臺(tái)灣電子業(yè)在綠色供應(yīng)鏈管理能力的實(shí)證研究

27三月2024臺(tái)灣電子業(yè)在綠色供應(yīng)鏈管理能力的實(shí)證研究報(bào)告大綱

前言文獻(xiàn)回顧與研究假設(shè)研究設(shè)計(jì)研究結(jié)果討論與建議2前言環(huán)境的問題3

研究：極地融冰可能使海面2100前上升六公尺法新社-03/24/0610:35AM

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十年升溫?cái)z氏零點(diǎn)三度西藏暖化速度冠全球法新社-07/22/0710:35PM5

受地球暖化影響紐西蘭冰河迅速融化

法新社：2007/11/20

6馬爾地夫的首都馬列就像海上的一顆明珠──但它可能終將被安詳湛藍(lán)的印度洋吞沒

7TyphoonMorakot'sassaultonTaiwanhascausedthemostseriousfloodinginthepast50years.89前言結(jié)合環(huán)境與供應(yīng)鏈管理10歐盟法律規(guī)定廢電機(jī)電子設(shè)備指令」(WasteElectricalandElectronicEquipment,WEEE)危害物質(zhì)禁限用指令」(RestrictionofHazardousSubstance,RoHS)耗能產(chǎn)品環(huán)保設(shè)計(jì)指令(E-co-DesignRequirementsforEnergyUsingProducts,EuP)化學(xué)品註冊(cè)、評(píng)估、許可和限制(REGULATIONconcerningtheRegistration,Evaluation,AuthorizationandRestrictionofChemicals,REACH)11

WEEE為了應(yīng)付日漸增加的廢電子電機(jī)廢棄物，減輕掩埋場(chǎng)及焚化爐的負(fù)擔(dān)，防止廢電子電機(jī)廢棄物中所含之有害物質(zhì)進(jìn)入環(huán)境，歐盟於2003年1月27日通過「廢電子電機(jī)設(shè)備指令」（DirectiveontheWasteElectronicsandElectricalEquipment，WEEE），要求製造商必須負(fù)起收集、回收並妥善處置廢電子電機(jī)產(chǎn)品。12RoHS2001年Sony公司在荷蘭被檢驗(yàn)出PlayStation遊戲機(jī)中部分零件之鎘含量，超出歐盟鎘禁用指令(91/338/EEC)要求，造成130萬臺(tái)PlayStation遊戲機(jī)產(chǎn)品，於全面更換零件前禁止銷售之重大損失。類似的案件也發(fā)生在美國，105家日本公司被控告，電線中之鉛含量超出加州65號(hào)條文(300ppm)限制，和解金總額高達(dá)300萬美元。這些巨額的損失與賠償，同樣也發(fā)生在許多其它電子製造商之間，也因此喚起了電子製造業(yè)者，對(duì)產(chǎn)品中有害物質(zhì)禁用條令之重視。2006/07/01行銷歐洲市場(chǎng)之產(chǎn)品，必須禁用6項(xiàng)有害物質(zhì)(鉛、鎘、汞、六價(jià)鉻、多溴聯(lián)苯及多溴二苯醚)13RoHS大型家用產(chǎn)品小型家用產(chǎn)品IT和遠(yuǎn)端通訊設(shè)備消費(fèi)產(chǎn)品照明設(shè)備電器和電子工具玩具，休閒和運(yùn)動(dòng)設(shè)備自動(dòng)販賣機(jī)14EuP

EuP泛指所有使用能源以執(zhí)行生產(chǎn)作業(yè)的產(chǎn)品，能源包含電力、固態(tài)、液態(tài)及氣態(tài)能源(車輛並不在此限)。現(xiàn)階段依據(jù)產(chǎn)品的重要性及影響性，訂出優(yōu)先管制的19(14+5)類產(chǎn)品包括個(gè)人電腦／螢?zāi)弧⑾M(fèi)性電子產(chǎn)品（如電視）、電池／電源供應(yīng)器等。依時(shí)程規(guī)劃各會(huì)員國應(yīng)於2007年8月完成EuP國內(nèi)法之立法。EuP指令將逐步管制所有能源使用產(chǎn)品必須符合生態(tài)化設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)範(fàn)，未來須符合其適用實(shí)施方法的生態(tài)化設(shè)計(jì)要求，並且需取得CE標(biāo)示，才能在歐盟市場(chǎng)自由流通。15

經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)達(dá)6年的討論，歐盟REACH法規(guī)於2007/6月1日正式生效。REACH法規(guī)全稱為《關(guān)於化學(xué)品註冊(cè)、評(píng)估、許可和限制法案》。

