中國(guó)智慧-文化面面觀 課件 UNIT 3 Chinese Poets and Architecture、UNIT 4 Chinese Food and Wars

UNIT3ChinesePoetsandArchitectureArchitectureisabouttryingtomaketheworldalittlemorelikeourdreams–BjarkeIngelsArchitectureisnotbasedonconcreteandsteel,andtheelementsofthesoil.Itisbasedonwonder.DanielLiberskindPoeticAlleysandLanes

WhenJohnRuskinarguesinhisPoetryofArchitecturethatnomancanbeanarchitectwhoisnotametaphysician,heistryingtoconvincehisfellowcitizensthatarchitectureismoreofa“ministry”tothemindthantotheeyes.Itwouldhavebeenhisprofoundregret,ifhehadknownhiscountrymen,whohavebeenindoctrinatedwithtoomanyconceptsaspleasantshapes,colors,shadesandbrightness,andagainsttheideathatthechieffunctionofarchitectconsistsinitsinfluenceuponpeople’smind,arebynomeanshisbestaudience,andnobodycancatchontohisargumentsowellasaChinesewhoisacquaintedwiththeartofFengshui.TheforestofArdenneighboringShakespeare’scottagesparkedtheauthor’simaginationoffairieswhoselivesareexemptfrompublichaunt.CharlesLambdevelopedanintenseattachmenttothe“l(fā)ightedshopsoftheStrandandFleetStreet”,andLondon,inhisaffectionateeyes,was“apantomimeandamasquerade”.ItwasinDoveCottagethatWordsworthwrote“ToaButterfly”,“TotheSmallCelandine”and“Daffodils”.Theagreeablesightaroundthecottagewashisjocundcompanyandhisblissofthemomentsinsolitude.Intangibleastheenvironmentis,itissubconsciouslyperceivedandconsistentlyaffectingpeople’sbehaviors.Environmentshapespeople,andagreatmanbecomesgreatbecausehisenvironmentmakeshimgreat.Fengshuiisnotasuperstitiousbelieforoldwives’taleinChina,butageographicaltheoryrevealedandutilizedbyChinesepeopleinordertobeharmonizedwiththeirenvironments.SanfangQixiang(三坊七巷)or"ThreeLanesandSevenAlleys",situatedatthecenterofFuzhouCity,istheancientresidentialareabuiltonthegoldenprinciplesofFengshuiTheory,whichaccountsforthefactthatthemenoftalentcomeoutinsuccession.TheclusterofhousesislyingpeacefullyandunpretentiouslyatthefootofWushanandYushan.Allthedwellingsareofsimilarheight,andnoimposingbuildingsoropulentabodesofpridebulgeouttoinspireunexpectedawe.Viewedatthetopofthehills,theirblack-tileroofsandpurewhitewallsformanimpressiveink-washpaintingandthebestembellishmentoftherollinghills.Thelanesandalleysaresereneasifeachhasagentleheartandbalancedmind.Butthereisanexception.Theboulevardrunninglongitudinallythroughistheboisterousmarketwhereflorists,fruitstalls,drugstores,snackbars,bookshops,pawnshops,jewelryshops,andbeautysalonsareclusteredtogether.Alongbothsidesofthearterialstreetrunlatitudinallythe10lanesoralleyswhichsplitthewholeresidentialareainto11blocks,formingapatternroughlyresemblingtheChinesecharacter非，onlywithmorestrokesontheright.TherearegateserectingatallthecrossroadswherepeopleusuallystrayoffintothelanesoralleysaftertheyhavegoteverythinginthemorningfairorbeenfedtothefullinthereputableTongliSnackBarwithabowlofRouyan(肉燕Fuzhou-stylewonton).Thegatewasbuiltwithtwostonepiersandseveralhorizontaltablets,allowingonlytwomentopassthroughitatthesametime.Sincethegatesareallnarrow,thehousesarehalfconcealedindeeprecessandundisturbedsecurity.Usually,poeticcoupletsareinscribedonthegatepillars.RhymingcoupletshavebeenusedinEnglishpoetryforlong,asseeninChaucer’sTheCanterburyTalesandShakespeareanSonnets.Theyareemployedtoemphasizethethematicconcernsofpoems.ButtheChinesecoupletsonthedoorsaredisplayedinadelicateartofwritingknownascalligraphy.OnthegatetoTaAlley,forexample,thecoupletsays:Sixsonshavepassedcivilexamination,andtheneo-ConfucianismprevailinChina;Pairofprunetreesaregreetingthestudy,andgoodworksilluminatethelife.Thefirstlineisabouttheelationofafamilyforsixsonshadpassedthehighestexaminationheldbytheimperialcourt.Thesecondlineisexpressiveofascholarlypursuitofacademicachievementandpeacefulmind.OnthegatetoGongAlley,thecoupletsays:TheworldlyconcerncouldbeshakenoffwiththeprotectionofThreePuritiesinTaoisttemple.AnimmortalfamehadbeenachievedbyShenBaozhenfortheestablishmentofFuzhouShipbuildingSchool.ThefirsthalfhighlightsthefamousTaoisttempleinthealley,whilethesecondlaudsShengBaozhen’sdistinguishedservicetothecountry.Anarrowamiablelaneisstretchingitselfforward.Pedestriansarestrollingalongonthestonetabletsfromwhosecracksorjointsthewildgrassoccasionallypeepsout.Thewhitewallsarenotstainless.Mosseshaveinvadedtheircornersandsometimeswanderinggrasshasoccupiedthecornices.Thegrassisyoung,butsomedwellinghouseshavebeenstandingthereforathousandyearssincethelateJinDynasty.Itappearsthattheartofcalligraphyhasbeenborrowedinthehousebuilding,sincetherooflinesagainsttheblueskyaremorelikethesprigofplumblossomsorbrushstrokesofcalligraphicworksthanthenonchalantoutlinesofamodernapartment.TherooftrussmightbenodifferentfromotherwoodendwellingsinChina,withrafters,postsandbeamsasitsframework,buttheeavesareoftenslightlyupturned,remindingpeopleofthetypicaltailofahorizontalstrokeinformofLishu(隸書clericalscript).Betweenhousesarefamoushorseheadwalls(馬頭墻).Theyareusuallymuchhigherthantherooftrusssothattheycanshelterthehousesfromrain,fireandstealthyglances. Clearlytheaestheticsidentifiedinpicturesquedwellingsandelegantcalligraphyhasaprofoundeffectuponthedwellers.Earlyin1068,ChenShimeng,themagistrateofFuzhou,establishedapoets’cornerandnameditGuangluyintai(光祿吟臺(tái)).SincethenthepoetshavefrequentedthegladewhereahugestonewiththeinscriptionsoftheChinesecharacters光祿吟臺(tái)（Guangluyintai）standsuprightlikeaquietflag.WallaceStevensargues“thepoetisthepriestoftheinvisible”.Butwhenthelargenumberofindigenouspoetsarediscussed,onemayarriveattheconclusionthatthereisahealthyandinvisibleinfluencethatmakesthelanesandalleysthebirthplaceofpoets.Wereitnotforthevenerablemansionwhoseinhabitantsincludethreegreatpoets,YangqiaoAlley,foritsfailuretosurvivetheravagesoftimeandrenovations,wouldbereducedtoadrabcommercialstreet.Themansion,bearingallthemarksofFujiandwellings,iscomposedofthreecourtyards,severalsmallyards,verandasandportals.Again,poeticcoupletsareetchedontheallthepillars.Thecoupletinthelivinghallsays,fullofvitalitylikethebroadseaandboundlesssky;open-mindedlikecarefreebreezeandclearmoon.Thecoupletinthestudysays,becontentedandbediscontented;dosomethinganddonothing.XieLuan’en,oneoftheownersofthemansion,onceexplainedthesecondcouplettohisgranddaughterXieWanying,whowasthenatthetenderageof11andwouldbewidelyacclaimedforherpoeticletterTotheLittleReaders12yearslater,thatoneshouldbecontentedwithsimplelifeandbediscontentedwithpursuitofknowledgeandmoralperfection.AnotherfemalepoetwhosenameisassociatedwiththemansionisLinHuiyinorPhyllisLin.PhylliswasalsothefirstfemalearchitectinmodernChinaandtogetherwithherhusbandLiangSichengfoundedArchitectureDepartmentofNortheasternUniversity.Asanarchitectwhoexcelledequallyatpoetryandcalligraphy,sheknewbestwhatLinJueming,heruncle,haddescribedaboutthemansioninthefamousfarewelllettertohiswife--sparseplumbranchesoutsidethewindowsievingmoonlightintoexquisiteshadows.JohnRuskin8February1819–20January1900wastheleadingEnglishartcriticoftheVictorianeraaswellasanartpatrondraughtsmanwatercolouristphilosopherprominentsocialthinkerandphilanthropistBackBackmet·a·phy·si·cian

(m?t′?-f?-z?sh′?n)n.One

who

specializes

or

is

skilled

in

metaphysics.BackMinisterV(withto)togivehelp(to).Sheministeredtohisneeds.

