Cultural-Studies-文學(xué)批評(píng)中的文化研究

CulturalStudies

文化研究GuJingMay9,2013Agenda2.Threewaystostudyculture:*Britishculturalmaterialism*Americanmulticulturalism*Thenewhistoricism

1.CharacteristicsandhistoricalcontextMetaphorof“culturalstudies”Smorgasbord(大雜燴〕Weapon(武器〕Kaleidoscope〔萬花筒〕Grass-root(草根〕Smorgasbord(大雜燴〕Whysmorgasbord?多樣性AdishofmanymixedingredientsCulturalstudiesNotadiscreteapproachBut

asetofpracticesNotatightlycoherent,unified

movementButalooselycoherentgroupoftendencies,issuesandquestions1)TheweaknessofdefiningculturalstudiesCulture-“Developmentofhumanmindandbody”,extendingitsapplicationtoalmosteveryaspectofsociallife.Cultureiseverythingandeverywhere(Baldwin,1999:6).Everythingisculturallyconstructed.Studies-Itdoesnothavea“theory”ofitsown,borrowedfromotherdisciplines.2)OpensubjectsandthemesSubjects:notnecessarilyaboutliteratureorevenart.Culturalstudiesinvolvescrutinizingaculturalphenomenon-Italianopera,Latinosoapopera,film,19thcenturyBritishnovelsbywomen,thearchitecturalstylesofprisons,bodypiercing…Themes:

ideology,discourseandpower,race,ethnicity,gender,moralvalues,urbanization,publicpolicies,popularcultures…3)InterdisciplinaryfeaturesMethodologyphilosophysociologyanthropologyethnographyhistorygeographypoliticaleconomyliteratureMethodologyMarxistapproachPsychologicalapproachStructuralismLinguisticAnalysisSemioticsStylisticsDeconstructionWhykaleidoscope?當(dāng)下性Kaleidoscope〔萬花筒〕Culturalstudiesattemptstocutacrossdiversesocialandpoliticalinterestsandaddressmanyofthestrugglewithinthecurrentscene.(GrossbergL,Nelson,C,TreichlerP).Itconcentratesonthecontemporaryculture,i.e,constantly-changingsocialrealitiesandculturalfacts.Itshouldresponsetothelatestculturaltendencyimmediately(Wang,2004).E,g.Eversincethe1980sintheUS,homosexuality,mediahasbecomehotissues.Atoy:Whenyoulookintooneendofthetubeandturnit,youseechangingpatternsofcolors.CulturalstudiesWhyweapons?政治性/斗爭(zhēng)性Weapon(武器〕Ameansemployedfortryingtogaintheadvantageinaconflict.CulturalstudiesItispoliticallyengaged.Culturalcriticsseethemselvesas“oppositional”tothepowerstructuresofsociety.Theyquestioninequalitieswithinpowerstructure,andseektorestructurerelationshipsamongdominantandsubordinatedcultures.CulturalHegemony(GramsciAntonio意大利馬克思主義者):Allrealityisasocialconstruct.Realityisperspectival,witheachindividualcreatinghisorhersubjectiveunderstanding.Then,howdoweagreeuponpublicandsocialconcerns,ifrealityisdifferentforeachindividual?Theansweristhateachsocietyorculturecontainswithinitselfadominantculturalgroupwhodeterminesthatculture’sideology.CulturalHegemony:(GramsciAntonio)Dominantvalues.Allpeopleinagivencultureareconsciouslyandunconsciouslyaskedtoconformtotheprescribedhegemony.Butculturalstudiesrefusetoconformtotheirculture’shegemonyandchoosedefiance.CulturalstudiesSubjectivityEngagementCultureinrelationtoindividuallivesAttackclassinequalitiesinsocietyfordemocracyHistoricalcontext(1):Frompoliticalperspective:theriseoftheNEWLEFTinGBR(英國(guó)新左派〕英國(guó)新左派誕生于1956年，11月蘇聯(lián)坦克開進(jìn)匈牙利；不久英法入侵蘇伊士運(yùn)河。兩種極為不同的體制在操作上具有相同的暴力性和侵略性，殖民時(shí)代還未終結(jié)，剝削并未消失。左翼分子試圖尋找第三種政治空間〔回應(yīng)社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)問題〕。同時(shí)，二戰(zhàn)后英國(guó)文化發(fā)生巨大變遷，新左派首次展開對(duì)文化的激辯。文化研究的出現(xiàn)，實(shí)際是新左派在二戰(zhàn)后對(duì)于英國(guó)社會(huì)進(jìn)行全面反思的結(jié)果。Grass-root(草根〕Whygrassroots?群眾性theordinarypeopleinanorganization,ratherthantheleadersortheeliteCulturalstudiesCulturalstudiesdeniestheseparationof“high”and“l(fā)ow”oreliteandpopularculture.Historicalcontext(2):Fromtheoreticalperspective:Leavisism(列維斯主義-精英主義〕Leavispromotedthe“greattradition”ofShakespeareandMiltoninordertoimprovethemoralsensibilitiesofreaders.Hesoughttouseeducationalsystemtodistributeliteraryknowledgeandappreciationmorewidely.Thethreattothisprojectwasmassculture.RaymondWilliams(1921-1988)Working-classfamily;WesternMarxist;NewLeftStuartHall(1932-)InfluencedbyWesternMarxists,likeGramsci,L.AlthusserandR.Williams,the2nddirectorRichardHoggart(1918-)Working-classfamily&the1stdirectorofCCCSCenterforContemporaryCulturalStudies