REACH16在此情境下企業(yè)所應(yīng)扮演的角色?結(jié)合green+supplyChainManagement=GSCM17研究目的綠色供應(yīng)鏈管理的構(gòu)面。以綠色供應(yīng)鏈管理的構(gòu)面為來基礎(chǔ)建立其臺(tái)灣電子業(yè)的策略群。了解各個(gè)策略群與其績(jī)效的關(guān)係。18研究對(duì)象臺(tái)灣證券交易所TaiwanStockExchangeCorporation(TSEC)臺(tái)灣櫃檯買賣中心GreTaiSecuritiesMarket(GTSM)(over-the-counter,OTCmarket)電子資訊相關(guān)的六個(gè)製造產(chǎn)業(yè)19大綱

前言文獻(xiàn)回顧研究設(shè)計(jì)研究結(jié)果討論與建議20文獻(xiàn)回顧資源基礎(chǔ)的理論綠色供應(yīng)鏈管理21資源基礎(chǔ)的理論資源基礎(chǔ)的觀點(diǎn)(theresource-basedviewofthefirm，RBV)(Barney,1991;Wernerfelt,1984)，乃首先出現(xiàn)於1950年代晚期，學(xué)者Penrose所發(fā)表的文章中；至1980年代，學(xué)者Wernerfelt才有較清楚的闡釋；而到1990年代，才在管理思潮中扮演著重要的角色。資源基礎(chǔ)的觀點(diǎn)主要強(qiáng)調(diào)公司的內(nèi)部的強(qiáng)勢(shì)及弱勢(shì)，相對(duì)於產(chǎn)業(yè)組織（IO）經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)所強(qiáng)調(diào)公司外部的機(jī)會(huì)與威脅(如Porter,1980,1985)(Grant,1991)，因?yàn)楫?dāng)外在的環(huán)境是動(dòng)態(tài)的，公司內(nèi)部的資源及能力也許較容易控制。22資源基礎(chǔ)的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為公司異質(zhì)的（idiosyncratic），資源（resources）及能力（capabilities）是企業(yè)持久性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)（sustainedcompetitiveadvantage）的來源。23綠色供應(yīng)鏈管理能力綠色供應(yīng)鏈管理涉及金流、物流、資訊流、整合、關(guān)係、及環(huán)境管理等層面是企業(yè)為了關(guān)懷自然環(huán)境中如設(shè)計(jì)、獲得、生產(chǎn)、配送、使用、再利用、丟棄等議題，而針對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈管理所提出的一連串政策與行動(dòng)」(ZsidisinandSiferd,2001)24EPSON(臺(tái)灣愛普生,2005)，從企業(yè)的供應(yīng)鏈的角度切入，提出綠色價(jià)值鏈（GreenValueChain）的概念，包括了綠色設(shè)計(jì)、綠色採購、綠色生產(chǎn)∕製程、綠色產(chǎn)品、綠色行銷、綠色消費(fèi)、綠色處理及綠色材料等八個(gè)項(xiàng)目（如下圖），彼此間環(huán)環(huán)相扣，缺一不可。25綠色設(shè)計(jì)綠色處理綠色經(jīng)營理念綠色管理綠色企業(yè)模式綠色消費(fèi)綠色產(chǎn)品綠色行銷綠色材料綠色採購綠色生產(chǎn)26大綱

