智慧海洋技術(shù)研究綜述

智慧海洋技術(shù)研究綜述一、本文概述Overviewofthisarticle隨著科技的快速發(fā)展和全球化的深入推進(jìn)，海洋資源的開發(fā)和利用已成為各國爭相布局的重要領(lǐng)域。而智慧海洋技術(shù)，作為海洋科技的重要組成部分，正日益成為推動海洋經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、提升海洋治理水平、保障海洋生態(tài)安全的關(guān)鍵力量。本文旨在對智慧海洋技術(shù)的研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行綜述，分析其主要領(lǐng)域、發(fā)展趨勢和挑戰(zhàn)，以期為相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的研究和實(shí)踐提供有益的參考。Withtherapiddevelopmentoftechnologyandthedeepeningofglobalization,thedevelopmentandutilizationofmarineresourceshavebecomeanimportantareathatcountriesareeagertolayout.Smartoceantechnology,asanimportantcomponentofoceantechnology,isincreasinglybecomingakeyforceinpromotingthedevelopmentoftheoceaneconomy,improvingthelevelofoceangovernance,andensuringmarineecologicalsecurity.Thisarticleaimstoprovideareviewofthecurrentresearchstatusofsmartoceantechnology,analyzeitsmainfields,developmenttrends,andchallenges,inordertoprovideusefulreferencesforresearchandpracticeinrelatedfields.文章首先界定了智慧海洋技術(shù)的概念，闡述了其在海洋資源探測、海洋環(huán)境監(jiān)測、海洋災(zāi)害預(yù)警、海洋交通運(yùn)輸、海洋漁業(yè)生產(chǎn)等領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。接著，文章回顧了智慧海洋技術(shù)的發(fā)展歷程，分析了國內(nèi)外在該領(lǐng)域的研究進(jìn)展和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新。在此基礎(chǔ)上，文章重點(diǎn)探討了智慧海洋技術(shù)的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，如大數(shù)據(jù)處理與分析、海洋傳感器技術(shù)、海洋通信技術(shù)、海洋智能裝備等，并對其發(fā)展趨勢進(jìn)行了展望。Thearticlefirstdefinestheconceptofsmartoceantechnologyandelaboratesonitsapplicationvalueinareassuchasmarineresourceexploration,marineenvironmentalmonitoring,marinedisasterwarning,marinetransportation,andmarinefisheryproduction.Next,thearticlereviewsthedevelopmentprocessofsmartoceantechnologyandanalyzestheresearchprogressandtechnologicalinnovationinthisfieldbothdomesticallyandinternationally.Onthisbasis,thearticlefocusesonexploringthekeytechnologiesofsmartoceantechnology,suchasbigdataprocessingandanalysis,oceansensortechnology,oceancommunicationtechnology,oceanintelligentequipment,etc.,andlooksforwardtoitsdevelopmenttrends.文章也指出了智慧海洋技術(shù)發(fā)展面臨的挑戰(zhàn)，如技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)共享機(jī)制不完善、海洋環(huán)境復(fù)雜多變等，并提出了相應(yīng)的對策和建議。文章總結(jié)了智慧海洋技術(shù)的未來發(fā)展方向，強(qiáng)調(diào)了加強(qiáng)國際合作、推動產(chǎn)學(xué)研深度融合、構(gòu)建智慧海洋生態(tài)圈等對于促進(jìn)智慧海洋技術(shù)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展的重要性。Thearticlealsopointsoutthechallengesfacedbythedevelopmentofsmartoceantechnology,suchasinconsistenttechnicalstandards,incompletedatasharingmechanisms,andcomplexandever-changingmarineenvironments,andproposescorrespondingcountermeasuresandsuggestions.Thearticlesummarizesthefuturedevelopmentdirectionofsmartoceantechnology,emphasizingtheimportanceofstrengtheninginternationalcooperation,promotingdeepintegrationofindustry,academia,andresearch,andbuildingasmartoceanecosystemtopromotethesustainableandhealthydevelopmentofsmartoceantechnology.