美國總統(tǒng)選舉制度樣本

美國總統(tǒng)選舉制度美國實行總統(tǒng)制，總統(tǒng)選舉每四年舉辦一次。美國總統(tǒng)選舉制度復(fù)雜，過程漫長。選舉重要程序涉及預(yù)選、各黨召開全國代表大會擬定總統(tǒng)候選人、總統(tǒng)候選人競選、全國選民投票選出總統(tǒng)“選舉人”、“選舉人”成立選舉人團投票表決正式選舉總統(tǒng)和當選總統(tǒng)就職典禮等幾種階段。預(yù)選是美國總統(tǒng)選舉第一階段，普通從大選年年初開始，到年中結(jié)束。預(yù)選有兩種形式，分別是政黨基層會議和直接預(yù)選。前者是指兩黨在各州自下而上，從選舉點、縣、選區(qū)到州逐級召開代表會議，最后選出本黨參加全國代表大會代表。后者在形式上猶如普選，一種州兩黨選民同一天到投票站投票選出本黨參加全國代表大會代表，這是大多數(shù)州當前采用預(yù)選方式。預(yù)選結(jié)束后，兩黨普通將分別在七、八月份召開全國代表大會。會議重要任務(wù)是最后擬定本黨總統(tǒng)、副總統(tǒng)候選人，并討論通過總統(tǒng)競選大綱。全國代表大會之后，總統(tǒng)競選活動便正式拉開帷幕。這一過程普通要持續(xù)８至９周。在此期間，兩黨總統(tǒng)候選人將耗費巨資，穿梭于全國各地，進行廣告大戰(zhàn)、刊登競選演說、會見選民、召開記者招待會以及進行公開辯論。此外，候選人還將通過各種形式闡述對國內(nèi)外事務(wù)政策主張，以贏得選民信任，爭取選票。全國選民投票在選舉年１１月份第一種星期一后第一種星期二舉辦（２００８年是１１月４日），這一天被稱為總統(tǒng)大選日。所有美國選民都到指定地點進行投票，在兩個總統(tǒng)候選人之間作出選?。ㄔ谕粡堖x票上選出各州總統(tǒng)“選舉人”）。一種（黨）總統(tǒng)候選人在一種州選舉中獲得多數(shù)取勝，她就擁有這個州所有總統(tǒng)“選舉人”票，這就是全州統(tǒng)選制。全國選民投票日也叫總統(tǒng)大選日。由于美國總統(tǒng)選舉實行“選舉人團”制度，因而總統(tǒng)大選日投票成果，產(chǎn)生事實上是代表５０個州和哥倫比亞特區(qū)５３８位“選舉人”。此外，在總統(tǒng)大選日，選民還要在聯(lián)邦范疇內(nèi)進行參議院和眾議院選舉。依照美國１７８７年憲法，兩院議員由各州選民直接選舉產(chǎn)生。選舉人票數(shù)量，體現(xiàn)州權(quán)平等原則，依照各州在國會議員數(shù)量而定。例如，每個州都在國會有２名參議員和至少１名眾議員，因此，任何州都至少有３票。但人口多大州，除了這３票以外，眾議員人數(shù)越多，選舉人票數(shù)也就越多。１９６１年，美國憲法修正案批準華盛頓特區(qū)可以像州同樣有總統(tǒng)選舉人。這樣，美國國會有１００參議員（任期６年，每兩年改選三分之一）、４３５名眾議員（任期兩年，期滿后所有改選），加上華盛頓哥倫比亞特區(qū)３票，總統(tǒng)選舉人票總共為５３８票。一位候選人贏得選舉人票超過總數(shù)一半（２７０張），即當選總統(tǒng)。真正總統(tǒng)選舉是在１２月第二個星期三之后第一種星期一舉辦（２００８年是１２月１５日）。屆時，各州和哥倫比亞特區(qū)被推選出“選舉人”將前去各州首府進行投票。獲２７０張選票以上候選人將當選總統(tǒng)，并于次年１月２０日宣誓就職。AmericanpresidentialelectionsystemTheUSimplementsthepresidentialsystem，thepresidentialelectionisheldonceeveryfouryears.TheAmericanpresidentialelectionsystemiscomplex，theprocessislong.Theelectionmainprogramincludingthepreelection，variouspartiesconvenestheNationalPeople'sCongresstodeterminethatthepresidentialcandidate，thepresidentialcandidatecampaignedfor，thenationalvotertovoteselectspresident“theelector”，“theelector”establishmentelectoralcollegevotingbyballotelectspresidentandpresident-electofficiallytheinaugurationandsoonseveralstages.ThepreelectionistheAmericanpresidentialelectionfirststage，usuallyfromthepresidentialyearthebeginningoftheyearstart，finishedtotheyear.Thepreelectionhastwoforms，respectivelyisthepoliticalpartybasicunitconferenceandthedirectprimary.Theformerisreferstotwopartiesinvariousstatesfrombottomtotop，fromrepresentstheconferencetheelectionspot，thecounty，theelectoraldistricttothestateprogressiveconvention，selectsrepresentativewhofinallythispartyparticipatesintheNationalPeople'sCongress.Thelatterformallyissimilartoageneralelection，astate'sselectsrepresentativewhotwopartyvotersamedaytothepollingboothvotingthispartyparticipatesintheNationalPeople'sCongress，thisisthepreelectionwaywhichmajoritystatesuseatpresent.Afterthepreelectionhadended，twopartiesseparatelywillusuallyconveneinJulyandAugusttheNationalPeople'sCongress.Conference'sprimarymissionisdeterminedfinallythispartypresident，vicepresidentthecandidate，anddiscussesthroughthepresidentialelectionguidingprinciple.AfterNationalPeople'sCongress，presidentialelectionthenofficiallyopens.Thisprocessmustcontinuegenerallyfrom8to9weeks.，Twopartypresidentialcandidatewillconsumethelargeamountofmoney，shuttlesbackandforthintheland，carriesontheadvertisementwar，thepublicationcampaignspeech，tomeetwiththevoter，toholdthepressconferenceaswellastocarryontheopendebate.Inaddition，thecandidatethroughmanykindsofformswillalsoelaboratethatadvocatedtothedomesticandforeignbusiness'spolicy，winsthevotertotrust，winsovertheballot.ThenationalvotervoteselectionyearNovember'sfirstMonday'slaterfirstholds(onTuesdayisonNovember4)，thisdayiscalledthepresidentialelectiondate.AllAmericanvotersarriveattheassignedlocationtocarryonthevoting，makesthechoicebetweentwopresidentialcandidates(presidentwhoselectsvariousstatesinidenticalballot“elector”).(Party)thepresidentialcandidateobtainsthemostwinsinastate'selection，hehasthisstatecompletepresident“theelector”theticket，thisistheQuanzhouserieschoosesthesystem.Thenationalvoterpollingdayisalsocalledthepresidentialelectiondate.BecausetheAmericanpresidentialelectionimplements“theelectoralcollege”thesystem，thereforethepresidentialelectiondate'svotingresult，producesinfactisrepresents50statesandDistrictofColumbia538“theelector”.Moreover，inthepresidentialelectiondate，thevotermustcarryonSenateandtheHouseofRepresentativesinthefederalscopeelects.AccordingtotheUSin1787constitution，twocourtyardcongressmenbyvariousstatesvoterdirectelectionproduction.Electorticket'squantity，manifeststhestatepowerequalrule，quantitydecidesaccordingtovariousstatesinCongress'scongressman.Forexample，eachstatehas2senatorsinCongressandatleast1memberofthehouseofrepresentatives，therefore，anystateatleasthas3tickets.Butpopulationmanybigstates，besidesthis3tickets，thememberofthehouseofrepresentativespopulationaremore，theelectornumberofvotesarealsomore.in1961，theUSconstitutionalamendmentauthorizedWashingtonD.C.tobepossibleXiangzhoutohavepresidentequallytheelector.Thus，theUnitedStatesCongresshas100senators(tenureinoffice6years，everytwoyearsre-elects1/3)，435membersofthehouseofrepresentatives(tenureinofficetwoyears，afterexpiring，reelection，theWashingtonDistrictofColumbia's3tickets，presidenttheelectorticketaltogetheris538ticketsinadditioncompletely).Acandidatewinstheelectorticketsurpassesthetotalhalf(270)，namelypresident-elect.ThegenuinepresidentialelectionisMondayholds(DecembersecondWednesday'slaterfirstisonDecember15).Attheappointedtime，variousstatesandDistrictofColumbiaiselected“theelector”togovariousstatesthecapitaltocarryonthevoting.Willattain270ballotabovecandidatespresident-elect，andJanuary20willbesworninnextyear.就職典禮是美國總統(tǒng)選舉最后一道程序，只有到當選總統(tǒng)于次年１月２０日手撫《圣經(jīng)》，宣誓就職時，美國總統(tǒng)選舉才告結(jié)束。在美國政治中，副總統(tǒng)不擔任實際工作。她公務(wù)是擔任國會參議院主席，但這重要是禮儀性，由于她只有在參議院表決時贊成票和反對票相等狀況下才投票。副總統(tǒng)尋常工作普通依照總統(tǒng)規(guī)定而定，普通無足輕重，如代表總統(tǒng)參加外國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人葬禮活動等。依照美國憲法，如果總統(tǒng)去世或失去工作能力，副總統(tǒng)接任總統(tǒng)職位。先當副總統(tǒng)是登上美國總統(tǒng)寶座途徑之一。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以來，有三位副總統(tǒng)在總統(tǒng)任期內(nèi)接任總統(tǒng)職務(wù)。杜魯門因羅斯福去世，約翰遜因肯尼迪遇剌，福特因尼克松下臺而分別繼任總統(tǒng)。此外，有幾位副總統(tǒng)還當過總統(tǒng)候選人，其中涉及尼克松、漢弗萊、蒙代爾和布什。美國副總統(tǒng)不是由美國公眾直接選出，而是由民主黨和共和黨總統(tǒng)候選人挑選并經(jīng)兩黨全國代表大會選舉產(chǎn)生?？偨y(tǒng)候選人在選取副總統(tǒng)候選人時一方面要考慮此人政治資歷和條件，但重要看她在黨內(nèi)代表哪某些勢力以便獲得平衡，盡量爭取最大多數(shù)選民支持。但大選成果不取決于總統(tǒng)候選人對副總統(tǒng)選取，而是取決于總統(tǒng)候選人。１９８８年美國大選期間，許多美國人以為共和黨總統(tǒng)候選人布什競選伙伴奎爾太年輕、不老到、不值得考慮，而以為民主黨總統(tǒng)候選人杜卡基斯競選伙伴本特森經(jīng)驗豐富、深孚眾望。但大選成果，布什獲勝當上了總統(tǒng)，奎爾自然也成為副總統(tǒng)。副總統(tǒng)候選人普通是國會議員，但參議員被挑選為副總統(tǒng)候選人機會較大。因素是參議員一旦當選副總統(tǒng)，就擔任參議院主席，這可加強總統(tǒng)與參議院聯(lián)系。此外，在總統(tǒng)大選日，選民還要在聯(lián)邦范疇內(nèi)進行參議院和眾議院選舉。依照美國１７８７年憲法，兩院議員由各州選民直接選舉產(chǎn)生。參議院有議員１００名，任期６年，每兩年改選三分之一。眾議院議員４３５名，任期兩年，期滿后所有改選。美國總統(tǒng)選舉第一階段——預(yù)選四年一度美國總統(tǒng)選舉過程漫長而復(fù)雜，重要涉及預(yù)選、各黨召開全國代表大會擬定總統(tǒng)候選人、總統(tǒng)候選人競選、全國選舉、選舉人團投票表決和當選總統(tǒng)就職。預(yù)選是美國總統(tǒng)選舉第一階段，被視為美國大選前奏。該階段普通于大選年２月開始，至６月結(jié)束。黨內(nèi)預(yù)選絕大多數(shù)是在星期二舉辦。在預(yù)選階段，美國民主、共和兩大政黨將分別在全國大多數(shù)州選出參加本黨全國代表大會代表。少數(shù)不舉辦預(yù)選州，則由兩黨州委員會或州代表大會選拔參加本黨全國代表大會代表。這些代表將在黨代會上提出本黨總統(tǒng)候選人。因而，預(yù)選事實上是對總統(tǒng)候選人資格爭奪。TheinaugurationistheAmericanpresidentialelectionlastprocedure，onlythenJanuary20willcaress"HolyBible"topresident-electinnextyear，whenwassworn，US'spresidentialelectiononlythenconsideredtheconclusion.IntheAmericanpolitics，vicepresidentdoesnotholdthepostofthepracticalwork.HisofficialbusinessisCongressChairmanoftheSenate，butthisismainlytheetiquette，becauseheonlythenintheSenatevotetimeintheaffirmativevoteandtheoppositeballotequalsituationonlythenvotes.Vicepresident'sroutineworkusuallydecidesaccordingtopresident'srequest，generallyisinsignificant，likeparticipatesintheforeignleader'sfuneralactivityonbehalfofpresidentandsoon.AccordingtotheAmericanconstitution，ifpresidentdiedorlosestheworkingability，vicepresidenttookoverpresidenttheposition.FirstvicepresidentwhenmountsoneofAmericanpresidentthrone'sways.SincetheSecondWorldWar，threevicepresidentsinthetenureinofficehavetakenoverpresidentinpresidenttheduty.BecauseTrumanRooseveltdied，becauseJohnsonKennedymetstabs，becauseFordNixonleftofficesucceedspresidentseparately.Inaddition，severalvicepresidentshavealsoworkedaspresidentialcandidate，includingNixon，Humfrey，MondaleandBush.AmericanvicepresidentisnotselectsdirectlybytheAmericanpublic，buttheNationalPeople'sCongresselectstheproductionbytheDemocraticPartyandRepublicanParty'spresidentialcandidatechoiceandaftertwoparty.Thepresidentialcandidatewhenchoosesvicepresidentthecandidatemustfirstconsiderthisperson'spoliticalqualificationsandrecordsofserviceandthecondition，butmainlylookedthatwhichpartofinfluenceshedoesrepresentinthepartyinordertoobtainbalanced，strivesforthemostmajorityvoter'ssupportsasfaraspossible.Buttheelectionresultsarenotdecidedbythepresidentialcandidatetovicepresident'schoice，butisdecidedbythepresidentialcandidate.in1988Americanelectionperiod，manyAmericansthoughtthatRepublicanPresidentialcandidateBushrunningmateQuayleistooyoung，notexperienced，isnotworthconsidering，butthoughtthatDemocraticpresidentialcandidateDukaKiessrunningmateBentseentherichexperience，ishighlypopular.Buttheelectionresults，Bushwonworksaspresident，Quaylehasbecomenaturallyalsovicepresident.Vicepresidentthecandidateusuallyismemberofnationalassembly，butthesenatorischosencandidate'sopportunityisbigforvicepresident.Thereasonisasenator，oncewereelectedasvicepresident，wasChairmanoftheSenate，thismightstrengthenpresidentandSenate'srelation.Moreover，inthepresidentialelectiondate，thevotermustcarryonSenateandtheHouseofRepresentativesinthefederalscopeelects.AccordingtotheUSin1787constitution，twocourtyardcongressmenbyvariousstatesvoterdirectelectionproduction.Senatehascongressman100，thetenureinoffice6years，everytwoyearsre-elects1/3.HouseofRepresentativescongressman435，thetenureinofficetwoyears，afterexpiring，re-electcompletely.Americanpresidentialelectionfirststage--preelectionTheAmericanpresidentialelectionprocessonceeveryfouryearsislongandiscomplex，mainlyincludesthepreelection，variouspartiestoconvenetheNationalPeople'sCongresstodeterminethatthepresidentialcandidate，thepresidentialcandidatecampaignedfor，thenationalelection，electoralcollegevotingbyballotwithpresident-electtakesoffice.ThepreelectionistheAmericanpresidentialelectionfirststage，regardsastheAmericanelection'sprelude.ThisstageusuallystartsinpresidentialyearinFebruary，finishedtoJune.Theinner-partypreelectionoverwhelmingmajorityisholdsonTuesday.Inthepreelectionstage，theUSdemocratic，republicanTwo-partywillselectrepresentativewhoseparatelyinnationalmajoritystatesparticipatesinthispartytheNationalPeople'sCongress.Minoritydoesnotholdthepreelectionthestate，selectsrepresentativewhobytwoparty'sstatecommitteesorthestateRepresentativeassemblyparticipatesinthispartytheNationalPeople'sCongress.Theserepresentativeswillproposethisparty'spresidentialcandidateonpartyconvention.Therefore，thepreelectioninfactistopresidentialcandidatequalificationscontention.各州預(yù)選制度是１９０２年后來才逐漸發(fā)展起來。預(yù)選有兩種形式，分別是政黨基層會議（或譯為“黨團會議”）和直接預(yù)選。前者是指兩黨在各州自下而上，從選舉點、縣、選區(qū)到州逐級召開代表會議，最后選出本黨參加全國代表大會代表。后者在形式上猶如普選，一種州兩黨選民同一天到投票站投票選出本黨參加全國代表大會代表，這是大多數(shù)州當前采用預(yù)選方式?！俺踹x”在形式上猶如普選，一種州兩黨選民在同一天到投票站投票選出各自出席本黨全國代表大會（提名大會）“承諾代表”（或譯為“宣誓代表”，須在全國黨代表大會即提名大會前宣誓，以地方意愿作為投票依歸），并表達支持本黨某一競選人?！俺踹x”這種形式比較正規(guī)。當前，美國大多數(shù)州都采用這種形式預(yù)選。各州總統(tǒng)預(yù)選將產(chǎn)生本州參加全國代表大會“承諾代表”，她們以預(yù)選成果為根據(jù)，承諾支持本黨某一競選人。兩黨“承諾代表”名額和分派機制有所不同。民主黨普通依照預(yù)選中各競選人支持率來分派代表數(shù)額。共和黨在一某些州按競選人支持率來分派代表數(shù)額，在其她州則執(zhí)行“勝者全得”規(guī)定。除“承諾代表”外，參加黨代會還涉及少數(shù)“未承諾代表”（民主黨稱“超級代表”）。她們重要是黨內(nèi)知名人士，如黨全國委員會成員、參議員或州長以及黨派領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人等；她們并非經(jīng)由初選表決推舉，可以在黨代會前不承諾支持某位候選人。衡量競選人在預(yù)選中體現(xiàn)，重要是看競選人獲得本黨“承諾代表”支持比例，而不取決于其獲得支持率高低。兩黨競選人如要保證贏得總統(tǒng)候選人提名，至少需要獲得全國黨代會半數(shù)以上代表支持。在民主黨方面，各州均有一定代表名額，參選者可依照在預(yù)選中選民支持率分得相應(yīng)代表數(shù)額。在２００８年４０４９個代表名額中，３２５３個產(chǎn)生于州預(yù)選，別的７９６個“超級代表”則由民主黨全國委員會成員、民主黨參議員或州長以及黨派領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人自動獲得。在８月底于丹佛舉辦提名大會上，獲得２０２５名以上代表支持競選人將代表民主黨競選總統(tǒng)。Aftervariousstates'preelectionsystemwas1902，onlythengraduallydeveloped.Thepreelectionhastwoforms，respectivelyisthepoliticalpartybasicunitconference(ortranslatesis“politicalorganizationconference”)andthedirectprimary.Theformerisreferstotwopartiesinvariousstatesfrombottomtotop，fromrepresentstheconferencetheelectionspot，thecounty，theelectoraldistricttothestateprogressiveconvention，selectsrepresentativewhofinallythispartyparticipatesintheNationalPeople'sCongress.Thelatterformallyissimilartoageneralelection，astate'sselectsrepresentativewhotwopartyvotersamedaytothepollingboothvotingthispartyparticipatesintheNationalPeople'sCongress，thisisthepreelectionwaywhichmajoritystatesuseatpresent.“theprimaryelection”formallyissimilartoageneralelection，astate'stwopartyvoterselectsattendsthispartyrespectivelytheNationalPeople'sCongress(nominationcongress)“thepledgeinthesamedaytothepollingboothvotingtorepresent”(ortranslatesis“takesanoathrepresents”，mustbenominationcongresstakesanoathbeforenationPartycongress，takesvotingbeingconvertedtobyplacewish)，andindicatedthatsupportsthisparty'ssomecampaignperson.