服侍，照料MINISTRY

Nin·doc·tri·nate

(?n-d?k′tr?-nāt′)tr.v.

in·doc·tri·nat·ed,in·doc·tri·nat·ing,in·doc·tri·nates

1.Toinstructinabodyofdoctrineorprinciples.2.Toimbuewithapartisanorideologicalpointofview:childrenwhohadbeenindoctrinatedagainsttheirparents'values.BackBackfengshui

(f?ng′shwā′)n.TheChineseartorpracticeofpositioningobjects,especiallygraves,buildings,andfurniture,basedonabeliefinpatternsofyinandyangandtheflowofchithathavepositiveandnegativeeffects.Backex·empt

(?g-z?mpt′)tr.v.

ex·empt·ed,ex·empt·ing,ex·empts

1.Tofreefromanobligation,duty,orliabilitytowhichothersaresubject:exemptingthedisabledfrommilitaryservice.2.ObsoleteTosetapart;isolate.adj.1.Freedfromanobligation,duty,orliabilitytowhichothersaresubject;excused:personsexemptfromjuryduty;incomeexemptfromtaxation;abeautysomehowexemptfromtheagingprocess.2.Notsubjecttocertainfederalworkplacelawsorprotections,especiallythoserequiringovertimecompensation:exemptemployees.ForestofArdenAwoodedarea,formerlyveryextensive,ofcentralEnglandnorthofStratford-upon-Avon.ItprovidedthesettingforShakespeare'sAsYouLikeIt.BackCharlesLamb(10February1775–27December1834)wasanEnglishessayist,poet,andantiquarian,bestknownforhisEssaysofEliaandforthechildren'sbookTalesfromShakespeare,co-authoredwithhissister,MaryLamb(1764–1847).Back

Back

pantomime(?p?nt??ma?m)n(Theatre)(inBritain)

a.akindofplayperformedatChristmastimecharacterizedbyfarce,music,lavishsets,stockroles,andtopicaljokes.Sometimesshortenedto:panto

b.(asmodifier):apantomimehorse.2.(Theatre)atheatricalentertainmentinwhichwordsarereplacedbygesturesandbodilyactionsmas·quer·ade

(m?s′k?-rād′)n.a.Acostumepartyatwhichmasksareworn;amaskedball.Alsocalledmasque.b.Acostumeforsuchapartyorball.Back

DoveCottageisahouseontheedgeofGrasmereintheLakeDistrictofEngland.ItisbestknownasthehomeofthepoetWilliamWordsworthandhissisterDorothyWordsworthfromDecember1799toMay1808,wheretheyspentovereightyearsof"plainliving,buthighthinking".BackWilliamWordsworth

(7April1770

–23April1850)wasanEnglish

Romantic

poetwho,withSamuelTaylorColeridge,helpedtolaunchthe

RomanticAge

in

Englishliterature

withtheirjointpublication

LyricalBallads

(1798).Backjocund-fulloforshowinghigh-spiritedmerriment;"apoetcouldnotbutbegay,insuchajocundcompany"-Wordsworth;Backoldwives'talen.Asuperstitiousorspuriousbeliefbelongingtotraditionalfolklore.Back

un·pre·ten·tious

(?n′pr?-t?n′sh?s)adj.Lackingpretensionoraffectation;modest:

atalentedbutunpretentiousmusician;anunpretentiousspeechacceptingtheaward.2.Notelaborate,ornate,orostentatious:anunpretentiousbungalow.SeeSynonymsatplain.Backop·u·lent

(?p′y?-l?nt)adj.1.Possessingorexhibitinggreatwealth;affluent.2.Characterizedbyextravaganceorrichabundance;lavishorluxuriant:anopulentcostume;anopulentmusical.Backem?bel?lish?ment(?m?b?l??m?nt)

n.1.anornamentordecoration.2.anelaborativeaddition,astoastatement.Backlongitude(?lo?gitju?d)nounthedistance,measuredindegreesonthemap,thataplaceiseastorwestofastandardnorth-southline,usuallythatwhichpassesthroughGreenwich.Whatisthelatitudeandlongitudeofthattown?經(jīng)度?longi?tudinaladjective經(jīng)度的?longi?tudinallyadverb縱向地Backstray