通過本文的綜述，讀者可以全面了解智慧海洋技術(shù)的研究現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢，為深入研究和應(yīng)用智慧海洋技術(shù)提供參考和借鑒。本文也希望能引起更多學(xué)者和從業(yè)者對智慧海洋技術(shù)的關(guān)注和研究，共同推動海洋科技的進(jìn)步和創(chuàng)新。Throughthereviewinthisarticle,readerscancomprehensivelyunderstandtheresearchstatusanddevelopmenttrendsofsmartoceantechnology,providingreferenceandinspirationforin-depthresearchandapplicationofsmartoceantechnology.Thisarticlealsohopestoattractmorescholarsandpractitionerstopayattentionandresearchonsmartoceantechnology,andjointlypromotetheprogressandinnovationofoceantechnology.二、智慧海洋技術(shù)的關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域Keyareasofsmartoceantechnology智慧海洋技術(shù)是一個(gè)綜合性的領(lǐng)域，涉及多個(gè)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的融合與創(chuàng)新。其中，海洋監(jiān)測與觀測技術(shù)、海洋數(shù)據(jù)分析與挖掘技術(shù)、海洋信息化與通信技術(shù)以及海洋智能裝備與機(jī)器人技術(shù)，都是智慧海洋技術(shù)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域。Smartoceantechnologyisacomprehensivefieldthatinvolvestheintegrationandinnovationofmultiplekeytechnologies.Amongthem,oceanmonitoringandobservationtechnology,oceandataanalysisandminingtechnology,oceaninformationandcommunicationtechnology,andoceanintelligentequipmentandrobottechnologyareallkeyareasforthedevelopmentofsmartoceantechnology.海洋監(jiān)測與觀測技術(shù)是智慧海洋技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)。通過部署各類傳感器、浮標(biāo)、潛標(biāo)等觀測設(shè)備，實(shí)現(xiàn)對海洋環(huán)境參數(shù)的實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測和數(shù)據(jù)采集。這些數(shù)據(jù)不僅有助于我們深入了解海洋的物理、化學(xué)、生物等特性，還為后續(xù)的海洋數(shù)據(jù)分析、海洋預(yù)報(bào)預(yù)警、海洋資源開發(fā)等提供基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)支持。Oceanmonitoringandobservationtechnologyisthefoundationofsmartoceantechnology.Bydeployingvarioussensors,buoys,submarinesandotherobservationequipment,real-timemonitoringanddatacollectionofmarineenvironmentalparameterscanbeachieved.Thesedatanotonlyhelpusgainadeeperunderstandingofthephysical,chemical,biologicalandothercharacteristicsoftheocean,butalsoprovidebasicdatasupportforsubsequentoceandataanalysis,oceanforecastingandearlywarning,andoceanresourcedevelopment.海洋數(shù)據(jù)分析與挖掘技術(shù)是智慧海洋技術(shù)的核心。通過對海量的海洋數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理、分析和挖掘，可以提取出有價(jià)值的信息和知識，為海洋科學(xué)研究、海洋資源開發(fā)、海洋環(huán)境保護(hù)等提供決策支持。例如，通過對海洋環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù)的分析，可以預(yù)測海洋災(zāi)害的發(fā)生概率和影響范圍，為災(zāi)害預(yù)警和防范提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。Oceandataanalysisandminingtechnologyisthecoreofsmartoceantechnology.Byprocessing,analyzing,andminingmassiveoceandata,valuableinformationandknowledgecanbeextracted,providingdecisionsupportformarinescientificresearch,oceanresourcedevelopment,andmarineenvironmentalprotection.Forexample,byanalyzingmarineenvironmentaldata,theprobabilityandimpactrangeofmarinedisasterscanbepredicted,providingscientificbasisfordisasterwarningandprevention.