戴煒棟語言學(xué)練習(xí)題

ChapterI

Introduction

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

2.Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.

3.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.

4.Inthestudyoflinguistics,hypothesesformedshouldbebasedonlanguagefactsandcheckedagainsttheobservedfacts.

5.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.

6.Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselftotheresearchofotherareas,studiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.

7.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.

8.Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningfulsentences.

9.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.

10.Syntaxisdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlystudiesthemorphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesintowordsandwordsintosentences.

11.Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageisknownassemantics.

12.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudymeanings.

13.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext.

14.Socialchangescanoftenbringaboutlanguagechanges.

15.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.

16.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.

17.Modernlinguisticsisdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar.

18.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.

19Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary,notthewrittenlanguage.

20.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedbyF.deSaussure.

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

21.

Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealuser’sk__________oftherulesofhislanguage.

22.Languereferstothea__________linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.

23.D_________isoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothephenomenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.

24.Languageisasystemofa_________vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

25.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds________.

26.Humancapacityforlanguagehasag____basis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.

27.P____referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.

28.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasa________linguistics.

29.Languageisp___________inthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.

30.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthes____studyoflanguage.

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.

31.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe______________.

A.prescriptive

B.analytic

C.descriptive

D.linguistic

32.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?

A.Arbitrariness

B.Displacement

C.Duality

D.Meaningfulness

33.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas____________.

A.primary

B.correct

C.secondary

D.stable

34.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because___________.

A.

inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting

B.

speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.

C.

speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue

D.

Alloftheabove

35.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa____studyoflanguage.

A.synchronic

B.diachronic

C.prescriptive

D.comparative

36.Saussuretooka(n)__________viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefroma________pointofview.

A.sociological…psychological

B.psychological…sociological

C.applied…pragmatic

D.semanticandlinguistic

37.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,____referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

A.parole

B.performance

C.langue

D.Language

38.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween_________andmeanings.

A.sense

B.sounds

C.objects

D.ideas

39.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled_________,

A.displacement

B.duality

C.flexibility

D.culturaltransmission

40.Thedetailsofanylanguagesystemispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthrough____,ratherthanbyinstinct.

A.learning

B.teaching

C.books

D.bothAandB

IV.Definethefollowingterms:

41.Linguistics

42.Phonology

43.Syntax

44.Pragmatics

45.Psycholinguistics

46.Language

47.Phonetics

48.Morphology

49.Semantics

50.Sociolinguistics

51.AppliedLinguistics52.Arbitrariness

53Productivity

54.Displacement

55.Duality

56.DesignFeatures57.Competence

58Performance

59.Langue

60Parole

V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamples

forillustrationifnecessary:

61.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedfor

humancommunication.Explainitindetail.

62.Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Illustratethemwithexamples.

63.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?

64.Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?

65.Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,notthewritten?

66.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?

67.Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?

68.Saussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?

69.Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?Why?

Suggestedanswerstosupplementaryexercises:

ChapterI

Introduction

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

l.T

2.F

3.F

4.T

5.T

6.F

7.T

8.F

9.T

10.F

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

21.knowledge

22.abstract

23.Duality

24.arbitrary

25.syntax

26.genetic27.Parole

28.applied

29.productive

30.scientific(orsystematic)

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.

IV.Definethefollowingterms:

41.

Linguistics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

42.

Phonology:Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.

43.

Syntax:Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax..

44.

Pragmatics:Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.

45.

Psycholinguistics:Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.

46.

Language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

47.

Phonetics:Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.

48.

Morphology:Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.

49.

Semantics:Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.

50.

Sociolinguistics:Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics,.

51.

Appliedlinguistics:Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.

52.

arbitrariness:Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds

53.

Productivity:Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.

54.

Displacement:Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker

55.

Duality:Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings..

56.

Designfeatures:Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication

57.

Competence:Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,

58.

Performance:performanceistheactualrealizationoftheknowledgeoftherulesinlinguisticcommunication.

59.

langue:Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently

60.

Parole:Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse;paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.

V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamples

forillustrationifnecessary:

61.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Explainitindetail.

