitutionswithmorecarbonatomsaregivenhigherpriorityEnsurethecarbonchainisasshortaspossiblewhilestillrepresentingthecompoundaccuratelyChainLengthIfadoublebondispresent,itshouldbeplacedattheendofthecarbonchainDoubleBondsIfafunctionalgroupispresent,itshouldbeplacedattheendofthecarbonchainFunctionalGroupsCycliccompoundsshouldberepresentedbytheirparentringwithsubstituentsattachedCyclicCompoundsHowtowritethecarbonchaincorrectly?Howtocorrectlywritefunctionalgroups?IUPACRulesUsetheIUPACrulesfornamingfunctionalgroups,ensuringthatthecorrectprefixandsuffixareusedAlphabeticalOrderIfmultiplefunctionalgroupsarepresent,theyshouldbenamedalphabeticallyPositionSpecifythepositionofthefunctionalgrouponthecarbonchain,usingthelowestpossiblenumberCommonNamesIfafunctionalgrouphasacommonnamethatiswidelyrecognized,itcanbeusedinsteadoftheIUPACnameMetallicCompoundsMetalliccompoundsshouldbenamedaccordingtotheirmetallicelementfollowedbyanyligandsorattachmentsRadicalsRadicalsshouldbenamedusingtheappropriateprefix(e.g.,"mono-"or"di-")andsuffix(-yl,-yne,-yne)BondingpatternsSpecialattentionshouldbepaidtobondingpatternswhennamingcompoundswithunusualbondingpatterns(e.g.,hypervalentcompounds)PolyatomicIonsPolyatomicionsshouldbenamedaccordingtotheirchargeandcomposition,withRomannumbersusedtoindicatechargesHowtohandlethenamingofspecialcompounds?05PracticeandConsolidationofEnglishNamingofCompoundsPartMultiplechoiceexercisesPurpose:Throughmultiple-choicequestions,studentsareaskedtochoosethecorrectnamefromthegivenoptionsbasedonthenamingrulesofcompoundstheyhavelearned.Example:Whichofthefollowingcompoundsisnamedcorrectly?Multiplechoiceexercises1.Ethylformate2.Methylacetate3.PropylformateMultipl