世界經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇-行動(dòng)中的信仰：多元危機(jī)中的宗教與精神（英）-2024.1

Faith

in

Action:Religion

and

Spiritualityin

the

PolycrisisI

N

S

I

G

H

T

R

E

P

O

R

TJA

N

U

A

RY

20

2

4Images:GettyImages,UnsplashContentsExecutivesummary34Introduction1Theimpactoffaith-basedactioninthepolycrisis1.1Interconnectedcrisesrequiremultistakeholdersolutions1.2Therelevanceoffaithforgloballeaders2Faithinaction6671111172227323435372.1Environmentalcare,justtransitionandsustainability2.2Healthandhealthcare2.3Inclusivecommunitiesandresilientcities2.4Technology

governance3GuidancefordevelopingmeaningfulcollaborationsConclusionContributorsEndnotesDisclaimerThisdocumentispublishedbytheWorldEconomicForumasacontributiontoaproject,insightareaorinteraction.The?ndings,interpretationsandconclusionsexpressedhereinarearesultofacollaborativeprocessfacilitatedandendorsedbytheWorldEconomicForumbutwhoseresultsdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheWorldEconomicForum,northeentiretyofitsMembers,Partnersorotherstakeholders.?2024WorldEconomicForum.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem.FaithinAction:ReligionandSpiritualityinthePolycrisis2January2024FaithinAction:ReligionandSpiritualityinthePolycrisisExecutivesummaryGloballeaderscannotafford

toignoretheimpactofreligionandspiritualityontoday’s

interconnectedchallenges.Eighty-?vepercent(85%)oftheworld’s

populationadheretoareligiousorspiritualtradition

–withinpartnershipswithfaithactors:inunderstanding1keyopportunitiesforimpactandnavigatingongoingsocietaltransitionstoday.Theseleadersare

goingbeyondbasicfaithliteracyandapplyingtheirstrategic,contextualunderstandingoffaithcommunitiesandtraditionstoachievemeaningfulengagementandimpactthroughpartnerships.Faithactors,too,are

exploringinnovativeapproachesinhowtoworktogetherandwithotherstakeholdersformutualbene?t(toavoid“faithwashing”andothercollaborationchallenges).signi?cantimpactonhowtheyde?netheirvaluesandhowtheyparticipateintheircommunities,workplacesandsocieties.Formostoftheworldtoday,religionandspiritualitycontinuetoinformwhatagoodlifeisandhowtobestthinkaboutthechallengesfacedbyfamilies,nationsandtheworld.Forgloballeaders,underestimatingtheongoingin?uenceandroleofreligioninsocietycanleadtomissedopportunitiesforgreaterpositiveimpactinmulti-faithsocietiesandsigni?cantoversightsinunderstandinghowreligionandspiritualityinteractinthecomplexsocietalchallengeshappeningtoday.Inpartnershipwithglobalreligiousandspiritualrepresentatives,expertsandleadersacrosssectors,thisreporthighlightsthecontinuedrelevanceofreligionandspiritualityinthecurrentpolycrisis.Thereportdetailseightfaith-basedpartnershipcasestudies–ontheenvironment,health,resilienceandtechnologygovernance–andidenti?esthreekeywaysleaderscanexploremeaningfulcooperationwithfaithactorsatatimeofdeepeningpolarizationanddistrustinsocieties.Indeed,anumberoffaithactors(fromtraditionalreligiousinstitutionstointer-faithorganizationstofaith-motivatedinvestors)are

workinginpartnershipwithbusinessesandotherglobalstakeholderstoaddresskeychallengesinthecurrentpolycrisis–economic,environmental,geopoliticalandtechnological.Severalbusinessandgloballeadersare

increasinglyseeingvalueFaithinAction:ReligionandSpiritualityinthePolycrisis3IntroductionThepowerofreligionandspiritualityinaworldincrisis.Bythenumbers:Religionstillmattersformostindividualsandsocietiestoday.Morethan8in10peopleadheretoareligiousorspiritualtradition–withprofoundimplicationsonindividualpreferences,institutions,socialnormsThoughtheglobalprojectionofreligiousaf?liationandpracticeispointingupwards,signi?cantmediaattentionhasfocusedontheriseofthereligiouslyunaf?liated(particularlyinWesterncountries),leadingmanygloballeaderstounderestimatetheimportanceofreligionandspiritualityinthemodernworld.Indeed,therehasbeensigni?cantattentionontheriseofthenones:accordingtothePew-Templeton