前言文獻(xiàn)回顧研究設(shè)計(jì)研究結(jié)果討論與建議27問卷設(shè)計(jì)綠色供應(yīng)鏈管理能力指標(biāo)問項(xiàng)的來源，主要是依據(jù)過去學(xué)者的研究(Agagón-Correaetal.,2004;Zhuetal.,2004;González-BenitoandGonzález-Benito,2005;RaoandHolt,2005;Rao,2005;VachonandKlassen,2006;Nokia,2007;Zhuetal,2007)，及業(yè)者實(shí)際訪談而成。而問項(xiàng)是採用李克特七點(diǎn)尺度，由「非常不同意」到「非常同意」分別給予1分到7分的分?jǐn)?shù)。企業(yè)績(jī)效，主要依據(jù)過去學(xué)者的研究(Autryetal.,2001;Zhuetal.2004;RaoandHolt2005)而來，採用李克特七點(diǎn)尺度法，由「非常不好」到「非常好」分別給予1分到7分。28問卷發(fā)放與回收表1問卷發(fā)放家數(shù)統(tǒng)計(jì)表發(fā)放家數(shù)A問卷退回B有效家數(shù)C=A-B問卷回收D廢卷E有效問卷F=D-E回卷率G=F/C第一次問卷94669401091108第二次問卷8311182059059總計(jì)94617929168816718%29主要人口統(tǒng)計(jì)變項(xiàng)分析2006營業(yè)額(臺(tái)幣:億)(n=158)<56-1011-1516-100>10012.7%21.5%20.3%40.5%16.5%2006臺(tái)灣地區(qū)經(jīng)常僱用之全職員工人數(shù)(人)(n=158)<100101-400401-10001001-5000>500022.2%39.2.%17.7%16.5%4.4%主要產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)業(yè)歸屬(n=160)半導(dǎo)體光電電腦及週邊通信網(wǎng)路電子零組件其他16.9%17.5%14.4%8.8%26.9%16.1%受測(cè)者的職位(n=154)總經(jīng)理總經(jīng)理秘書或特助副總或董事部門經(jīng)理中階主管其他6.9%17.5%20%22.5%19.4%10.0%30大綱前言文獻(xiàn)回顧研究設(shè)計(jì)研究結(jié)果討論與建議31Respondents’agreementwithcapabilityattributes(1)GSCMVariablesMeanSD.G14Designofproductstoavoidorreduceuseofhazardousproductsandmanufacturingprocesses5.941.18G29Substitutionofpollutingandhazardousmaterials/parts5.871.09G28Themanufacturingprocesswillreducethenoisepollutiontotheminimum.5.771.09G31Productionplanningandcontrolfocusedonreducingwasteandoptimizingmaterialsexploitation5.721.13G24Inpurchasing,thiscompanyrequiressupplierstoprovidecertificationoftestingforgreenproductconformance.5.691.41Highagreementwithcapabilityattributestoallrespondents(theirmeanscoreswereover5.77)32Respondents’agreementwithcapabilityattributes(2)GSCMVariablesMeanSD.G09Eachfull-timeemployeewellunderstandstheenvironmentalperformancetargetforthisyear.

4.541.53G45Periodicupdatingofthewebsiteonenvironmentalissues4.451.57G06Naturalenvironmentalseminarsforexecutives4.311.42G41Sponsoringofenvironmentalevents/collaborationwithecologicalorganizations4.231.37G43Supplytocustomersandinstitutionsofregularvoluntaryinformationaboutenvironmentalmanagement4.071.51G22Holdingawarenessseminarsforsuppliers/contractors3.801.52Theleastagreementwithcapabilityattributestoallrespondents(theirmeanscoreswerebelow4.23)

33FactorAnalysis34Factoranalysis(1)GSCMattributesF1F2F3F4F5F6G31Productionplanningandcontrolfocusedonreducingwasteandoptimizingmaterialsexploitation.795.234.113.141.040.131G29Substitutionofpollutingandhazardousmaterials/parts.767.156.087.264-.030.057G30Processdesignfocusedonreducingenergyandnaturalresourcesconsumptioninoperations.742.211.225.076-.046.101G28Themanufactureprocesswillreducethenoisepollutiontotheminimum..715.209.014.182.197.114G35Recyclableorreusablepackaging/containersinlogistics.618.095.411.124.210.114G33Filtersandcontrolsonemissionsanddischarges.615.485.204.184.171.106G34Selectionofcleanertransportationmethods.604.223.445.144.242-.083G14Designofproductstoavoidorreduceuseofhazardousproductsandmanufacturingprocess.600.267-.002.305-.071.416G32Acquisitionofcleantechnology/equipment.575.249.308.240.129.268G36Ecologicalmaterialsforprimarypackaging.538.115.424.190.212.146Greenmanufacturingandpackaging35Factoranalysis(2)GSCMattributesF1F2F3F4F5F6G01Naturalenvironmenttrainingprogramsformanagersandemployees.102.792.233.147.048.020G04Cross-functionalcooperationforenvironmentalimprovements.321.771.181.185.057.148G02Establishedanenvironmentalprotectionindexofrecycling,gaseousreductionandenergyconservation..131.758.101.172.009.029G05Environmentalmanagementsystemexists.248.737.168.221-.001.229G03CommitmenttoGSCMfromseniormanagers.263.736.236.162.036.142G09Eachfull-timeemployeewellunderstandstheenvironmentalperformancetargetforthisyear..221.710.309.144.001.123G12Thecompany’seffortsinrelationtoenvironmentalmattershaveexceededtherequirementsoftherelevantregulations.182.573.289.331.091.295G06Naturalenvironmentalseminarsforexecutives.207.543.463.224.094.113G10Participationingovernment-subsidizednaturalenvironmentalprograms..277.520.274.366.133-.118Environmentalmanagement36GSCMattributesF1F2F3F4F5F6G43Supplyofregularvoluntaryinformationaboutenvironmentalmanagementtocustomersandinstitutions.011.259.756.157.113.078G41Sponsoringofenvironmentalevents/collaborationwithecologicalorganizations.087.297.718.207.144-.040G40Recuperationandrecyclingsystems.075.380.665.282-.028.089G44Useofnaturalenvironmentalargumentsinmarketing.205.230.659.295.017.190G45Periodicupdatingofthewebsiteonenvironmentalissues..389.095.637.033.150.186G38Materialpackageswillbelabeledforretrievalpurposes..402.137.599.092.110.247G42ConsideredthatEcoProductsboosttheconsumers’purchasingwillingness..415.205.591.137-.222.024G22Holdingawarenessseminarsforsuppliers/contractors.164.377.536.344.258-.153Factoranalysis(3)Greenmarketing37GSCMattributesF1F2F3F4F5F6G19Second-tiersupplierenvironmentallyfriendlypracticeevaluation.098.160.247.795.098.060G18Suppliers’ISO14000certification.122.275.127.775.053.128G20Choiceofsuppliersbyenvironmentalcriteria.277.240.228.765.048.129G21Urging/pressuringsupplierstotakeenvironmentalactions.355.197.233.753.076.089G24Inpurchasing,thiscompanyrequiressupplierstoprovidecertificationoftestingforgreenproductconformance.382.354.105.638-.021-.005G17Providingdesignspecificationtosuppliersthatincludeenvironmentalrequirementsforpurchaseditems.126.192.346.524.154.426G26Saleofexcesscapitalequipment.116.028.148.096.881-.035G27Saleofscrapandusedmaterials.137.078.097.077.856.078G13Designofproductsforreducedconsumptionofmaterial/energy.442.180.137.115.030.707G15Designsfocusedonreducingresourceconsumptionandwastegenerationinproductusage.272.406.252.234-.009.587Eigenvalues16.402.542.201.851.531.03Percentagevariance44.346.875.944.994.152.78GreensupplierGreenstock

