aps電氣復(fù)習(xí)final英文資料

朽木易折，金石可鏤。千里之行，始于足下。第頁(yè)/共頁(yè)TOC\o"1-1"\h\z\u1. 高等數(shù)學(xué)（AdvancedMathematics） 12. 大學(xué)生思想修養(yǎng)（MoralCultivationofcollegestudents） 23. 體育（P.E）(1,2,3) 24. 心理學(xué)（modernpsychology） 25. 計(jì)算機(jī)文化基礎(chǔ)（SoftwareTechniqueFoundationDesign） 26. 普通物理學(xué)（GeneralPhysics） 27. 金工實(shí)習(xí)（MetalworkingPractice） 28. 程序設(shè)計(jì)（programming） 39. 法律基礎(chǔ)（LawBasis） 310. 普通物理實(shí)驗(yàn)（GeneralPhysicsExperiment） 311. 電路理論基礎(chǔ)（ElectricCircuitTheories） 312. 電工實(shí)習(xí)（ElectronicProcessesInternship） 413. 數(shù)字技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)（ElectronicTechnologyFundamentals） 414. 電子技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)實(shí)驗(yàn)（ElectronicTechnologyfundamentalExperiment） 615. 電磁場(chǎng)（ElectromagneticField） 616. 自動(dòng)控制理論（AutomationControlTheory） 617. 信號(hào)與系統(tǒng)（SignalsandSystems） 718. IntroductoryControl 819. 微機(jī)原理（SingleChipMicrocomputerPrincipleandApplication） 820. 電機(jī)學(xué)（ElectricalMachinery） 921. 電力電子技術(shù)（PowerElectronicTechnology） 922. 電氣工程基礎(chǔ)（fundamentalsofelectricalengineering） 1123. 電力系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)化（electricalpowersystemautomation） 1224. 繼電保護(hù)（relayprotectionofpowersystem） 1225. 電氣電子測(cè)試（FundamentalsofTest&MeasurementTechnology） 1226. 數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)（DataStructuresandAlgorithms） 1527. 離散數(shù)學(xué)（discretemathematics） 1528. 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)（database） 15

高等數(shù)學(xué)（AdvancedMathematics）It’snotonlytellushowtoadd,subtract,multiply,anddividewholenumbers,fractions,decimals,andpercentages,actually,Mathematicsisastudyofpatternsandrelationships;ascienceandawayofthinking;anart,characterizedbyorderandinternalconsistency;alanguage,usingcarefullydefinedtermsandsymbols大學(xué)生思想修養(yǎng)（MoralCultivationofcollegestudents）Thiscoursemainlytalkedaboutmoraleducationandvalueeducationtothecollegestudent,alotofrealitystoriesaretoldintheclasstomakeusconsciousofrightthingsandthewrong,inaword,It’saimistoteachustobegoodpeople.體育（P.E）(1,2,3)Inourschool,youcanchose1kindofsporttolearneachyear,IlearnedtennisballinmyfroshyearandIlikeditverymuch,bythemay,nadirismyfavouritesportsstars.Then,kickboxingismychoiceinthesecondyear,youknow,IwanttobemorestrongsoIcanprotectmyselfandthepeopleIcareaboutwhensomethingbadhappened,hehe.計(jì)算機(jī)文化基礎(chǔ)（SoftwareTechniqueFoundationDesign）Ilearnedsomebasicideasaboutcomputerinthiscourse,normally,personalcomputeriscomposedofHardwareandSoftware.Hardware:case,powersupply,,motherboard,processor,heatsink,harddrive,memorycard,opticaldrive,videocard,soundcard,netwotkcard,however,nowadays,mostmotherboardshaveon-boardsound,videoandnetworkcard,soyoudon’tneedtobuythemwhendiyacomputerunlessyoupursuehighperformance.Software:SystemsoftwareMacOs,DOS,Windows.Applicationsoftware:MicrosoftOffice,mainlylearnedwordprocessing,spreadsheet,--excelpowerpoint普通物理學(xué)（GeneralPhysics）Introducebasicconceptions,laws,theoriesaboutnaturalthings程序設(shè)計(jì)（programming）Cwasdesignedforimplementing\o"Systemsoftware"systemsoftware,itisalsowidelyusedfordeveloping\o"Applicationsoftware"applicationsoftware.Datastructures:Pointers,ArraysMemorymanagemente.g.朽木易折，金石可鏤。千里之行，始于足下。第頁(yè)/共頁(yè)#includemath.h