GlobalReligiousFuturesProject,3in10adultsintheUnitedStatesnowidentifyasatheist,agnosticor“nothinginparticular”,followingsimilarpatternsinWesternEurope.11,12,13andthepublicsphereacrosssocieties.

According2torecent?ndingsfromthePew-TempletonGlobalReligiousFuturesproject,mostmajorreligiousgroupsareexpectedtogrowby2050.3–InLatinAmerica,evangelicalChristianity(mostlyPentecostalismandneo-Pentecostalism)isthefastest-growingreligion,withone-?fthofthepopulationidentifyingasevangelical,largelythosewhoarepoorer,

womenandBlack.

In4Brazil,theworld’s

largestCatholiccountry,one-thirdofthepopulationisnowevangelical,withanewchurchopeningalmosteveryhourintheOnekeymisestimationoftheimportanceofreligionandspiritualityistherelationshipbetweenreligionandeconomicgrowth–

withthepresumptionthata

riseineconomicprosperityiscorrelatedwitha

declineinthepracticeandincidenceoffaith.14Anotherkeymisestimationrelatestotheroleofreligionasthesinglerootcauseofviolentextremism,focusingondecliningreligiosityasbene?cialtosocietalstability.Mostexpertsoncounteringviolentextremismhavemovedbeyondthisthinking,withsigni?cantlymoreevidencethat“highlevelsofreligiousdevotionorobservancearepoorpredictorsofsupportfororparticipationinviolentextremism.”15pastdecadeaccordingtotheEconomist.5––AccordingtothePewResearchCenter,

incountriesinSouthandSouth-EastAsia,nearlyalladults“stillidentifywiththereligioninwhichtheywereraised,”and“stronglylinktheirreligiousandnationalidentities.”6IntheUnitedStates,roughly70%ofthepopulationidenti?eswithareligioustradition,64%asChristianandadherentsofotherreligionstotalingabout6%.7ThereareoverForgloballeaders,underestimatingtheongoingin?uenceandroleofreligioninsocietycanleadtomissedopportunitiesforgreaterpositiveimpactinmulti-faithsocietiesandsigni?cantoversightsinunderstandinghowreligionandspiritualityinteractinthecomplexsocietalchallengeshappeningtoday.Ignoringreligionandspiritualityalsoshroudshowtheycanbedriversoftransformationandchangeacrossseveralcurrentglobalcrises.350,000religiouscongregations(temples,mosques,churches,synagogues,gurdwarasandothers)acrossthecountry,morethanthreetimesthenumberofschoolsanduniversities.Inadditiontotheover200,000faith-relatednon-pro?tsworkinginhealthandsocialservices,faith-basedorganizationsandactorsmakeupoverathirdofcivilsocietyorganizationsinthe8UnitedStates.9Thepurposeofthisreportisto:–InAfrica,theMiddleEast,SouthAsiaandLatinAmerica,thefastest-growingcountriesby–Furtherinformhowreligionandspiritualitycanmakeanimpactintoday’s

interconnectedpolycrisispopulationcontinuetobehighlyreligious,whilethosewithshrinkingpopulationstendtobelessreligious.Asaresult,by2060,morethan40%oftheworld’s

Christianswilllikelyliveinsub-SaharanAfrica,shiftingthepopulationcentreofthereligionfromtheUnitedStatesandEurope.–Showcasehowfaithactorsareworkinginpartnershipwithgloballeaders–inparticularworkingininnovativepartnershipswiththeprivatesector–totacklethesecrises–Withrelativelyyoungerpopulationsincountrieswithincreasingpopulationgrowth,Islamwillcontinuetooutpaceothermajorreligionsandby2050,reachnearparitywithChristianity“possiblyforthe?rsttimeinhistory.”10–Drawingfromkeycasestudies,identifythreekeydriversindevelopingmeaningfulcooperationandgreaterfaith?uencyamidpolarizationanddecliningtrust.FaithinAction:ReligionandSpiritualityinthePolycrisis4BOX1