(strā)intr.v.

strayed,stray·ing,strays

1.a.Tomoveawayfromagroup,deviatefromacourse,orescapefromestablishedlimits:strayedawayfromthetourgrouptolookatsomesculptures.b.Tomovewithoutadestinationorpurpose;wander:cowsthatstrayedacrosstheroadtowardtheriver.SeeSynonymsatwander.2.Tobedirectedwithoutapparentpurpose;lookinanidleorcasualmanner:Thedriver'seyesstrayedfromtheroadtowardthefields.Back

re·cess

(rē′s?s′,r?-s?s′)n.1.a.Atemporarycessationofthecustomaryactivitiesofanengagement,occupation,orpursuit:ThechairmanofthecommitteecalledforarecessuntilThursday.SeeSynonymsatpause.b.Aperiodintheschooldayduringwhichstudentsaregiventimetoplayorrelax.2.oftenrecessesAremote,secret,orsecludedplace:abirdthatlivesdeepintherecessesoftheforest.3.a.Anindentationorsmallhollow:Dirtaccumulatedintherecessesofthestatue.Back

TheCanterburyTales(MiddleEnglish:TalesofCaunterbury[2])isacollectionof24storiesthatrunstoover17,000lineswritteninMiddleEnglishbyGeoffreyChaucerbetween1387and1400.[3]In1386,ChaucerbecameControllerofCustomsandJusticeofPeaceand,in1389,ClerkoftheKing'swork.[4]ItwasduringtheseyearsthatChaucerbeganworkingonhismostfamoustext,TheCanterburyTales.Thetales(mostlywritteninverse,althoughsomeareinprose)arepresentedaspartofastory-tellingcontestbyagroupofpilgrimsastheytraveltogetherfromLondontoCanterburytovisittheshrineofSaintThomasBecketatCanterburyCathedral.TheprizeforthiscontestisafreemealattheTabardInnatSouthwarkontheirreturn.Back

Back

Back

Sixsonshavepassedcivilexamination,andtheneo-ConfucianismprevailinChina;Pairofprunetreesaregreetingthestudy,andgoodworksilluminatethelife.六子登科，理學(xué)融天地雙梅探屋，修文燭古今TheworldlyconcerncouldbeshakenoffwiththeprotectionofThreePuritiesinTaoisttemple.AnimmortalfamehadbeenachievedbyShenBaozhenfortheestablishmentofFuzhouShipbuildingSchool.紫極祀三清，仙家日月超凡俗；吳興遺甲第，船政風(fēng)云耀簡(jiǎn)編.Back

non·cha·lant(n?n′sh?-l?nt′)adj.Casuallyunconcernedorindifferent.Back

Back

fre·quent

(frē′kw?nt)adj.tr.v.(alsofrē-kw?nt′)fre·quent·ed,fre·quent·ing,fre·quentsTopayfrequentvisitsto;beinoratoften:frequentarestaurant.Back

glade-atractoflandwithfewornotreesinthemiddleofawoodedareaBack

drab

1

(dr?b)adj.

drab·ber,drab·best

1.a.Ofadullgrayishtoyellowishbrown.b.Ofalightolivebrownorkhakicolor.2.Fadedanddullinappearance.3.Dullorcommonplaceincharacter;dreary:adrabpersonality.SeeSynonymsatdull.Back

TraditionalcourtyardlayoutBack

fullofvitalitylikethebroadseaandboundlesssky;open-mindedlikecarefreebreezeandclearmoon海闊天高氣象風(fēng)光月霽襟懷Back

知足知不足，有為弗有為becontentedandbediscontented;dosomethinganddonothingBackassociatevb(usuallyfollbywith)1.(tr)tolinkorconnectinthemindorimagination:toassociateChristmaswithfun.2.(intr)tokeepcompany;mixsocially:toassociatewithwriters.3.(intr)toformorjoinanassociation,group,etc4.(tr;usuallypassive)toconsiderinconjunction;connect:rainfallisassociatedwithhumidity.5.(tr)tobring(aperson,esponeself)intofriendship,partnership,etc6.(tr;oftenpassive)toexpressagreementorallowoneselftobeconnected(with):BertrandRussellwasassociatedwiththepeacemovement.nBack