海洋信息化與通信技術(shù)也是智慧海洋技術(shù)的重要組成部分。通過建立海洋信息化平臺，實(shí)現(xiàn)海洋數(shù)據(jù)的共享、交換和整合，可以提高海洋數(shù)據(jù)的利用效率。同時(shí)，通過發(fā)展高速、穩(wěn)定的海洋通信技術(shù)，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)海洋觀測設(shè)備之間的遠(yuǎn)程控制和數(shù)據(jù)傳輸，為海洋數(shù)據(jù)的實(shí)時(shí)獲取和處理提供保障。Oceaninformatizationandcommunicationtechnologyarealsoimportantcomponentsofsmartoceantechnology.Byestablishinganoceaninformationplatform,thesharing,exchange,andintegrationofoceandatacanbeachieved,whichcanimprovetheefficiencyofoceandatautilization.Atthesametime,bydevelopinghigh-speedandstableoceancommunicationtechnology,remotecontrolanddatatransmissionbetweenoceanobservationequipmentcanbeachieved,providingguaranteesforreal-timeacquisitionandprocessingofoceandata.海洋智能裝備與機(jī)器人技術(shù)是智慧海洋技術(shù)的重要應(yīng)用方向。通過研發(fā)智能化的海洋裝備和機(jī)器人，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)海洋環(huán)境的自主觀測、數(shù)據(jù)采集和處理，提高海洋觀測的效率和精度。這些智能裝備和機(jī)器人還可以應(yīng)用于海洋資源開發(fā)、海底地形探測、海洋環(huán)境保護(hù)等領(lǐng)域，為海洋經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展提供有力支撐。Oceanintelligentequipmentandrobottechnologyareimportantapplicationdirectionsofsmartoceantechnology.Bydevelopingintelligentoceanequipmentandrobots,autonomousobservation,datacollection,andprocessingoftheoceanenvironmentcanbeachieved,improvingtheefficiencyandaccuracyofoceanobservation.Theseintelligentdevicesandrobotscanalsobeappliedinfieldssuchasoceanresourcedevelopment,seabedterrainexploration,andmarineenvironmentalprotection,providingstrongsupportforthedevelopmentofthemarineeconomy.智慧海洋技術(shù)的發(fā)展需要多個(gè)關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域的協(xié)同創(chuàng)新和突破。通過加強(qiáng)海洋監(jiān)測與觀測技術(shù)的研發(fā)、提升海洋數(shù)據(jù)分析與挖掘能力、推動海洋信息化與通信技術(shù)的發(fā)展以及研發(fā)智能化的海洋裝備和機(jī)器人，我們可以推動智慧海洋技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展，為海洋經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和海洋環(huán)境的保護(hù)提供有力支持。Thedevelopmentofsmartoceantechnologyrequirescollaborativeinnovationandbreakthroughsinmultiplekeyareas.Bystrengtheningtheresearchanddevelopmentofoceanmonitoringandobservationtechnology,improvingoceandataanalysisandminingcapabilities,promotingthedevelopmentofoceaninformationandcommunicationtechnology,anddevelopingintelligentoceanequipmentandrobots,wecanpromotetherapiddevelopmentofsmartoceantechnology,providingstrongsupportforthedevelopmentofoceaneconomyandtheprotectionoftheoceanenvironment.三、智慧海洋技術(shù)的創(chuàng)新與應(yīng)用Innovationandapplicationofsmartoceantechnology隨著科技的飛速進(jìn)步，智慧海洋技術(shù)逐漸成為海洋科技發(fā)展的重要方向。在這一領(lǐng)域，創(chuàng)新的技術(shù)和應(yīng)用層出不窮，為海洋資源的可持續(xù)利用、海洋環(huán)境保護(hù)以及海上安全提供了有力支撐。Withtherapidprogressoftechnology,smartoceantechnologyhasgraduallybecomeanimportantdirectionforthedevelopmentofoceantechnology.Inthisfield,innovativetechnologiesandapplicationsemergeendlessly,providingstrongsupportforthesustainableutilizationofmarineresources,marineenvironmentalprotection,andmaritimesafety.