De?ningthefaithactorlandscapeThisreportde?nes“faithactors”asabroadrangeoforganizationsin?uencedbyfaith,inclusiveof,butnotlimitedto,thefollowingorganizations;academiaandexpertsonreligion,spiritualityandvalues;andindividualleadersacrossallsectorsandindustries(includingbusinessandgovernment).typesoforganizationsandleaders:localreligiouscommunities;religiousinstitutionsandfaithleaders(localandtransnational);faith-basedorganizations(global,regionalandlocal);faith-basedbusinessassociations,investorcommunitiesandnetworks;interfaithorganizationsandnetworks;multi-faithorganizations;multi-religiousorganizations;faith-inspiredsocialentrepreneurshipandphilanthropicWhileallbasedonreligiousandspiritualidentities,faithactorsdonotactasamonolith.16

Thereisnoone-size-?ts-alltermforde?ningfaithactors.Faithactorsandcommunitiesdescribethemselves(andaredescribedbyothers)invariouswaysanddistinctpreferences.Religionand

its

institutionssuchastemples,

churches,

ormosques

are

asoldashumanityitself.No

other

force

knownto

human

culture

is

older,

rooted

deeper

inthe

human

collectiveconsciousness,orisableto

connecthumanswithoneanothermore

extensively.

Upto

this

day,

religion

isa

reality

for

thevastmajorityofthepeopleonthisplanet.Andthis

reality

shapes

howpeople

think,

howtheyact

–

and

notact.Christine

Schliesser,

Onthe

Significance

ofReligion

for

theSDGs:AnIntroduction,

Taylor&

Francis,

2023Faithandspiritualityplay

a

pivotal

role

ineveryone’s

life,

regardless

of

one’s

religionorlack

thereof.

Theybothserveas

guidingforces,

offering

solace

duringchallengingtimes

and

fostering

a

senseof

connectiontosomething

greater

than

oneself.When

properlychannelled,faith

providesa

foundationforusto

buildourlivesinalignmentwiththehighest

values.

Spirituality,

when

properlypursued,opensourmindsandhearts

to

amore

expansiveperspectivethatbringsclarityand

equipoise,allowingus

to

makethemostintelligentand

thoughtful

actions.Amma,

Founder,

MataAmritanandamayiMathFaithinAction:ReligionandSpiritualityinthePolycrisis5Theimpactof1faith-basedactioninthepolycrisisTheimpactoffaith-basedactionandthecontinuedin?uenceofreligionandspiritualitymakefaithincreasinglyrelevantforleaderstoday.1.1

Interconnected

crisesrequire

multistakeholdersolutionsAsdetailedintheWorldEconomicForum2023GlobalRisksReport,17

theerosionofsocialcohesionandpolarizationhavebeenkeyfeaturesofthepolycrisisacrossallcountries,inrelationwithenvironmental,economic,geopoliticalandtechnologicalglobalrisks.Thereisawideninggapinsharedvaluesandcommoninterests,whichposesanexistentialchallengetogovernmentsandsocialsystems,ascurrentdivisionsaretranslatingintothepoliticalcontext.Polarizationonissuessuchasimmigration,gender,

reproductiverights,ethnicity,religion,climateandevensecessionhavecharacterizedrecentelections,referendumsandprotestsworldwide.Thesefactorsleadtodivisionandunrestinpersonandonline,associalmediadeepensdistrustandmakesthepathtowardscooperationlessvisible.OrganizedbytheMuslimCouncilofEldersinpartnershipwiththeCOP28Presidency,theUnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgrammeandtheCatholicChurch,theUnitedArabEmirateshostedtheGlobalFaithLeadersSummitforCOP28andthe?rst-everFaithPavilionasaglobalclimatesummitforfaithleaders.–Actingasa“networkofnetworks”linkingstrategicmulti-religiousandinterfaithnetworks,therecentG20InterfaithForum(IF20)broughttogetherleadersfromreligiouscommunitiestoaccelerateglobalactionalongsidetheG20process,re?ectingfourcentralareasofmobilization–theCOVID-19emergency,theclimatecrisis,con?ictsandthewelfareandprotectionofchildren.Addressingthesekeyglobalrisksinthepolycrisiswillrequire