林徽因與梁思成書法I.Readthefollowingstatementsanddecidewhethertheyaretrue(T)orfalse(F).1.AccordingtoJohnRuskin,nomancanbearealarchitectsincethereisnometaphysician.2.Theexamplescitedinthe2ndparagraphareusedtoprovethatthelivingenvironmentcanplayasignificantroleinshapingpeople.3.The"oldwives'tale"referstothetalenarratedbytheoldwives.Theyarebasicallycreditablesincemostofthemaretheirpersonalexperience.4.ThereinThreeLanesandSevenAlleysstandsimpressivelyaclusterofmodernbuildings.TTFF5.Allthelanesandalleystherearequietsincethereisnonoisymarket.6.ThecoupletinscribedonTaAlleyshowsthatthereisaTaoistTemplealongthealley.7.RhymingcoupletshavebeenalsoemployedinEnglishPoetry.8.Thehorseheadwallsareusedonlyfordecoration.9.Guangluyintaiisapoets'cornerwhichhasbeenthereformorethanonethousandyears.10.PhyllisLinwasthefirstfemalearchitectinmodernChina.FFFTTTIIGivebriefanswerstothefollowingquestions.WhydidsuchgreatarchitectsasLinHuiyinwritepoems?Canyouwriteapoemaboutabuilding?I.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.中國(guó)建筑在世界建筑群體中，可謂自成一體，中國(guó)建筑的歷史于中國(guó)文明史相生相伴、源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)。從收集到的一些遺存文字圖案和標(biāo)本等實(shí)物中可以找到充分的證據(jù)，證明國(guó)人一向采用本土營(yíng)造體系和設(shè)計(jì)構(gòu)思，其主要特征從古至今未曾改變。在廣袤的大地上，從新疆到東北，從內(nèi)蒙古到南海沿岸，同樣的營(yíng)造和設(shè)計(jì)體系被廣泛采用。甚至在周邊國(guó)家，如東邊的朝鮮和日本以及南邊的越南，也常常采用中國(guó)的營(yíng)造體系和類似的平面布局。數(shù)千年來(lái)這些國(guó)家一直和中國(guó)保持著密切的往來(lái)，四千多年來(lái)，盡管中國(guó)接連不斷的受到外界的影響，無(wú)論這種影響是敵視或者是友善的，還是在經(jīng)濟(jì)文化或軍事方面的影響，但在如此廣袤的土地上，中國(guó)的建筑體系依然能夠持久存留，富有生命力，從而構(gòu)成了綿延不斷的中華文明的一部分。中國(guó)建筑在世界建筑群體中，可謂自成一體，中國(guó)建筑的歷史于中國(guó)文明史相生相伴、源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)。Amongthefamilyofarchitectureoftheworld,Chinesearchitecturemaybeconsideredanindependentbranchbyitself.ItshistoryisaslongasthehistoryofChinesecivilization.從收集到的一些遺存文字圖案和標(biāo)本等實(shí)物中可以找到充分的證據(jù)，證明國(guó)人一向采用本土營(yíng)造體系和設(shè)計(jì)構(gòu)思，其主要特征從古至今未曾改變。Fromeverysourceofinformation—literary,graphicalandexemplary,therecanbegatheredconvincingevidencestestifiedtothefactthatChinesepeoplehavealwaysemployedanindigenoussystemofconstructionandaconceptionofplanningwhichhaveretainedtheprincipalcharacteristicsfromtheearliesttimestillthepresentday.在廣袤的大地上，從新疆到東北，從內(nèi)蒙古到南海沿岸，同樣的營(yíng)造和設(shè)計(jì)體系被廣泛采用。甚至在周邊國(guó)家，如東邊的朝鮮和日本以及南邊的越南，也常常采用中國(guó)的營(yíng)造體系和類似的平面布局。OverthevastareafromXinjiangtothenortheast,fromInnerMongoliatothesouthseacoast,thesamesystemofconstructionandplanningisprevalent.BeyondChina,inKoreaandJapanintheeastandVietnaminthesouththesamesystemofconstructionandsimilarplanarrangementsaremuchused.數(shù)千年來(lái)這些國(guó)家一直和中國(guó)保持著密切的往來(lái)。四千多年來(lái)，盡管中國(guó)接連不斷的受到外界的影響，無(wú)論這種影響是敵視或者是友善的，還是在經(jīng)濟(jì)文化或軍事方面的影響，但在如此廣袤的土地上，中國(guó)的建筑體系依然能夠持久存留，富有生命力，從而構(gòu)成了綿延不斷的中華文明的一部分。AndthesehaveallalongbeenthecountrieswhosepeoplecanbeestablishedveryintimatecontactswiththeChineseforthousandsofyears.Theabilityofthissystemperpetuatesitselfforoverfourthousandyearsoversuchavastareaandstillremainsalivingarchitecture,andtoretainitsprincipalcharacteristicsinspiteofrepeatedandcontinuousforeigninfluence,hostileorfriendly,economical,culturalormilitary,isaphenomenoncomparableonlytothecontinuityofthecivilizationofwhichitformsanintegralpart.AbrahamLincoln,AmericanDeclarationofIndependence,casementwindow,charcoalburners,Gothicchurch,IndependenceHall,logcabin,overhang,Renaissance,settler,twigII.Fillintheblankswiththewordsorexpressionsprovided,andchangetheformifnecessarysettlerscharcoalburnerstwigsassoonastheSwedeshadsettledinDelaware.TheSwedeshadlivedin(4)inSwedenandwhentheycametoAmericawherelogswereeasytoget,theybuiltlogcabinstherealso.Atleastonelogcabinhasbecomefamous.Itistheone(5)wasbornin.NowthewholecabiniskeptinabigmarblebuildingbuiltespeciallytoholditandprotectitatHodgenville,Kentucky..logcabinsAbrahamLincolnSomeoftheearlybuildingsthatthesettlersfromEnglandbuiltwereGothicinstyle.AtJamestowninVirginiathesettlersbuiltasimplelittlebrick(6)whichhassincefallentopieces.ButanotherlittleearlychurchcalledSt.Luke’sisstillstanding.St.Luke’shasthepointedwindowsandsteeproofoftheGothic,andthisseemsstrangebecausethe(7)hadreachedEnglandsomeyearsbeforeAmericawassettledbyEnglishmen.GothicchurchRenaissanceInNewEnglandaswellasinVirginiasomeoftheearlyhouseswereGothic.Theywerebuiltofwoodandhadwindowsopeningatthesideonhinges(thewayadooropens),withmanysmallpanesofglassineachwindow—(8)theyarecalled.Generally,thesecondstoryofthesehousesstuckoutafootorsobeyondthefirststorysothattherewasan(9)infront.