“theprimaryelection”thisformisquiteregular.Atpresent，Americanmajoritystatesusethisformthepreelection.VariousstatespresidentwillchooseinadvancewillproduceHonshutoparticipateintheNationalPeople'sCongress“thepledgetorepresent”，theytakewillchooseinadvancetheresultasthebases，pledgedthatwillsupportthisparty'ssomecampaignperson.Twoparties“thepledgerepresent”thequotaofpeopleandtheassignmentmechanismdifferfrom.IntheDemocraticPartygeneralbasispreelectioncampaignsforperson'ssupportleveltoassignrespectivelyrepresentstheamount.RepublicanPartyaccordingtocampaignsforthepersonsupportlevelinpartofstatestoassignrepresentstheamount，carriesout“thevictorinotherstatesentire”thestipulation.Besides“thepledgerepresents”，joinspartyconventionalsotoincludeminority“thepledgenottorepresent”(theDemocraticPartysayingthat“superrepresents”).Theyaremainlytheinner-partycelebrities，likeparty'sNationalcommitteemembers，senatororgovernoraswellaspartiesandgroupsleaderandsoon；Theybywayoftheprimaryelectionvoterecommendation，maybeforepartyconventionnotpledgethatbynomeanssupportssomecandidate.Theweightcampaignsforperson'sinpreelectionperformance，ismainlylookedthatcampaignsforthispartywhichthehumanobtains“thepledgetorepresent”thesupportproportion，butisnotdecidedinitobtainsthesupportleveltheheight.Twopartiescampaignforthehumanliketoguaranteethatwinsthepresidentialnomination，needstoearnthenationalpartyconventionmorethanhalfrepresentative'ssupportatleast.IntheDemocraticPartyaspect，variousstateshavecertainrepresentativethequotaofpeople，thecandidatemayactaccordingtothepreelectionthevotersupportlevelobtaincorrespondingrepresentativetheamount.4049representinthequotaofpeoplein，3253produceinthestatepreelection，other796“superrepresent”bytheDemocraticNationalCommitteemembers，theDemocraticsenatorsorgovernoraswellasthepartiesandgroupsleaderobtainsautomatically.AttheendofAugustatthenominationcongresswhichholdsinDenver，obtainscampaignpersonwhoabove2025representsthesupportonbehalfofDemocraticPartypresidentialbid.在共和黨方面，有州像民主黨同樣按參選者支持率來分派代表數(shù)額，有則是執(zhí)行“勝者全得”規(guī)定（如新澤西、紐約、弗吉尼亞等１５個州）。在共和黨于２００８年９月初在明尼阿波利斯舉辦提名大會上，共有２３８０名代表投票選舉總統(tǒng)候選人，其中涉及１９１７名“承諾代表”，即在會前就表白她們支持哪位參選者代表。尚有４６３名“未承諾代表”，其中１２３人屬于共和黨全國委員會成員，最后獲得１１９１名以上代表支持參選者將獲勝。數(shù)十年來，艾奧瓦州和新罕布什爾州始終分別是美國大選年舉辦首個政黨基層會議和初次初選州。在預(yù)選階段，一種州面積大小和人口多寡與該州對整個選情影響力并不成正比，而最重要是預(yù)選日期——往往日期越早，影響越大。因而，盡管艾奧瓦和新罕布什爾是小州，但對整個預(yù)選階段具備“風向標”和“晴雨表”作用，受到兩黨競選人和各路媒體高度關(guān)注。預(yù)選結(jié)束后，兩黨普通將分別在７、８月份召開全國代表大會擬定本黨總統(tǒng)候選人。在兩黨全國代表大會上，哪位競選人得到最多余席者支持，就能被推舉為該黨總統(tǒng)候選人。