greaterrecognitionofreligion’simpactacrosstheserisksandthegreaterengagementofgloballeaderswithfaithactors–

drawingontheirglobalin?uence,mobilizationofnetworks,andarticulationofvaluesacrossglobalchallenges.Forexample,severalfaithactorsare

alreadyworkinginpartnershipwithgloballeadersfrombusinessandgovernment:–TheRomeCallforAIEthics,initiatedinFebruary2020throughcollaborationbetweenreligiousorganizations,globaltechcompanies,internationalbodiesandgovernment,advocatesforanethicalapproachtoarti?cialintelligence(AI)toensureitsresponsibleintegrationintosocietyandthatAItechnologiesaredevelopedwithhumanity,dignityandinclusivityinmind.LeadingorganizationssuchastheAbuDhabiForumforPeacearefurtheremphasizingtheneedforsharedresponsibilitytopromotetransparency,inclusion,accountability,impartiality,reliability,securityandprivacyinthedeploymentofAI.–Faithleadersandfaith-basedorganizationshaveincreasinglyparticipatedalongsidetheUnitedNationsClimateChangeConference(COP)processesinthelastfewyears,advocatingformoreambitiousrights-basedpolicies.FaithsforBiodiversitybroughttogetherfaith-basedorganizationsandconservationgroupstoarticulateamulti-faithresponsetothePost-2020GlobalBiodiversityFrameworkattheUnitedNationsBiodiversityConference(COP15).–Inaneffort

todrivegenderparityintechnologyandbusiness,CitySikhsandCityHindusNetworks,

in

partnership

with

the

United

KingdomParliamentandBlackBusinessInstitute,broughtFaithinAction:ReligionandSpiritualityinthePolycrisis6under-represented

voicesintoconversationswithgovernment

leadersaspartoftheWomeninBusinessandTechnology

ParliamentarySeries.Through

engagementwithlawmakersandpolicy-makers,theserieshashelpeddriveconversationsandin?uencepoliciesthatpromoteequalopportunitiesforall,regardless

ofgender,ethnicityorreligious

background.Recentdatafrom

theUniversityofOxford’s

Faith-AlignedImpactFinanceProject

hasmapped360faith-basedfundsgloballyfrom

across

AbrahamicandDharmictraditionswithtotalnetassetsof$5trillion;in2020,thesizeofIslamicsovereign

wealthfundassetsrepresented

approximately

3.8%oftheglobaleconomy.19,20

Faith-basedinvestorcampaignssuchas

UNIAPAC

(International

Christian

Union

of

BusinessExecutives)andtheInterfaithCenteronCorporateResponsibility(ICCR)havedevelopedindustrytransformationstrategiesandtakenactionbyusingtheirstocktochallengeissuesthrough

shareholderresolutions.21,22,23

Followinga

multistakeholderroundtable

discussionin2019,ICCRdevelopedastatementoutlininginvestorexpectationsonjusttransitionpoliciesandplans.To

date,99investorshavesignedthisstatement,representing

$4.3trillioninassetsundermanagementoradvisement.Inadditiontotheirleadershipandparticipationinanumberofglobalpartnerships,religiousinstitutionsarealsoleveragingtheirassetstoaddresschallengestohumanprosperityand?ourishing.Arguably,faith-basedinvestorswerethefrontrunnersinthepushforenvironmental,socialandgovernance(ESG),impactinvestingandsociallyresponsibleinvestinglongbeforethesebecamecommonnomenclature,withanaimtoreducesocietalchallengesandinequities.18Inmytravelstothe