(11)inPhiladelphiaisfamousasthebuildingwherethe(12)wassigned.Thatishowitgotitsname.itwasdesignedbyalawyer.ItisafineexampleofGeorgianColonialarchitectureinbrick.casementwindowsoverhangIndependenceHallAmericanDeclarationofIndependence,III.Read“PoeticAlleysandLanes”andwriteasummary.IV.Speakonthefollowingtopics.Thepsychologicalimpactofarchitecture:Howdoesthedesignandlayoutofabuildingaffectthementalstateofitsoccupants?Whatareexamplesofbuildingsthataredesignedtopromotewell-beingandpositivementalhealth,andhowdotheyachievethis?Theroleofarchitectureinfosteringcreativityandproductivity:Howcanthedesignelementsofabuilding,suchaslight,color,andspace,impactaperson’sabilitytothinkcreativelyorbeproductive?Aretherespecificbuildingfeaturesordesignstylesthataremoreeffectivethanothersinpromotingsuchtraits?V.CriticalthinkingThearchitectsofancientChinapaidmuchattentiontothedepthoftheoverhangoftheeave(飛檐).Whatarethefunctionsofsuchanarrangement?Andwhatisitsaestheticsignificance?ReadingThefirstchapterofElizabethClaghornGaskell's"TheLifeofCharlotteBronte"setsthestageforthebiographyoftheaccomplishedauthor.Publishedin1857,"TheLifeofCharlotteBronte"detailsthelifeandworksofCharlotteBronte,theesteemedVictorianauthorbestknownforherpopularnovel"JaneEyre."Inthisinitialchapter,GaskellprovidesbackgroundinformationontheBrontefamilyandtheirclosetiestothetownofHaworthinnorthernEngland.Choosethebestanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.1.WhyhadthenumberofinhabitantsofKeighleybeenincreasingforthelasttwentyyears?A.Becausepeopleweredrawnbythegreenscenery.B.Becausepeoplehadnootherchoices.C.Becausethemarketforworstedmanufacturershadbeenextended.D.BecausealotofChineseworkersflockedintoit.√2Whichstatementistrue,accordingtothedescriptionsinthe2ndparagraph?A.Therewasnoprofessionalmiddle-classinthetown.B.Lawyersanddoctorswerelivingintheneighboringvillages.C.Alltheinhabitantswerecoalminers.D.Lawyersanddoctorswerealsoneededintheflourishingtown.3.Theinitialsentenceofthe3rdparagraph,"thetownofKeighleyneverquitemeltingintocountryontheroadtoHaworth",means________.A.thetownfinallygivesitswaytocountryB.therearehousesalongtheroadtoHaworthC.theso-calledtownresemblesavillageverymuchD.thetownhasonlyonestreet√√4.WhyistherealightfeelingofdisappointmentwhenavisitorsetshiseyesonthesceneryonthewaytoHaworthfromKeighley?A.Becausetherearenobighousesforlawyersanddoctors.B.BecausetherearenoplantsfoundalongtheroadtoHaworth.C.Becausetheroadistoobumpy.D.Becauseallthethingsaretintedwithgrey.5.Theparsonagestands_______.A.besidethegraveyardB.abovemostofthehousesC.atthefootofthemountainD.abovethegraveyard√√