#includestdio.h

main

{

doublex,s;

printf("inputnumber:\n");

scanf("%lf",&x);

s=sin(x);

printf("sineof%lfis%lf\n",x,s);

}朽木易折，金石可鏤。千里之行，始于足下。第頁(yè)/共頁(yè)法律基礎(chǔ)（LawBasis）Mainlyaboutthelawinchina,includinginternationallaw,constitutionalandadministrativelaw,criminallaw,tortlaw,propertylaw,labourlaw,familylaw,commerciallaw,……manymany,inaword,inthiscoursewelearnedtobea普通物理實(shí)驗(yàn)（GeneralPhysicsExperiment）Basicoperationskillsofampmeter,voltagemeter,power,frequency,resistancetabletoproperlytesttherequiredvariables.電路理論基礎(chǔ)（ElectricCircuitTheories）Explainbasictheories,lawsconceptionandbasicanalyzingmethodofelectricalcircuit.Suchasthecurrentandvoltagelawofkirchhoff,ohm’slaw,FaradyandBranchCurrentMethodAnelectricalcircuitiscomposedofelementssuchasresistors,inductors,andcapacitorsconnectedtogetherinsomemanner.Ohm’slaw:statesthatthevoltageacrosstheresistorisequaltothecurrentthroughtheresistormultipliedbythevalueoftheresistance.U=IRFarady;s:thevoltageacrosstheinductorisproportionaltotherateofchangewithtimeofthecurrentthroughtheinductor.U=Ldi/dtdi/dt:therateofchangeofcurrentCapacitor;ThevoltagedevelopedacrossacapacitorisproportionaltotheelectricchargeqaccumulatingontheplatesofthecapacitorU=1/CKirchhoff:KVL:Thealgebraicsumofthevoltagesaroundaclosedloopiszero.KCL:Thealgebraicsumofthecurrentsenteringandexitinganodeequalszero.BranchCurrentMethod:First,assumethedirectionofcurrentsinanetwork,thenwriteequationsdescribingtheirrelationshipstoeachotherthroughkichhoff;sandohm;slawthreephaseciucuit

電工實(shí)習(xí)（ElectronicProcessesInternship）Basicideasandimportantnotesaboutelectronicproductionprocess,thenuseelectricirontomakeasmallelectronicepuipment,andImadeasmallchargerwhichIuseduntilnow,hehe,wondertful.First:followthecircuitdiagramtoplacetheelectroniccomponentsuchascapacitor,resistor,sourcelineSecond:welding,weldingworkwasessential,solderjointrequestmustbestrong,sleek,weldingtechnologywillhaveadirectimpactonthesuccessofelectronicsmanufacturing.justbecareful!Last:makingup,insertthepcbintothecaseandconnectotherouterframecomponent,andthenit’sdone!!數(shù)字技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)（ElectronicTechnologyFundamentals）BasicknowledgeofDigitalandAnalogsignal,severallogicgates,booleanequation,truthtableandimportantflip-flop,operationalamplifer1)Digital&Analog:therateofchangeoftimeandnumberofavariableisdiscrete,thecircuitworkonthissignalcalleddigitalcircuit.Ontheotherhand,ifthevariablesarecontinuousfunctionsoftime,itcalledanalogsignal,andthecircuitworkonthiscalledanalogcircuit.2)Logicgate:AND,ORNOTTheANDgateisalogicgatethatgivesanoutputof'1'onlywhenallofitsinputsare'1'.