communitiesthatweservearound

the

world,

I

have

seenhowfaith-basedleaders

are

often

the

mosttrustedandeffectivechangemakers

in

their

communities.I’vewitnessedtheirunique

abilitytodraw

from

wide

networkstoconvene

important,dif?cult

conversations,to

bringpeople

together

andto

inspire

action[…]

they

areoftenthe

?rsttoarrive

and

the

last

toleave…andwhenwe

partnerwiththese

changemakers,theresults

canbe

extraordinary.Samantha

Power,

Administratorof

the

United

StatesAgency

for

International

Development241.2

Therelevance

offaithforgloballeadersWith85%oftheworld’s

populationadheringtoareligiousorspiritualtraditionandtherecognizedimpactoffaithactorsinaddressingsocietalchallenges,globalleaderscannotaffordtoignorereligionorbereligiouslyorspirituallyilliterateacrossthebreadthanddiversityoffaithsandspirituality.Faith?uency–theabilitytoapplystrategic,contextualunderstandingoffaithcommunitiesandtraditionsformeaningfulengagementandimpact–iscriticalforleadersfromgovernment,businessandinternationalorganizations.25Itisworthnotingthreefundamentalfactorsthatillustratetheenduringpowerofreligionandspirituality–community,creedandcitizenship–andwhyfaith?uencyiscriticalforgloballeaders.Understandingthesediversereligioustrendsiscrucialforbusinessleaders,asthesetrendssigni?cantlyin?uenceglobalmarketdynamics,shapeconsumerandvotingpreferencesandplayakeyroleindeterminingtheculturalcompetencerequiredtooperatesuccessfullyindiversemarkets.Religionandspiritualityalsoin?uencemediaconsumptionpatternsandshadethecontoursofwhichmessagespeoplelistentoandfromwhom.FaithinAction:ReligionandSpiritualityinthePolycrisis7Community–religiousandspiritualidentityamongconsumersandtheworkforcereligiousobservances,religiousfreedomintheworkplacecontributestoadiverse,inclusiveandengagedworkforce,enhancingtalentretention,improvingemployeesatisfaction,fosteringculturalcompetence,strengtheningcustomerrelations,anddrivinginnovationwithinbusinesses,allofwhicharekeycomponentsofastrongbusinesscaseforchampioningreligiousfreedomintheworkplace.Thepracticeoffaithactsasasocialentityandcollectiveidentity,spanninggender,

class,race,nationalityandotheridentitiesandcontributingto“processesofsocial,economic,ecologicalandculturaltransformation.”26

Faithshapesthecommunity’s

perceptionofitselfwithinsocialstructuresandinformshowtheyrespondtotheirneighbours.Asphysicalandsacredplaces,housesofworship“playacriticalroleinthelife,spiritual,physicalandmentalhealth,andoverallwell-beingandresiliencyoftheirmembersandofthesurroundingcommunity,whichbecameespeciallyevidentduringtheCOVID-19pandemic,revealingtheextensiveneedforcommunitythroughthecollectiveisolationexperience.”27Faith?uencyisparticularlyrelevantforbusinesseslookingforaccesstonewconsumermarketsinwhichtheseconsumerswillhavestrongexpectationsforhowbrandsrespectandre?ecttheirvalues.Forexample,Kerrynotestheglobalhalalmarketreachedsome$2.221trillionin2022andisforecasttohavean11%growthrate,reaching$4.1trillionby2028.29

Notably,thisisoneofsixotherimportantMuslimconsumermarketsegments,including“Islamic?nance,modestfashion,mediaandrecreation,Muslim-friendlytravel,pharmaceuticalsandcosmetics.”30

SimilardynamicsexistforKosher,

Hindu-friendlyandMormon-friendlyproducts.GlobalcompaniessuchasWalmart,McDonald’s

andNestléaresimilarlyintroducing“faith-compliant”productsinsomecountriestoengagethesefaith-in?uencedconsumers.31Intheworkplace,aworker’s

religiousidentityhasbeenlargelyexcludedfromthebroaderdiversity,equityandinclusion(DEI)movementinrecentyears,withcompaniesfearinglegalentanglementsoran“opendoor”toproselytizationandculturalcon?ict.28