美國總統(tǒng)選舉——選舉人團制度依照美國憲法，美國總統(tǒng)選舉實行選舉人團制度。選舉人團制度自１７８８年第一次實行以來，已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了２００近年發(fā)展與演變。選舉人團制度規(guī)定，美國總統(tǒng)由各州議會選出選舉人團選舉產(chǎn)生，而不是由選民直接選舉產(chǎn)生?？偨y(tǒng)候選人獲得全國５０個州和華盛頓特區(qū)總共５３８張選舉人票一半以上（２７０張以上）即可當選。依照法律規(guī)定，全國選民投票是在選舉年１１月份第一種星期一后第一種星期二舉辦。所有美國選民都到指定地點進行投票，在兩個總統(tǒng)候選人之間作出選?。ㄔ谕粡堖x票上選出各州總統(tǒng)“選舉人”）。一種（黨）總統(tǒng)候選人在一種州選舉中獲得多數(shù)取勝，她就擁有這個州所有總統(tǒng)“選舉人”票，這就是全州統(tǒng)選制。全國選民投票日也叫總統(tǒng)大選日。由于美國總統(tǒng)選舉實行選舉人團制度，因而總統(tǒng)大選日事實上是選舉代表選民“選舉人”。>>美國各個州擁有選舉人票數(shù)目同該州在國會擁有參、眾議員人數(shù)相等。依照規(guī)定，美國國會參議院由每個州選舉出２名議員構(gòu)成，而眾議院議員人數(shù)則依照各州人口比例來擬定。因而，人口多州產(chǎn)生眾議院議員人數(shù)就多，同步在總統(tǒng)選舉時擁有選舉人票也多。如人口最多加利福尼亞州選舉人票多達５５張，而人口較少阿拉斯加州只有３張選舉人票。鑒于這種狀況，在歷屆總統(tǒng)競選中，人口眾多州都成為總統(tǒng)候選人爭奪重要目的。選舉人票數(shù)量，體現(xiàn)州權(quán)平等原則，依照各州在國會議員數(shù)量而定。例如，每個州都在國會有２名參議員和至少１名眾議員，因此，任何州都至少有３票。但人口多大州，除了這３票以外，眾議員人數(shù)越多，選舉人票數(shù)也就越多。１９６１年，美國憲法修正案批準華盛頓特區(qū)可以像州同樣有總統(tǒng)選舉人。這樣，美國國會有１００參議員、４３５名眾議員，加上華盛頓哥倫比亞特區(qū)３票，總統(tǒng)選舉人票總共就是５３８票。選舉人團制度還規(guī)定，除了緬因和內(nèi)布拉斯加兩個州是按普選票得票比例分派選舉人票外，別的４８個州和華盛頓特區(qū)均實行“勝者全得”制度，即把本州選舉人票所有予以在該州獲得相對多數(shù)普選票總統(tǒng)候選人。由于各州選舉人票數(shù)量相差較多，這樣就也許出當前全國普選中合計得票多總統(tǒng)候選人不能贏得總統(tǒng)選舉狀況。美國歷史上曾多次發(fā)生上述狀況，某些總統(tǒng)候選人雖然在大選中獲得普選票少于競爭對手，但卻因得到選舉人票多而當選。美國憲法還規(guī)定，如果所有候選人都未能獲得半數(shù)以上選舉人票，則由國會眾議院從得票最多前三名候選人中選出總統(tǒng)。１８２４年，約翰·昆西·亞當斯就是在這種狀況下，最后由眾議院投票表決后被指定為總統(tǒng)。選舉人團制度是美國共和制、聯(lián)邦制和分權(quán)與制衡原則結(jié)合產(chǎn)物，同步也是各種利益間妥協(xié)與協(xié)調(diào)成果，因而必然存在著自身難以克服缺陷與弊端。近年來，美國規(guī)定改革選舉人團制度呼聲不斷，但由于各種因素阻礙，改革始終無法進行。IntheRepublicanPartyaspect，somestateslookliketheDemocraticPartytoassignequallyaccordingtocandidate'ssupportlevelrepresenttheamount，somearecarriesout“thevictorentire”thestipulation(forexampleNewJersey，NewYork，Virginiaandsoon15states).InRepublicanPartyatthebeginningofSeptember，holdsinMinneapolisatthenominationcongress，altogetherhas2380representativesthevoteinanelectionpresidentialcandidate，including1917“thepledgetorepresent”，namelybeforethemeetingindicatedthatwhichcandidatetheydosupportrepresentative.Some463“thepledgehasnotrepresented”，123peoplebelongtotheRepublicanNationalCommitteemember，willobtainabove1191towinfinallyonbehalfofthesupportcandidate.Fordozensofyears，IowaandNewHampshirehavebeenrespectivelytheAmericanpresidentialyearholdthefirstpoliticalpartybasicunitconferenceandforthefirsttimetheprimaryelectionstate.Inthepreelectionstage，astate'sareasizeandthepopulationhowmuchandisn'tthisstateproportionaltotheentireelection'sinfluence，butchoosesinadvancethedatemostimportantly--oftenthedatemoreearly，affectsisbigger.Therefore，althoughIowaandNewHampshirearesmallstates，buthas“thewindvane”totheentirepreelectionstageand“thebarometer”thefunction，receivestwopartiestocampaignforthepersonandeachgroupmediahighattention.Afterthepreelectionhadended，twopartiesseparatelywillusuallyconveneinJulyandAugusttheNationalPeople'sCongresstodeterminethispartypresidentialcandidate.IntwopartyintheNationalPeople'sCongress，whichcampaignpersondoesobtainmostattendantstosupport，canrecommendforthispartypresidentialcandidate.Americanpresidentialelection--electoralcollegesystemAccordingtotheAmericanconstitution，theAmericanpresidentialelectionpracticestheelectoralcollegesystem.Theelectoralcollegesystemfirsttimehasimplementedsince1788，hadalreadyexperiencedmorethan200yearsdevelopmentandtheevolution.TheelectoralcollegesystemstipulatedthatAmericanpresidenttheelectoralcollegeelectionproductionwhichselectsbyvariousStateAssembly，butisnotbythevoterdirectelectionproduction.Thepresidentialcandidateobtainednational50statesandWashingtonD.C.altogether538electorticketsmorethan50%(above270)wasthenelected.Accordingtothelegalrule，thenationalvotervotingisafteranelectionyearNovember'sfirstMondayfirstTuesdaytwohold.AllAmericanvotersarriveattheassignedlocationtocarryonthevoting，makesthechoicebetweentwopresidentialcandidates(presidentwhoselectsvariousstatesinidenticalballot“elector”).(Party)thepresidentialcandidateobtainsthemostwinsinastate'selection，hehasthisstatecompletepresident“theelector”theticket，thisistheQuanzhouserieschoosesthesystem.Thenationalvoterpollingdayisalsocalledthepresidentialelectiondate.BecausetheAmericanpresidentialelectionpracticestheelectoralcollegesystem，thereforethepresidentialelectiondateinfactistheelectionrepresentsthevoter“theelector”.>>Americaneachstatehastheelectorticketnumberwiththisstatethesenatewhich，thememberofthehouseofrepresentativespopulationhasinCongressisequal.Accordingtothestipulation，theUnitedStatesCongressSenate2congressmenwhoelectsbyeachstatecomposes，butHouseofRepresentativescongressmanthepopulationactsaccordingtovariousstatespopulationproportiontodetermine.Therefore，populationmanystatesproduceHouseofRepresentativescongressmanthepopulationaremany，simultaneouslywhenpresidentialelectionhastheelectorticketarealsomany.IfthepopulationmostCalifornia'selectorticketsreach55，butthepopulationfewStateofAlaskahas3electortickets.Inviewofthefactthatthiskindofsituation，inallpreviousyearspresidentialelection，thelargepopulationthestatebecomestheprofitabletargetwhichthepresidentialcandidatecompetes.Electorticket'squantity，manifeststhestatepowerequalrule，quantitydecidesaccordingtovariousstatesinCongress'scongressman.Forexample，eachstat