Greeneco-designFactoranalysis(4)38ReliabilitytestGSCMdimensionNumberofitemsCronbachAlphaMeanS.D.Greenmanufacturingandpackaging100.935.540.91Environmentalmanagement90.934.881.15Greenmarketing80.904.611.10Greensupplier60.915.151.21Greenstock20.814.991.28Greeneco-design20.735.511.1639ClusterAnalysis40Groups1(44)2(69)3(27)4(24)FValueFProb.ScheffeTestGreenmanufacturingandpackaging-0.720.250.200.3812.68**0.00(2,1)(3,1)(4,1)Environmentalmanagement-0.720.52-0.390.2821.84**0.00(2,1)(2,3)(4,1)Greenmarketing-0.010.61-0.43-1.2538.07**0.00(2,1)(2,3)(2,4)(1,4)(3,4)Greensupplier-0.44-0.120.460.629.45**0.00(4,1)(4,2)(3,1)Greenstock0.260.18-1.730.94102.55**0.00(1,3)(2,3)(4,3)(4,1)(4,2)Greeneco-design-0.360.28-0.02-0.103.94**0.01(2,1)One-wayANOVAanalysisofGSCMdifferencesamongthefourgroupsNote:a.thedescriptionofgroupsisbasedonfactorscoreswithameanofzeroandstandarddeviationofone.Forinstance,thenegativevalueofthefactorscorecoefficient,-0.72(seefirstcolumn,firstrow),indicatesthatrespondentsplacedlessemphasisondimensionone.b.dimensionscoreswerederivedfromdatapooledacrossthefourgroups.c.*Significancelevelp<0.05;**Significancelevelp<0.01

41Interpretationofclusters42

Fromclusteranalysis,fourgroupsemergedthatwerebasedontheGSCMdimensions;namely,anweakGSCMorientedgroup(WEAK),agreenmarketingorientedgroup(MARK),agreensupplierorientedgroup(SUPP),andagreenstockorientedgroup(STOC).43Differencesinperformanceamongthefourgroups44FirmPerformanceGroups1WEAK2MARK3SUPP4STOCFRatioCom-parisonScheffeTestCorporateimageimprovements(0.75)b5.58(0.96)4.56(0.97)4.54(1.18)**18.42>3>4>1(2,1)(2,3)(2,4)Environmentalregulatory4.27(0.79)5.61(0.99)4.70(1.17)4.88(1.12)**17.52>4>3>1(2,1)(2,3)(2,4)Profit4.66(0.86)4.94(1.20)4.44(1.28)4.50(1.72)1.52>4>1>3NoneMarketshare4.68(0.86)5.12(1.32)4.26(1.38)4.33(1.52)**4