module-8-新編劍橋商務英語(初級)第三版

Module8Businesstopic:ManufacturingprocessesGraffitiaproblem?JustwashitThepassiveSupplyanddemand/ProductionphilosophyJust-In-Time(JIT)Businessskills:ProblemsadsolutionsSolvingproblemsUseaSmartLidWhenandIfCollocations(詞語搭配)withproblemsWe’vegotaproblem(casepractice)P76ReadthearticleThenameofthecompanyWhatkindofproductsthecompanymakesWhousestheproductsHubdeanGraffitiresistantpaints,andanti-graffititreatmentLocalcouncilsandprivatecompaniesalloverUKPassive不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執(zhí)行者是誰.強調動作的承受者，而不強調動作的執(zhí)行者Somenewcomputerswerestolenlastnight.ThismachinewasmadeinGermany.Thecompanywasestablishedin1950.Eighthoursperdayforsleepmustbeguaranteed.Thisbookwaspublishedlastyear.Thewindowwasbroken.不及物動詞或動詞短語無被動語態(tài)

Appear/disappearDieEndFailHappenLast持續(xù)LieRemainSitSpreadstandbreakout突發(fā)，爆發(fā)cometrue成真

fallasleepkeepsilenceloseheart失去勇氣，喪失信心takeplace發(fā)生P77Exercise5Ifthereisadelay,theclient____________________________________.Thenewsystem____________________________________.We____________________________________.Production____________________________________.Thearea____________________________________.IsinformedIsbeingtestedWereshownaroundthefactoryHasbeenincreasedWillbecleanedtomorrowExercise6ManageFacedAreusedWerebeingvandalisedTried6.Wascleanedoff7.Weredefaced8.Contacted9.Haveworked10.HavebeenprotectedDisposable用完即棄的Eliminate消除，消滅EliminationFinancialreturn金融回報Frustrated挫折的，泄氣的Gooff離開，消失，變質Innovation創(chuàng)新Interrupt打斷，妨礙InterruptionInventory存貨清單Loadingbay裝卸灣Maintenance保養(yǎng)，維護Mechanism機構，機制Philosophy哲學，理論Poka-yoke防差錯技術Prevent防止Rawmaterials原材料Reliable可靠的Scenario設想，方案Supplyanddemand供求Surface表面Treatment處理，治療Underlicense領有執(zhí)照Vandal故意破壞者Gooutofbusiness破產Inabuyer’smarket在買方市場Meetthestandards符合標準TotalQualityControl(TQM)Turnred/blue/green…P78DefinitionsAutomatedCapacityDeliveryDemandHandmadeOrdermakeautomaticorcontroloroperateautomatically.theamountthatcanbecontained.theactofdeliveringordistributingsomething.theabilityanddesiretopurchasegoodsandservices.madebyhandorahandprocess.arequestforsomethingtobemade,supplied,orserved.OutputPlantProduceProductSupplyWarehousethequantityofsomething(asacommodity)thatiscreated.buildingsforcarryingonindustriallabor.createormanufactureaman-madeproduct.commoditiesofferedforsale.offeringgoodsandservicesforsale.astorehouseforgoodsandmerchandise.Exercise2WarehouseOrdersDemandAutomatedCapacityProductsExercise3SupplyPlantahandmadeProduceOutputDeliveriesProductionPhilosophyJFBCGEIADHJustInTime(JIT)Productionmethodtodescribetheconditionwherethereisnoexcessinventorycarriedinstockandproductionisfedbymaterialsarriving“justintime”forproduction.

利用即時送達的材料來供應生產，以達到無過剩庫存的情況。AninventorystrategyInventoryisprobablyoneofthetwobiggestassetsonyourcompany‘sbalancesheet.Itisanimportantdeterminant(決定因素)ofReturnOnAssets(ROA資產收益率)andothermeasuresoffinancialperformance.（財務業(yè)績）Carryingstockisexpensive,usually20%-40%oftheaveragevalueperyear.Itwastescapital--capitalthebusinessmayneedforgrowth.Itrequireslargewarehousesandvaluablefloorspace.Largestocksrequiremassivecomputersystemsfortrackingandcontrol.

JustInTimeandTheToyotaProductionSystemTheJapanesestudiedAmericanproductionmethodswithparticularattentiontoFordpracticesandtheStatisticalQualityControlpracticesofIshikawa,EdwardsDeming,andJosephJuran.AtToyotaMotorCompany,TaichiiOhnoand

ShigeoShingo,begantoincorporate(合并)Fordproduction

andothertechniquesintoanapproachcalled

ToyotaProductionSystem

orJustInTime.

TheToyotapeoplealsorecognizedthattheFordsystemhadcontradictionsandshortcomings,particularlywithrespecttoemployees.Toyotasoondiscoveredthatfactoryworkershadfarmoretocontributethanjustmusclepower.Thisdiscoveryprobablyoriginatedinthe

QualityCirclemovement.Ishikawa,Deming,andJuranallmademajorcontributionstothequalitymovement.Anotherkeydiscoveryinvolvedproductvariety.TheFordsystemwasbuiltaroundasingle,neverchangingproduct.Itdidnotcopewellwithmultipleornewproducts.

