cultural-dimensions(名詞解釋-要背誦)

UnderstandingtheRoleofCulture3-1Copyright?2011PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall3-2Copyright?2011PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHallGLOBEResearchProjectDimensionsHofstede’sValueDimensionsTrompenaar’sDimensionsGLOBEResearchProjectAssertivenessFutureorientationPerformanceorientationHumaneorientationCopyright?2011PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall3Assertiveness

referstohowmuchpeopleinasocietyareexpectedtobetough,confrontational,andcompetitiveversusmodestandtender.AustriaandGermany,forexample,arehighlyassertivesocietiesthatvaluecompetitionandhavea“can-do”attitude.ThiscompareswithSwedenandJapan,lessassertivesocieties,whichtendtopreferwarmandcooperativerelationsandharmony.Copyright?2011PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall4Futureorientationreferstothelevelofimportanceasocietyattachestofuture-orientedbehaviorssuchasplanningandinvestinginthefuture.SwitzerlandandSingapore,highonthisdimension,areinclinedtosaveforthefutureandhavealongertimehorizonfordecisionswhichRussiaandArgentina,whichtendtoplanmoreintheshortertermandplacemoreemphasisoninstantgratification.Copyright?2011PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall5Performanceorientationmeasurestheimportanceofperformanceimprovementandexcellenceinsocietyandreferstowhetherornotpeopleareencouragedtostriveforcontinuedimprovement.Singapore,HongKong,andtheUnitedStatesscorehighonthisdimensionwhilecountrieslikeRussiaandItalyhavelowscoresonthisdimension.Theyholdotherprioritiesaheadofperformance,suchastradition,loyalty,family,andbackground.Copyright?2011PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall6Humaneorientationmeasurestheextendtowhichasocietyencouragesandrewardspeopleforbeingfair,altruistic,generous,caringandkind.HighestonthisdimensionarethePhilippines,Ireland,Malaysia.Inthesecountriespeopleareusuallyfriendlyandtolerantandvalueharmony.ThiscompareswithSpain,France,andtheformerWestGermany,whichscoredlowonthisdimension;peopleinthesecountriesgivemoreimportancetopowerandmaterialpossessions,aswellasself-enhancement.Copyright?2011PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall7Hofstede’sValueDimensionspowerdistanceUncertaintyavoidanceIndividualismvs.collectivismMasculinityCopyright?2011PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall82–9PowerdistanceThedegreetowhichpeopleinacountryacceptthatpowerininstitutionsandorganizationsisdistributedunequally.Highpowerdistance:Acceptswidedifferencesinpower;greatdealofrespectforthoseinauthority;Lowpowerdistance:Playsdownprivileges;Everyone’sequal.HighPowerLowPowerdistancedistanceIndia,Singapore,France,MexicoU.S.,AustraliaSweden,England2–10HighPowerDistanceEmployeesWrongtodisagreewiththebossBossshouldhavemoreprivileges

AccepthierarchicalstructureShowgreatdealofrespectforthoseinauthorityTitles,rankandstatuscarryalotofweightKeepsilentinmeetingsIndividualismvsCollectivismIndividualism:Thetendencyofpeopletolookafterthemselvesandtheirimmediatefamiliesonlyandtoneglecttheneedofsociety.Collectivism:Onefindstightsocialframeworks,emotionaldependenceonbelongingto“theorganization”,andastrongbeliefingroupdecision.CollectivismIndividualismJapan,Greece,China,MexicoU.S.,CanadaItaly,SwedenThedegreetowhichpeopleinacountryacceptambiguous

situationsandtolerateuncertaintyaboutthefuture.Highuncertaintyavoidance:

formalrulesandproceduresdesignedtoprovidemoresecurityandgreatercareerstability;managershaveapropensityforlow-riskdecisions,employeesexhibitlittleaggressiveness,andlifetimeemploymentiscommon.Lowuncertaintyavoidance:protestsandotheractivitiesaretolerated;companyactivitiesandlessstructuredandlessformal,somemanagerstakemorerisk,andhighjobmobilityiscommon.UncertaintyavoidanceJapan,Portugal,GreeceU.S.,Denmark,GreatBritainMasculinityreferstothedegreeoftraditionally“masculine”values------assertiveness,materialism,andalackofconcernforothers------thatprevailinasociety.Femininityemphasizes“feminine”values------aconcernforothers,forrelationships,andforthequalityoflife.MasculinityversusFemininityInhighlymasculinesocieties(JapanandGermany,forexample),womenaregenerallyexpectedtostayhomeandraiseafamily.Inorganizations,onefindsconsiderablejobstress,andorganizationalinterestsgenerallyencroachonemployee’sprivatelives.Incountrieswithlowmasculinity(suchasSwitzerlandandNewZealand),onefindslessconflictandjobstress,morewomeninhigh-leveljobs,andareducedneedforassertiveness.MasculinityversusFemininityTrompenaar’sDimensionsUniversalismversusparticularismSpecificordiffuseAchievementversusascriptionCopyright?2011PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall15Theuniversalisticapproachappliesrulesandsystemsobjectively,withoutconsiderationforindividualcircumstances,whereastheparticularisticapproachputsthefirstobligationandismoresubjective.Copyright?2011PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall16Peopleinspecific-orientedcultures-theUnitedStates,UnitedKingdom,France-separateworkandpersonalissuesandrelationships;theycompartmentalizetheirworkandprivatelives,andtheyaremoreopenanddirect.Indiffuse-orientedcultures-Sweden,China-workspillsoverintopersonalrelationshipsandviceversa.Copyright?2011PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall17Inanachievementsociety,thesourceofstatusandinfluenceisbasedonindividualachievement-howwelloneperformsthejobandwhatlevelofeducationandexperienceonehastooffer.Therefore,women,minorities,andyoungpeopleusuallyhaveequalopportunitytoattainpositionbasedontheirachievement.Inasascription-orientedsociety,peopleascribestatusonthebasisofclass,age,genderandsoon.Copyright?201