技術(shù)創(chuàng)新方面，智慧海洋技術(shù)主要體現(xiàn)在海洋觀測與監(jiān)測、海洋數(shù)據(jù)分析與處理、海洋工程裝備智能化等方面。在海洋觀測與監(jiān)測方面，高分辨率遙感衛(wèi)星、無人潛水器、浮標(biāo)等技術(shù)的結(jié)合應(yīng)用，使得海洋環(huán)境的實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測成為可能。海洋數(shù)據(jù)分析與處理技術(shù)的提升，則讓大規(guī)模、多維度的海洋數(shù)據(jù)得以高效處理，進(jìn)而為海洋科研和決策提供了數(shù)據(jù)支撐。海洋工程裝備的智能化，如智能船舶、智能網(wǎng)聯(lián)等，極大地提高了海上作業(yè)的安全性和效率。Intermsoftechnologicalinnovation,smartoceantechnologyismainlyreflectedinoceanobservationandmonitoring,oceandataanalysisandprocessing,andintelligentoceanengineeringequipment.Intermsofoceanobservationandmonitoring,thecombinationofhigh-resolutionremotesensingsatellites,unmannedsubmersibles,buoysandothertechnologiesmakesreal-timemonitoringofthemarineenvironmentpossible.Theimprovementofoceandataanalysisandprocessingtechnologyenablesefficientprocessingoflarge-scaleandmulti-dimensionaloceandata,therebyprovidingdatasupportforoceanresearchanddecision-making.Theintelligenceofmarineengineeringequipment,suchasintelligentshipsandintelligentnetworking,greatlyimprovesthesafetyandefficiencyofoffshoreoperations.應(yīng)用方面，智慧海洋技術(shù)已廣泛應(yīng)用于海洋漁業(yè)、海洋能源、海洋環(huán)境保護(hù)等領(lǐng)域。在海洋漁業(yè)中，智慧海洋技術(shù)通過實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測海洋環(huán)境、預(yù)測魚群遷徙路徑等，幫助漁民實(shí)現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)捕撈，提高了漁業(yè)資源的利用率。在海洋能源領(lǐng)域，智慧海洋技術(shù)為海上風(fēng)電、潮汐能等可再生能源的開發(fā)提供了技術(shù)支持，推動了海洋能源產(chǎn)業(yè)的綠色發(fā)展。在海洋環(huán)境保護(hù)方面，智慧海洋技術(shù)有助于實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測海洋污染、預(yù)測赤潮等環(huán)境災(zāi)害，為海洋生態(tài)的保護(hù)和修復(fù)提供了有力支持。Intermsofapplication,smartoceantechnologyhasbeenwidelyappliedinfieldssuchasmarinefisheries,marineenergy,andmarineenvironmentalprotection.Inmarinefisheries,smartoceantechnologyhelpsfishermenachieveprecisefishingandimprovetheutilizationoffisheryresourcesbymonitoringthemarineenvironmentinrealtime,predictingfishmigrationpaths,andsoon.Inthefieldofmarineenergy,smartoceantechnologyprovidestechnicalsupportforthedevelopmentofrenewableenergysuchasoffshorewindpowerandtidalenergy,promotingthegreendevelopmentofthemarineenergyindustry.Intermsofmarineenvironmentalprotection,smartoceantechnologyhelpstomonitormarinepollutioninreal-time,predictenvironmentaldisasterssuchasredtide,andprovidestrongsupportfortheprotectionandrestorationofmarineecology.智慧海洋技術(shù)還在海上安全領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮著重要作用。例如，通過智能船舶的自主航行和避障技術(shù)，可以有效減少海上交通事故的發(fā)生；通過實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測海上氣象和海浪情況，可以為船舶航行提供安全保障。Smartoceantechnologystillplaysanimportantroleinthefieldofmaritimesafety.Forexample,theautonomousnavigationandobstacleavoidancetechnologyofintelligentshipscaneffectivelyreducetheoccurrenceofmaritimetrafficaccidents;Realtimemonitoringofmaritimeweatherandwavescanprovidesafetyguaranteesforshipnavigation.智慧海洋技術(shù)的創(chuàng)新與應(yīng)用為海洋資源的可持續(xù)利用、海洋環(huán)境保護(hù)以及海上安全提供了強(qiáng)有力的支撐。