Firstofall,languageisasystem,becauseelementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.Secondly,languageisarbitrarybecausethereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenformandmeaning,orbetweenthesignandwhatitstandsfor.Differentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectintheworld.Thisfactisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.Thisalsoexplainsthesymbolicnatureoflanguage:wordsarejustsymbols;theyareassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideas,etc.byconvention.Thirdly,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages,nomatterhowwell-developedtheirwritingsystemsare.

Theterm"human"inthedefinitionindicatesthatlanguageispossessedbyhumanbeingsonlyandisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsofotherlivingcreatures.Theterm"communication"meansthatlanguagemakesitpossibleforitsuserstotalktoeachotherandfulfiltheircommunicativeneeds.

62.

Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Illustratethemwithexamples.

1)Arbitrariness

Asmentionedearlier,thearbitrarypropertyoflanguagemeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forinstance,thereisnonecessaryrelationshipbetweenthewordelephantandtheanimalitsymbolizes.Inaddition,differentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages,andevenwithinthesamelanguage,thesamesounddoesnotrefertothesamething.However,languageisnotentirelyarbitrary.Therearewordswhicharecreatedintheimitationofsoundsbysounds,suchascrash,banginEnglish.Besides,somecompoundwordsarealsonotentirelyarbitrary.Butthenon-arbitrarywordsarequitelimitedinnumber.

Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.

2)Productivity

Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Thisiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencesthattheyhaveneversaidorheardbefore.Theycansendmessageswhichnooneelsehaseversentbefore.

Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsappeartobehighlyrestrictedwithrespecttothenumberofdifferentsignalsthattheiruserscansendandreceive.

3)Duality

Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.Atthelowerorthebasiclevel,thereisthestructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless,discrete,individualsounds.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbecombinedaccordingtorulesintounitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemesandwords,which,atthehigherlevel,

canbearrangedintosentences.Thisdualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.Noanimalcommunicationsystemhasdualityorevencomesneartopossessingit.

4)Displacement

Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Animalcallsaremainlyutteredinresponsetoimmediatechangesofsituation.

5)Culturaltransmission

Humanbeingswerebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,butthedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmittedorpasseddownbyinstinct.Theyhavetobetaughtandlearned,

butanimalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.

63.

Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?

Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;itisbasedon"high"(religious,literary)writtenlanguage.Itsetsgrammaticalrulesandimposestherulesonlanguageusers.ButModernlinguisticsisdescriptive;Itcollectsauthentic,andmainlyspokenlanguagedataandthenitstudiesanddescribesthedatainanobjectiveandscientificway.

64.

Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?

ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisaSynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Asynchronicstudyoflanguagedescribesalanguageasitisatsomeparticularpointintime,whileadiachronicstudyoflanguageisthestudyofthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.

65.

Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,not

thewritten?

First,thespokenformispriortothewrittenformandmostwritingsystemsarederivedfromthespokenformoflanguage.

Second,thespokenformplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyedanditservesawiderrangeofpurposes

Finally,thespokenformisthemediumthroughwhichweacquireourmothertongue.

66.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?

Thedistinctionbetweenlangue,andparolewasmadebythefamousSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureearlythiscentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollowwhileparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract;itisnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,butparoleisconcrete;itreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently;whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.

67.Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?

AmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’sproposedthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Thisinternalizedsetofrulesenablesthelanguageusertoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguous.AccordingtoChomsky,

performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Althoughthespeaker’sknowledgeofhismothertongueisperfect,hisperformancesmayhavemistakesbecauseofsocialandpsychologicalfactorssuchasstress,embarrassment,etc..Chomskybelievesthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyisthecompetence,whichissystematic,nottheperformance,whichistoohaphazard.

68.Saussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?

AlthoughSaussure’sdistinctionandChomsky’sareverysimilar,theydifferatleastinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamaterofsocialconventions,andChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviesandtohim,competenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.

69.

Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?Why?

Languageisarbitraryinnature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary,becausetherearealimitednumberofwordswhoseconnectionsbetweenformsandmeaningscanbelogicallyexplainedtoacertainextent,forexample,theonomatopoeia,wordswhicharecoinedonthebasisofimitationofsoundsbysoundssuchasbang,crash,etc..Takecompoundsforanotherexample.Thetwoelements

“photo”and“copy”in“photocopy”arenon-motivated,butthecompoundisnotarbitrary.