ChineseFoodandWarsUNIT4LearningObjectivesGiveaspeechontheimportanceoffoodsecurityLearnaboutexpressionsonfood1Talkaboutfoodandlegend23TextWords&ExpressionsQuotationsUnderstanding

thetextLanguageExercisesReadingThereisnosincerelovethantheloveoffood.--GeorgeBernardShawTextWords&ExpressionsQuotationsUnderstanding

thetextLanguageExercisesReadingWeateinpavilionsonthesand.Pastriesmadeofcookedandshreddedfishandredandgreenpeppersandsmallnutslikegrainsofrice.Pastriesdelicateandflakyandthefishofarichnessthatwasincredible.Prawnsfreshfromtheseasprinkledwithlimejuice.Theywerefourbitestoaprawn.Ofthoseweatemany.Thenweatepaellawithfreshseafood,clamsintheirshells,mussels,crayfish,andsmalleels.--ErnestMillerHemingwayTextWords&ExpressionsQuotationsDeliciousTreatsfromTurbulentTimeUnderstanding

thetextLanguageExercisesReadingFujiancuisineisrenownedforitsexceptionalculinarytechniquesinpreparingbothlandandseadelicacies,offering

adiversearrayofflavorsandpresentinganoverviewofFujian’scustomsandhistorythroughthelegendsandstoriesassociated

with

itsdishes.Amongitswell-knownsnacksareOysterOmelet,SeaWormJelly,andGuangbing,whichwerereportedlycreatedduringperiodsofwarandhaveconnectionstocelebratedmilitarycommanderssuchasQiJiguang(戚繼光),ZhengChenggong(鄭成功),andZuoZongtang(左宗棠).OneofthemostpopularsnacksinnorthernFujianisGuangbing,whichhasaninterestinghistorylinkedtoQiJiguang,whowasaChinesemilitarygeneralandnationalheroduringtheMingDynasty,rememberedforhiscourageandleadershipinfightingagainstJapanesepiratesalongtheeastcoastofChina.Inthelate1562,whilepursuingJapanesepiratestoFuqing,histroopsencounteredinclementweatherandcouldnotcooktheirfood.Tosolvethisproblem,QiJiguangorderedthesoldierstobakesmallcakeswithaholeinthemiddle,whichtheystrungtogetherwithhempropeforeasytransport.Thesecakesprovedtobeadelicacyandapracticalsolutiontothetroops’mobilityandfightingcapacity.ThecakesbecamesopopularthatpeoplealloverthecoaststartedmakingthemforQi’stroops,contributingsignificantlytothewaragainsttheJapanesepirates.TohonorQiJiguang’sachievements,peopleadoptedtheword“guang”fromthemilitaryleader’snameandnamedthiscake“Guangbing”(“bing”meaningcakeorpie).Guangbingismadeprimarilyfromrefinedflour,salt,and

dietaryalkali.After

kneadingthedough,itisflattenedintoacircularcakeandtoppedwithsesameseeds,andthenholesarepunchedthroughthemiddle.Thecakeisthenlefttorisebeforebeingplacedinaspecialoventhathasbeenpreparedinadvance.Pineneedles,

freshlypickedfromthatyear,areusedtobakethecakeuntilitbecomescrispyand