TheORgateisalogicgatethatgivesanoutputof'0'onlywhenallofitsinputsare'0'.TheNOTgateisalogicgatethatgivesanoutputthatisoppositethestateofitsinput.

alsocalledinverterABOutputQ000010100111TruthtableofANDGATE3)Booleanequation:mathematicallyanalyzetherelationoflogicgate4)Flip-flop:S,Rareapairofinputterminals,standingforsetandreset,repectively,Thefundamental,mostimportantcharacteristicofaflip-flopisthatithasa“memory”,Example:whens=1,r=0,q=1,(q非)q’=0，whenthesignalappliedonsdisappear(meanssturnto0),becauseqstillequals1,throughtheorgate,theoutputunchanged,1.5)Op-Amp****筆記***:anintegratedcircuitthathasmanycomponentspartssuchasresistorsandtransistorsbuiltintothedevice.Uo=A(U+-U-)AisthegainofOp-Amp6)ADAnalogueanddigitalconversionsAnalogue-to-digitalconversioninvolvesasampleandholdunitfollowedbyananalogue-todigitalconverter.AN-bitADCoutputsabinarywordwhosewidthisNbits.TheresolutionofaN-bitADCis1/2Nofthefull-scaleinput.ConversiontimespecifythetimeittakesaADCtogenerateadigitalword.1.SuccessiveapproximationADCThistypeofADCismostcommonlyusedform.Thismethodisbasedoncomparingtheinputanaloguevoltagewithanothervoltageuntiltwoareequalorascloseasitispossibletosetthem.電子技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)實(shí)驗(yàn)（ElectronicTechnologyfundamentalExperiment）Introducesomebasictestingtechnology,tovoltage,frequency,current,time,resistanceandsoon,alsodebuggingtechnologyofbothdigitalandanalogciucuit電磁場(chǎng)（ElectromagneticField）IntroducesomebasicknowledgeofElectromagneticfield,PointisMaxwellequationsanditslinearrelation.IntegralLinearrelation:B=H,D=EJ=E,,,aremagneticpermeability,Dielectricpermittivity,andconductivityRespectively.Differential自動(dòng)控制理論（AutomationControlTheory）***筆記****Introducebasicknowledgeoftwokindsofcontrolsystems:Open-loopcontrolsystemsandClosed-loopcontrolsystemandtheirmathematicallyanalysistooltransferfunctionOpen-loop:thecontrolactionisindependentoftheoutput圖：Closed-loop:theinputoftheplantissomehowdependentontheactualoutput,theoutputisfeedbackinafunctionalformdeterminedbythenatureofthefeedbackelementsthensubstractedfromtheinput,soit’softenreferredtoasanegativefeedback.圖：Transferfunction:Theinput–outputrelationshipinthelaplacedomainiscalledthetransferfunction.Thisfunctioncanbeobtainedbymainlytwoways:laplacetransformandexperiment.welearnedtheformerone,totakelaplacetransformrequiresthesystemtobelinearandstationary,withcontinuousvariablesandzeroinitialconditions.alsocanbewritteninD(s)iscalledthecharacteristicfunction,itcontainsallthephysicalcharacteristicsofthesystemanddeterminethestabilityofthesystem.(useRouthstabilitycriterion)N(s)afunctionofhowtheinputentersthesystem.Foraopenloop,thetransferfunctionisW(S)=C(s)/R(s)=G(s)H(s)Foraclosedloop:W(s)=C(s)/R(s)=G(s)H(s)/1+G(s)H(s)Routh:example:信號(hào)與系統(tǒng)（SignalsandSystems）Thissubjectpresentsthetheoreticalbasisforsystemanalysisandgivesstudentsskillsinusingthetechniquestodesigncomponentsofrealcontrol/communicationsystems.Thederivationofmodelsfromreal-worlddevicesthroughmeasurementandthecomparisonofmodelpredictionswithexperimentalresultsisemphasisedinthelaboratorycomponentofthecourse.Agroupprojectthatrequiresthedesignandimplementationofpartofacontrol/communicationsystemallowsstudentstoapplytheirknowledgetoareal-lifeproblem.Topicsinclude:signaltypesandtheirrepresentationinthetimeandfrequencydomains;modellingsystemswithdifferentialordifferenceequationsandtransformsoftheequations;signaloperationsandprocessing;therelationshipbetweendiscreteandcontinuousquantitiesandthemathematicaltechniquesapplicabletoeach;theeffectsoffeedback;timeandfrequencydomainperformanceofsystems;systemstability;andcontroldesigntechniquesandsimplecommunicationsystems.IntroductoryControlTheobjectiveofthissubjectistoenablestudentstomodelwithvalidationcontrolsystemsandtoanalyse,designandimplementbothanaloganddigitalcontrollerssothatthecontrolledsystemsconformwithgivenspecifications.Emphasisisplacedonlaboratorywork,thetheoreticalcontentofthesubjectbeingonlythatrequiredtoproducesuccessfuldesigns.Studentsarerequiredtoworkonreducedscalemodelsofactualindustrialprocesses.Theequipmentisbaseduponexperiencegainedwithauthenticcontrolapplicationsandissuitablymodifiedforstudentuse.Studentsfollowtheusualsequenceadoptedinindustry,i.e.theystartwiththecalibrationoftransducersandactuatorsleadingontodynamicresponsetesting,physicalmodelling,modelverificationandfinallytocontrollerdesign,implementationandtesting.Topicsinclude:linearandnonlinearmodellingofcontrolsystemsusingNewton'srules,analogousnetworksorLagrangiantechniques;linearisationanddevelopmentoflinear,time-invarianttransferfunctions;developmentoflead-lagcompensatorsorPIDcontrollersusingclassicalcontroldesigntechniquessuchasrootlocus,Bodegainandphasediagrams,NyquistplotsandNicholschart;developmentofstate-variableequationsfromdifferentialequations;developmentofstate-variablefeedbackcontrollersandstateobservers;open-looppulsetransferfunctionsanddiscrete-timestatemodels;discretisationusingbackwarddifference,bilinear,step-invarianceorpole-zeromapping;developmentofdigitalPIDcontrollers,deadbeatcontrollersanddiscrete-timestate-variablefeedbackcontrollers;describingfunctionsandlimitcyclesfornonlinearcontrolsystems;andthedevelopmentoflinearcontrollersfornonlinearsystemsusingdescribingfunctiontechniques.微機(jī)原理（SingleChipMicrocomputerPrincipleandApplication）SystematicallyexplaintheworkingprincipleofMCS-51mono-chipcomputer,itsinstructionsystem,thedesignofassemblylanguageprogram,theexpansionofsystem,interruption,andconnectingports.Fundamentalcharacteristic:highlyintegrated,simplestructure,highreliability,strongfunctiontocontrol,cheapflexibleusage.StructureandworkingprinciplesMakeup:CPU,timercircuit,ReadOnlyMemory,RandomAccessMemory,TimerandCounter,ShuntconnectInput/output,串行口,interruptcontrolsystem.Internalstructureandfunctions:operator運(yùn)算器(Arithmeticlogicunit算術(shù)邏輯單元,Accumulator累加器,register寄存器,ProgramStatusWord),controller控制器(ProgramCounter,DPTR)電機(jī)學(xué)（ElectricalMachinery）SystematicallyexplaintheworkingprincipleofPowerTransformer,DirectCurrentMachineandAlternatingCurrentmachine.PowerTransformer:adevicethatchangeacelectricenergyatonelevelvoltageintoanotherlevelthroughtheactionofamagneticfield,consistoftwoormorecoilsofwirewrappedaroundacommonferromagnetic(鐵磁體)core,thesecoilconnectedbymagneticflux..It’sanindispensablecomponentinmanyenergyconversionsystems,Normally,therearetwotype:Coreandshell圖Thesewindingarecoupledbymutualmagneticflux,whenconnecttheprimarywindingtoanalternatingsource,analternatingfluxwillbeproducedwhoseamplitudewilldependontheprimaryvoltage,thefrequencyoftheappliedvoltage,andthenumberofturns,thenthemutualfluxlinkedtheotherwindingwillinduceavoltageinit,whosevaluedependonthenumberofsecondaryturnsandthemagnetudeofthemutualfluxandfrequency.Byproperlyproportioningthenumberoftheprimaryandsecondaryturns,almostanydesignedvoltagecanbeobtained.Dcmachine,inprinciple,thedcandtransformeraresimilar,inbothofthem.amagneticfieldiscreatedbythecombineactionofthecurrentsinthewinding,butindc,thereisrelativemotionbetweenthewindingontherotorandstator.Principle:directcurrentappliedonthefieldwindingcreateamagneticfluxdistributionwhichisstationarywithrespecttothestator,whenitflowsthroughthebrushes,armaturecreatesamagneticfluxdistributionwhichisalsofixedinspace,itistheinteractionofthesetwofluxdistributionsthatcreatesthetorque（轉(zhuǎn)矩）ofdcmachine.1Ifthemachineactasagenerator,thetorqueopposesrotation2Ifthemachineactasamotortheelectromechanicaltorqueactsinthedirectionofrotation.Rotaryprincipleofthree-phaseACasynchronousmotor1)rotarymagneticfieldgeneratedbythreephasecurrentssynthesiswitheachotherinstator,resultinginasynchronouscurrentswhosesynthesizedmagneticfieldkeeprotatingaccordingtothechangeofcurrents.2)theconductorinthemagneticfieldcutoutthelinesofmagneticforce,thereforegeneratinginductionpotential,thencreatedcurrentsinconductorsandmakerotortorotae.Principleofsynchronousmotor:whenapplythree-phasecurrenttothearmaturewindingofmotor,thestatorwillproducearoarymagneticfieldrotatedbythesourceofsynchronousspeed..Instationarysituation,rotorspeedissynchronousspeed,andtherotarymagneticfieldofstatorkeepstationarywiththemagneticfieldofrotorenergizedbydirectcurrent.Acoilofwirethatmovesinamagneticfieldwillhaveane.m.f.inducedinit.電力電子技術(shù)（PowerElectronicTechnology）IntroducebasicideasaboutpowerelectroniccomponentssuchaspowerdiodesandthyristorGTOIGBTand4kindsofpowerconverterPowerdiode:onlyappliedaforwardvoltagecanacurrentbeconducted,noneedofcontrolsignalThyristor:alsocalledSCR(siliconcontrolledrectifier),onlyappliedaforwardvoltageandexistatriggercurrentwillthethyristorconductacurrent.Halfcontrolleddevicefamiliy:GTO:GateTurnoffthyristorIGBT:insulatedgatebipolartransistorbothoftwoneedcontrolsignaltoturnonandoff.2）converterdc-dc:全橋電路（如課程設(shè)計(jì)）Dc-ac:NowtheyarewidelyusedinnewpowersourcessuchasBatteryASisshowningraph,whens1,s4on,s2,s3off,ThevoltageU0ispositive,whenswitchthes1-4,UoTurnnegative,soperformthefunctiondc-ac,andtheFrequencyofaccurrentcanbechangedbycontrollingTheswitchingfrequency.Ac-ac:changethevoltageorcurrentofacac-dc:bychangingthephaseangleofthethyristorsconnetedinthecircuittoperformthefunctionofrecitiferInhalfwaverectification,eitherthepositiveornegativehalfoftheACwaveispassed,whiletheotherhalfisblocked.Becauseonlyonehalfoftheinputwaveformreachestheoutput,itisveryinefficientifusedforpowertransfer.Half-waverectificationcanbeachievedwithasinglediodeinaonephasesupply,orwiththreediodesinathree-phasesupply.Afull-waverectifierconvertsthewholeoftheinputwaveformtooneofconstantpolarity(positiveornegative)atitsoutput.Full-waverectificationconvertsbothpolaritiesoftheinputwaveformtoDC(directcurrent),andismoreefficient.However,inacircuitwithanon-\o"Centertap"centertappedtransformer,fourdiodesarerequiredinsteadoftheoneneededforhalf-waverectification.