SupplementaryExercises

Chapter2：Phonology

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.

VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish.

2.

Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

3.

Aphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning.

4.

EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot.

5.

Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.

6.

Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.

7.

Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsoundswhichaspeakerissueswiththehelpofamachinecalledspectrograph.

8.

Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:thethroat,themouthandthechest.

9.

Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.

10.

Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulationandthepartofthetonguethatisraisedthehighest.

11.

Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintowhichtheconsonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabialandalveolar.

12.

Vowelsoundscanbedifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors:thepositionoftongueinthemouth,theopennessofthemouth,theshapeofthelips,andthelengthofthevowels.

13.

Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelscanbeclassifiedintoclosevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels.

14.

Anysoundproducedbyahumanbeingisaphoneme.

15.

Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning.

16.

Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedintodifferentcategories.

17.

Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.

18.

Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.

19.

Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific.

20.

Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

21．

A____referstoastrongpuffofairstreamintheproductionofspeechsounds.

22．

A___________phoneticsdescribesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer.

23．

Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e,theyareallb_______sounds.

24．Ofallthespeechorgans,thet____isthemostflexible,andisresponsibleforvarietiesofarticulationthananyother.

25．

Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofmannerofarticulationorintermsofp_______ofarticulation.

26．

Whentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionaudiblyreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledas________.

27．

S_________featuresarethephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theyincludestress,tone,intonation,etc.

28．

Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalleds

____rules.

29．

Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscriptionwhilethetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscalledn_________transcription.

30．

Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi_________.

31．

P___________isadisciplinewhichstudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguageandhowsoundsarecombinedintomeaningfulunitstoeffectlinguisticcommunication.

32．

Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantcavities:thepharyngealcavity,theo_______cavityandthenasalcavity.

33．

T_______arepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcordsandwhichcandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes.

34．

Dependingonthecontextinwhichstressisconsidered,therearetwokindsofstress:wordstressands_________stress.

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

35．Ofallthespeechorgans,the_______is/arethemostflexible.

A.mouth

B.lips

C.tongue

D.vocalcords

36．Thesoundsproducedwithoutthevocalcordsvibratingare____sounds.

A.voiceless

B.voiced

C.vowel

D.consonantal

37．__________isavoicedalveolarstop.

A./z/

B./d/

C./k/

D./b/

38．

Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophones____________.

A.identical

B.same

C.exactlyalike

D.similar

39．

Since/p/and/b/arephoneticallysimilar,occurinthesameenvironmentsandtheycandistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobe___________.

A.inphonemiccontrast

B.incomplementarydistribution

C.theallophones

D.minimalpair

40．

Thesound/f/is_________________.

A.voicedpalatalaffricate

B.voicedalveolarstop

C.voicelessvelarfricative

D.voicelesslabiodentalfricative

41.

A____vowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition.

A.back

B.central

C.front

D.middle

42.Distinctivefeaturescanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled____________.

A.phoneticcomponents

B.immediateconstituents

C.suprasegmentalfeatures

D.semanticfeatures

43.A(n)___________isaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.

Itisanabstractunit,acollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.

A.phone

B.sound

C.allophone

D.phoneme

44．Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledthe____ofthatphoneme.

A.phones

B.sounds

C.phonemes

D.allophones

IV.Definethetermsbelow:

45.phonology

46.phoneme

47.allophone

48.internationalphoneticalphabet

49.intonation

50.phonetics

51.auditoryphonetics

52.acousticphonetics

53.phone

54.phonemiccontrast

55.tone

56.minimalpair

V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:

57.

Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,whydoyouthinkspeechismorebasicthanwriting?

58.

Whatarethecriteriathatalinguistusesinclassifyingvowels?

59.

Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics?

60.

Illustratewithexampleshowsuprasegmentalfeaturescanaffectmeaning.

61.

Inwhatwaycanwedeterminewhetheraphoneisaphonemeornot

Suggestedanswerstosupplementaryexercises

Chapter2

Phonology

:

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

11.F

12.T

13.F

14.F

15.F

16.F

17.T

18.F

19.T

20.T

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

21.Aspiration

22.Articulatory

23.

bilabial

24.tongue

25.place

26.stop

27.Suprasegmental

28.sequential29.narrow30.intonation

31.Phonology

32.ora