未來，隨著技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步和應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的拓展，智慧海洋技術(shù)將在更多領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮更大的作用，為海洋經(jīng)濟(jì)和海洋事業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展做出更大貢獻(xiàn)。Theinnovationandapplicationofsmartoceantechnologyprovidestrongsupportforthesustainableutilizationofmarineresources,marineenvironmentalprotection,andmaritimesafety.Inthefuture,withthecontinuousprogressoftechnologyandtheexpansionofapplicationfields,smartoceantechnologywillplayagreaterroleinmorefieldsandmakegreatercontributionstothesustainabledevelopmentofthemarineeconomyandmarineindustry.四、智慧海洋技術(shù)的政策與法規(guī)Policiesandregulationsforsmartoceantechnology隨著智慧海洋技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展，各國政府和國際組織已經(jīng)認(rèn)識到其對于海洋經(jīng)濟(jì)、海洋環(huán)境和海洋安全的重要性，并紛紛出臺相關(guān)的政策與法規(guī)來規(guī)范和促進(jìn)其健康、有序的發(fā)展。Withtherapiddevelopmentofsmartoceantechnology,governmentsandinternationalorganizationshaverecognizeditsimportanceforthemarineeconomy,marineenvironment,andmarinesafety,andhaveintroducedrelevantpoliciesandregulationstoregulateandpromoteitshealthyandorderlydevelopment.在國家層面，許多沿海國家都制定了智慧海洋技術(shù)的發(fā)展規(guī)劃和戰(zhàn)略，明確了發(fā)展目標(biāo)、重點(diǎn)任務(wù)和保障措施。例如，我國就提出了“海洋強(qiáng)國”戰(zhàn)略，將智慧海洋作為重要的戰(zhàn)略方向之一，并制定了《海洋經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展“十三五”規(guī)劃》等一系列政策文件，為智慧海洋技術(shù)的發(fā)展提供了有力的政策支持。Atthenationallevel,manycoastalcountrieshaveformulateddevelopmentplansandstrategiesforsmartoceantechnology,clarifyingdevelopmentgoals,keytasks,andguaranteemeasures.Forexample,Chinahasproposedthestrategyofbecominga"maritimepower",makingsmartoceansoneoftheimportantstrategicdirections,andhasformulatedaseriesofpolicydocumentssuchasthe"13thFiveYearPlanforMarineEconomicDevelopment",providingstrongpolicysupportforthedevelopmentofsmartoceantechnology.同時(shí)，各國政府還加強(qiáng)了對智慧海洋技術(shù)的監(jiān)管和管理，制定了一系列法規(guī)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，規(guī)范了智慧海洋技術(shù)的研發(fā)、應(yīng)用和管理行為。例如，我國就頒布了《海洋環(huán)境保護(hù)法》《海洋觀測預(yù)報(bào)管理?xiàng)l例》等相關(guān)法律法規(guī)，對智慧海洋技術(shù)的環(huán)境保護(hù)、數(shù)據(jù)安全等方面提出了明確要求。Atthesametime,governmentsaroundtheworldhavestrengthenedtheirsupervisionandmanagementofsmartoceantechnology,formulatedaseriesofregulationsandstandards,andstandardizedtheresearchanddevelopment,application,andmanagementofsmartoceantechnology.Forexample,ChinahaspromulgatedrelevantlawsandregulationssuchastheMarineEnvironmentProtectionLawandtheRegulationsontheManagementofMarineObservationandForecasting,whichhaveputforwardclearrequirementsforenvironmentalprotection,datasecurity,andotheraspectsofsmartoceantechnology.在國際層面，各國政府和國際組織也加強(qiáng)了合作，共同推動智慧海洋技術(shù)的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用。例如，聯(lián)合國教科文組織（UNESCO）就設(shè)立了海洋科學(xué)委員會（IOC），致力于推動全球海洋科學(xué)研究和技術(shù)應(yīng)用的發(fā)展。各國還積極參與了國際海洋治理體系的建設(shè)和完善，共同維護(hù)海洋的和平、穩(wěn)定和可持續(xù)發(fā)展。