(CCCS)1964,UniversityofBirminghamBritishCulturalMaterialism文化唯物主義PopularcultureMaterialityofcultureCulturalhedgemonyMarxismBritishCulturalMaterialism文化唯物主義RaymondWilliams(1921-1988)Emphasisonthepara-literaryfactos(關(guān)注文本以外因素〕Itfeaturesaleftistpoliticalorientation“criticaloftheaestheticism,formalism,anti-historicism,andapoliticism(無關(guān)政治〕commonamongthedominantpostwarmethodsofacademicliterarycriticism(Groden&Krieswirth,eds.180)2〕Cultureisordinary.AttributeCulturetotheworkingclassaswellastheelite3)Meaningbecomesthesiteofclassstruggle.(課本P245-246)Cultureasawholewayoflife,material,intellectualandspiritual(總體的生活方式〕Materialityofculture(文化的物質(zhì)性):actualsocialeventsandthelivedexperienceofthecommunitymembers.BritishCulturalMaterialism文化唯物主義Williams對(duì)文化的定義分為四方面，他本人最重視“總體生活方式”，目的是為了否認(rèn)文化為少數(shù)人或集團(tuán)的特權(quán)，恢復(fù)底層工人階級(jí)的文化身份。作為總體生活方式的文化，是由普通男男女女的日常實(shí)踐和意義構(gòu)成，是一種鮮活的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，必須在物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)和條件的背景下通過日常生活的表征和實(shí)踐而存在，這就是“文化唯物主義”?！矂h杰〕Symboliccapital:Thosewithmaterialcapitalmustalsobuildandexhibitsymboliccapital,suchasart,inordertomaintaincontroloverlaborandovertheirmaterialgoods.(課本P247〕e.g.patriarchy,shapedbypowerstructure,decidedbytheproductionrelationship(infeudalsociety,familynamesisthemostvaluableformofaccumulation.)Feminism?ImagesofIndiacirculatedduringthecolonialruleoftheBritishrajbywriterslikeRudyardKipling,revealanentrenchedargumentforthesuperiorityofthewhite“race”overAsians.Butraceitselfisnottheissue,itwasmoney.AmericanMulticulturalism1970s-1980sAmerican“democracy”encouragestoleranceofdiversecultures.AfricanAmericanwriters1Folkloricconceptionofhumankind2Ambivalentconsciousnessduetobilateralidentity3AttacksonwhitesuperiorityandfocusesonsurvivalWhyPainfullyculturalorigin:Adisinheritedcolonizedpeopleamongtheprivilegedwhite,pursuitofsocialjusticeEra1)ColonialandEarlyAmerican(1773-1860)PhillisWheatley2)Antebellum(南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)前）(1860-1865)3)PostWarandReconstruction(1865-1900)socialrealism4)Pre-WorldWarI(1900-1917)ashiftfromthehighbacktofolkculture5)TheHarlemRenaissance(1918-1937)primitivism:returntofolklore6)NaturalismandModernism(1937-1960)mainstream7)Contemporary(1960-present)“Blackarts”movementLatinoWriters1DiversityofSpanish-speakingpeoples2“between-ness”:asenseoflivingbetweencultures,butnotentirelyathomeineitherofthetwocultures3ChicanoMovement(1965-75)-portrayalsofethnicexperience&autobiography41970smalewritersrecognized:redefinethetraditionalMexicanculturalmythsandarchetypesAmericanIndianLiterature1Oralculturesandstorytelling2Twomisconceptions:notmerelyprimitive;notmerelyvictims3TwokindsofIndianliterature:traditional(tales,songsandoratory;Mainstream(poetry,novel,autobiography)AsianAmericanWri