(See\o"Semiconductor"semiconductors,\o"Diode"diode).Fourrectifiersarrangedthiswayarecalleda\o"Diodebridge"diodebridgeorbridgerectifier:電氣工程基礎(chǔ)（fundamentalsofelectricalengineering）Systematicallyintroducethedevelopmentofelectricpowersysteminchina,andit’scomponents,characteristic,andanalysisoffault,stability，appliancesChina’sinstalledcapacityandpowergenerationoutputarethesecondlargestintheword’selectricityindustryfollowingtheus,asthedemandissohuge.Inourcountry,mainsourceisthermal,thencomestohydro,nuclearjustaccountsforalittle.Mostbigplantsareinthewest,sothepowertransmissionfromthewesttotheeastispivotal1)systemComponents:thesystemconsistsofanenergysourceaprimemover,ageneratorandaloadCharacteristic:1,generationandtransmissionfacilitiesusethreephaseequipment,forindustrialloads,three-phase,forresidential,single-phase.(toincreasetheefficiencyofpowergenerationandutilization,moreeconomic.2,Usesynchronousmachinesforgenerationofelectricity,foritismostsuitable,moreconvenience,efficiencyandeconomiccomparedtootherkindsofmotor.3,Lotsofsub-systemsoperationatdifferentvoltagelevelsfortheneedoffardistancetransmission2)Faults:shortcircuitfault,currentsincreasesuddenlyandbringthesystemintoabnormaloperatingconditionsandmaydamageelectricalequipments.Mainlyfourkinds:1)3phasefaultor3phasetogroundfaultwithorwithoutfaultimpedance,thiscouldbethemostsevereone,butleastcommon.2)doublelinetogroundfault3)linetolinefault4)singlelinetogroundfault.Solve:byproperlyusingcircuitbreakerwhichiscapableofmakingandbreakingcurrentsunderbothnormalandabnormalconditionsMaincause:failureofinsulationStability:istheabilityofthepowersystemtomaintainnormalworkingsituationwhensubjectedtoadisturbance,it’sdependontheinitialoperatingstateofthesystemandtheseverityofthedisturbancesresults:unbalancecurrent,overvoltage,overheating.3)applianceIntroducesomebasicknowledgeaboutelectricalapparatusandthey’recharacteristics,suchasrelays,contactors,circuitbreaker.，Contactor:alargerelay,uausllyusedtoswitchcurrenttoanelectricmotororotherhigh-powerload,protectthemfromovercurrentdamagethroughtheuseofoverloadheatersandoverloadcontacts.CircuitBreaker:mainlylowvoltageCircuit,isadevicedesignedtoopenandcloseacircuitbynon-automaticmeans,andtoopenthecircuitautomaticallyonapredeterminedovercurrentwithoutinjurytoitself電力系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)化（electricalpowersystemautomation）Scada：standforsupervisorycontrolanddataacquisitionRemotecontrolfunctionstocontrolsubstationsremotelyfromthescadamandscanbegivendirectlytotheremote-controlleddevices,f.e.openorcloseacircuitbreaker.relaysettingscanbechangedviathesystem,andrequestsforcertaininformationcanbeinitiatedfromthescadastation.thiseliminatestheneedforpersonneltogotothesubstationtoperformswitchingoperations,andswitchingactionscanbeperformedmuchfaster,whichisatremendousadvantageinemergencysituations.inaddition,theoperatororengineeratthescadateminalhasaholisticoverviewofwhatishappeninginthepowernetworkthroughouttheplantorfactory,improvingthequalityofdecision-making.