Attheinternationallevel,governmentsandinternationalorganizationshavealsostrengthenedcooperationtojointlypromotethedevelopmentandapplicationofsmartoceantechnology.Forexample,theUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO)hasestablishedtheCommitteeonMarineScience(IOC),dedicatedtopromotingthedevelopmentofglobalmarinescientificresearchandtechnologicalapplications.Countrieshavealsoactivelyparticipatedintheconstructionandimprovementoftheinternationaloceangovernancesystem,jointlymaintainingpeace,stability,andsustainabledevelopmentoftheocean.然而，智慧海洋技術(shù)的發(fā)展也面臨著一些政策與法規(guī)的挑戰(zhàn)。一方面，智慧海洋技術(shù)的研發(fā)和應(yīng)用需要涉及多個(gè)領(lǐng)域和部門，需要建立跨部門、跨領(lǐng)域的協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制和政策體系。另一方面，智慧海洋技術(shù)的發(fā)展也涉及到一些敏感領(lǐng)域和問題，如海洋安全、數(shù)據(jù)安全等，需要加強(qiáng)監(jiān)管和管理，確保技術(shù)的合規(guī)性和安全性。However,thedevelopmentofsmartoceantechnologyalsofacessomepolicyandregulatorychallenges.Ontheonehand,theresearchandapplicationofsmartoceantechnologyneedtoinvolvemultiplefieldsanddepartments,andcrossdepartmentalandcrossdomaincoordinationmechanismsandpolicysystemsneedtobeestablished.Ontheotherhand,thedevelopmentofsmartoceantechnologyalsoinvolvessomesensitiveareasandissues,suchasoceansecurity,datasecurity,etc.Itisnecessarytostrengthensupervisionandmanagementtoensurethecomplianceandsecurityoftechnology.因此，未來智慧海洋技術(shù)的發(fā)展需要進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)政策與法規(guī)的研究和制定，建立完善的政策體系和法規(guī)框架，為智慧海洋技術(shù)的健康、有序發(fā)展提供有力的保障和支持。也需要加強(qiáng)國際合作和交流，共同推動智慧海洋技術(shù)的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用，為全球海洋經(jīng)濟(jì)和海洋環(huán)境的可持續(xù)發(fā)展作出更大的貢獻(xiàn)。Therefore,thefuturedevelopmentofsmartoceantechnologyneedstofurtherstrengthentheresearchandformulationofpoliciesandregulations,establishasoundpolicysystemandregulatoryframework,andprovidestrongguaranteesandsupportforthehealthyandorderlydevelopmentofsmartoceantechnology.Itisalsonecessarytostrengtheninternationalcooperationandexchanges,jointlypromotethedevelopmentandapplicationofsmartoceantechnology,andmakegreatercontributionstothesustainabledevelopmentoftheglobalmarineeconomyandmarineenvironment.五、結(jié)論Conclusion在對智慧海洋技術(shù)的深入研究中，我們可以明確看到科技進(jìn)步為海洋探索和管理所帶來的革命性變革。通過運(yùn)用大數(shù)據(jù)、云計(jì)算、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)等前沿科技，智慧海洋技術(shù)不僅極大地提升了海洋科研的效率和精度，也為海洋資源的可持續(xù)利用、海洋環(huán)境的保護(hù)以及海洋災(zāi)害的防控提供了強(qiáng)有力的支持。Inthein-depthstudyofsmartoceantechnology,wecanclearlyseetherevolutionarychangesbroughtaboutbytechnologicalprogressforoceanexplorationandmanagement.Byutilizingcutting-edgetechnologiessuchasbigdata,cloudcomputing,andtheInternetofThings,smartoceantechnologynotonlygreatlyimprovestheefficiencyandaccuracyofmarineresearch,butalsoprovidesstrongsupportforthesustainableutilizationofmarineresources,protectionofthemarineenvironment,andpreventionandcontrolofmarinedisasters.本文綜述了智慧海洋技術(shù)的多個(gè)關(guān)