Whentheproductivityandqualitygainsbecameevidenttotheoutsideworld,AmericanexecutivestraveledtoJapantostudyit.QualityCircleQualityCircleisoneoftheemployeeparticipationmethods.Itimpliesthedevelopmentofskills,capabilities,confidenceandcreativityofthepeoplethroughcumulativeprocessofeducation,training,workexperienceandparticipation.Italsoimpliesthecreationoffacilitativeconditionsandenvironmentofwork,whichcreatesandsustainstheirmotivationandcommitmenttowardsworkexcellence.asmallgroupof6to12employeesdoingsimilarworkmeettogetheronaregularbasistoidentifyimprovementsintheirrespectiveworkareasusingproventechniquesforanalysingandsolvingworkrelatedproblemsTheconceptofQualityCirclebaseduponrecognitionofthevalueoftheworkerasahumanbeing,assomeonewhowillinglycontributesonhisjob,hiswisdom,intelligence,experience,attitudeandfeelings.Ithasthreemajorattributes:QualityCircleisaformofparticipationmanagement.QualityCircleisahumanresourcedevelopmenttechnique.QualityCircleisaproblemsolvingtechnique.ObjectiveofQualityCircleChangeinAttitude

FromIDON’TcaretoIDOcare.ContinuousimprovementinqualityofworklifeSelfDevelopmentDevelopmentofTeamSpiritIcouldnotdobutwediditEliminateinterdepartmentalconflicts.ImprovedOrganisationalCulturePositiveworkingenvironment.

Totalinvolvementofpeopleatalllevels.

Highermotivationallevel.

ParticipateManagementprocess

WhatwasdoneatFordMotorcompanytoeliminatestoragecost?WhatnamewasgiventotheJITconceptattheToyotaMotorCorporation?WhatisthemainobjectiveofJIT?Rawmaterialsweretakenstraighttothefactoryfloor.TheToyotaProductionSystemToeliminatewasteandimproveproductivity.Howmanysortsofwastehavebeeneliminatedinleanmanufacturing(精益生產)?Whatarethey?WhichsentenceisthesummaryoftheJITphilosophy?Seven:Overproduction;Excesstransportation;Excessinventory;waitingtime;processing(處理);motion（移動）andproductiondefects.Havingtherightamountoftherightmaterial,intherightplace,attherighttime.Additive 上癮的adjAdvertise 廣告nAssemblyline 流水線nBacterium/bacteria 細菌nCatastrophe 大災難，大禍nClosedcircuitTV 閉路電視nCompatible/compatibility 兼容的adj/兼容性nComponent 組件nDedicate/dedicated 奉獻/有奉獻精神的Deface 破壞，磨損vtDefect 瑕疵，故障，缺點nDetect 發(fā)現(xiàn)，探測，檢定vtPoka-yokeaJapanesetermthatmeans"fail-safing"or"mistake-proofing".Itwasoriginallydescribedasbaka-yoke,butasthismeans"fool-proofing.Aprocessthathelpsanequipmentoperatoravoidmistakes.Itspurposeistoeliminateproductdefectsbypreventing,correcting,ordrawingattentiontohumanerrorsastheyoccur.

Examplesofpoka-yokeinconsumerproductsTheinabilitytoremoveacarkeyfromtheignitionswitchofanautomobileiftheautomatictransmissionisnotfirstputinthe"Park"position,sothatthedrivercannotleavethecarinanunsafeparkingconditionwherethewheelsarenotlockedagainstmovement.3.5"floppydisks:thetop-rightcornerisshapedinacertainwaysothatthediskcannotbeinsertedupside-down.UK13ampelectricplugs:itisimpossibletowronglyinserttheplugintothesocket,duetoitsarrangementofthreerectangularpins.Microwaveovens:adoorswitchautomaticallydisconnectstheactivationbuttonwhenthedooroftheovenisopened.Asaresult,itisimpossibletocookanythinginamicrowaveovenunlessthedoorisfullyclosed.SIM(SubscriberIdentityModule)cards:TheSIMcardusedincellularphoneshasitsupperleftcornertrimmeddiagonallytoguidethecardcorrectlyintoposition.

SolvingProblems:Exercise2Workinpairs.BrainstormideastofindaPoka-Yokeway.LabellingSoundTankdesignDetectorAlarmMonitorShepherdReinforcethefenceIncreasecow’sactivitygroundDeviceCamera+monitorAlarmsoundAlarmsystemMonitorsystemWrongfuelGetstuckinthedoorCowescapingUsedifferentmeasuresofdiameterofthetubes.Opticalcellstostopdoorsfromclosingwhenpeoplearegettingon/off.Stonestomakethegatecloseautomatically.Exercise4Preventamistakefrombecomingacatastrophe(大災難).Itonlyfitstherighttank.Stopthedoorsfromclosingwhenpeoplearegettingoff.Tomakethegatecloseautomatically.TotalQualityManagement(TQM)AmanagementconceptcoinedbyEdwardsDeming.ThebasisofTQM:toreducetheerrorsproducedduringthemanufacturingorserviceprocess.toincreasecustomersatisfaction,supplychainmanagement.toaimformodernizationofequipmentandensureworkershavethehighestleveloftraining.

OneofthePrincipalAimstolimiterrorsto