繼電保護(hù)（relayprotectionofpowersystem）Protectiverelayisoneelementofprotectionscheme,whichisrequiredtosafeguardthepowersystemcomponentsagainstabnormalconditionssuchasfaults,additional,circuitbreakerisanotherelement.Relay:adevicecapableofusingasmallsignaltocontrolalargeamountofcurrentorvoltageThemagneticfieldproducedbyrelaycoiliscapableofconductalargeamountofpowertoaload,ineffect,arelayactasabinaryamplifier(twostate,onoroff)Pull-incurrent:“pullin”thearmaturetoactuatethecontactDrop-outcurrentLlowerthanit,thecontactresumetheirnormalperty:reliable.Thismeansthattherelayingschemeisnormalyidleandmustoperatewheneverfaultoccurs.Maintainable.SensitiveTypes:overcurrentrelaysundervoltagerelaysdistancerelays:dependsonthebasicfactthatontheoccurrenceofafault,thedistancebetweenanypointinthepowersystemandthefaultisproportionaltotherationofvoltagetocurrentatthepoint.Thevoltage-to-currentrationisamaxatthepowerstationandisalmostzeroatthefault.etc電氣電子測(cè)試（FundamentalsofTest&MeasurementTechnology）傳感器傳感器調(diào)理電路數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)CPU顯示現(xiàn)代測(cè)試系統(tǒng)方框圖XSensorSensorSignalconditionerSignalprocessorwithADCinterfaceDisplayRecordTransmitInputTrueValueOutputsS/HSensortakesinformationaboutthevariablebeingmeasuredandchangeitintoaformwhichenabletherestofthemeasurementsystemtogiveavaluetoit,e.g.Pt-100,thermocouple,thermistor,straingauge,HallsensorSignalconditionerputstheoutputfromthesensorintoasuitableconditionforprocessing,e.g.wheatstonebridge,operationalamplifierS/Hsamplesthesignalandkeepittobeaconstantvalueinagivensamplinginterval.Signalprocessorprocessesthesignalsothatitissuitablefordisplayoronwardtransmission.A/Dconversion,FFT,linearisingDatapresentation:display,print,disk,networktransmission,etc.1）．SensorResistancetemperaturedetectors:Principle:Theresistanceofmostmetalsincreasesinareasonablylinearwaywithtemperatureovertherange-100to+800oC.Generalrelationship：Rt=R0(1+t+t2+t3+…)whereRtistheresistanceattoC,R0theresistanceat0oC.,,aretemperaturecoefficientsofresistancewiththeirmagnitudehaving>>.Non-linearity:Anideallinearrelationshipshouldbeoftheform:Rt=R0(1+t)Thusthereisanon-linearityerrorduetothe,terms.Standardmetalresistance:platinum,copperThermoelectricsensorsIntroduction:Thissensortermedathermocouple,transformtemperatureintoane.m.forvoltagediference.thermocouplesareprobablethemostwidelyusedandleastunderstoodofalltemperaturemeasuringdevices.Atfirst,weshouldknowtheseebeckeffect,whichisdiscoveredbyseebeck,agermanyscientist.itdescribesthat,whenAthermocoupleisaclosedcircuitwithtwojunctionsformedbytwometals,AandB,atdifferenttemperature,T1andT2。Whentwodifferentmetalsareincontact,thereisapotentialdifferenceacrossthejunction,thesizeofthepotentialdifferencedependingonthemetalsusedandthetemperatureofthejunctionVVT1T2MetalBMetalBMetalA2.Description:Ifthejunctionsareatthesametemperaturethenthepotentialdifferencesacrosseachotherjunctionarethesamesizeandinsuchdirectionsastoproducenonetvoltacrossthevoltmeter.However,ifthetwojunctionsareatdifferenttemperatures,thereisanetvoltandsothevoltmetergivesareading.3）SignalprocessorThisdifferentialamplifieristhesimplestformofwhatisoftentermedinstrumentation