Frommutualrespectintheof?cetoBOX2

ChampioningreligiousfreedomintheworkplaceTheCorporateReligiousEquity,Diversity–Talent

retentionandattraction:Inclusivereligiouspolicies,includingreligiousERGs,attractdiversetalentandretainexistingemployees,reducingturnovercostsandensuringaskilledworkforce.andInclusion(REDI)IndexranksFortune100companiesbasedonavarietyofcriteriarelatedtotheirpubliccommitmenttoprovidingfaith-friendlyworkplaces,showcasingwherecompaniesthatengagereligiousdiversityasanassetcanimprovesocialcohesionintheirworkplacesandimproveperformance.32

Theindexincludesthepresenceofreligiousemployeeresourcegroups(ERGs)thathelpbuildpositivecorporateculturesforreligiousemployeesandtheirneedsintheworkplace.Accordingtothe2023REDIIndex,IntelCorporationwasthemostfaith-friendlycorporateworkplaceamongthe500largestcompaniesinAmerica,withAmericanAirlines,Equinix,PayPal,SalesforceandDellTechnologiesroundingoutthetopsixplaces.–––Improvedemployeeengagement:ReligiousERGsenhanceemployeeengagementbyprovidingasenseofcommunityandbelonging,leadingtohigherjobsatisfactionandproductivity.Culturalcompetency:ReligiousERGsexposeemployeestodiversefaithtraditions,enhancingtheirculturalunderstandingandenablingeffectiveengagementwithglobalmarkets.Keyaspectsofthebusinesscaseforreligiousfreedomintheworkplace:Customerrelations:Workplaceinclusivityandreligiousaccommodationimproveacompany’sbrandimage,increasingcustomerloyaltyandpositivepublicperception.–Diverseandinclusiveworkforce:ERGsandreligiousdiversityandinclusionworkshopsfosterdiversityandinclusionintheworkplace,promotingcollaborationandproductivityamongemployees.FaithinAction:ReligionandSpiritualityinthePolycrisis8Creed(orcosmology)–anditsimpactoneconomiclife,ethicsandchangingsocietalpreferencesWithincreasingdemandsfortheprivatesectortotakeamoreactiveroleinaddressinginequalityamidrecord-breakinggovernmentdebt,religioustraditionscanoffervalues-basedguidanceandframeworkstoguide,informandinspiredecision-making;thisisespeciallyresonantinanagewhendiscerningwhatisrightandwhatiswrongcanbedif?cultforbusinessleaders.Religionandspiritualityinspireparadigmshiftsinunderstandingcorporatecitizenshipandbusinessleadershipincrisesthroughthearticulationandpromotionofvaluestranscendingcurrentdivisions.Thetheologicalunderpinningsofmostreligiousandspiritualtraditionsspeaktoeconomiclivelihoods,propertyrightsandsharedprosperity–withdeepsigni?cancefortheacceptableuseofresourcesandfairnessineconomicsystems.34

Theseconceptshavepersistedacrossmultiplegenerationsandsocietalcontexts,predatingthepoliticaldiscoursearoundESGmandatesandstakeholdercapitalism.Drawingfromprinciplesandtraditionsformedovercenturies,creed(alsoreferredtoascosmology)referstothedistinctivefeatureofreligiousandspiritualcommunitiestocreateworldviewsandmeaningthatsynthesize“whatisimportantforpeopleinlife,whatagoodlifeisforthemandtowhattheyarecommitted.”33

Thisideologicaldimensionofreligionshapesthemindsets,beliefsystemsandbehavioursofleadersandcommunities,de?ningindividualandsocietalnormsandexpandingacrossgenerations.BOX3

ReligiousvaluesandeconomiclifeAlexisCrow,

Partner,

GlobalHead,GeopoliticalInvesting,PwC,explainsthreekeyconceptsfromCatholicSocialTeaching

oneconomiclifethat“offerbusinessexecutivesawayofinstillingstewardshipinthesocietiesinwhichtheyoperate”–withexcerptsfromherrecentarticlebelow:35–Subsidiarity:“Intrinsicallyrelatedtosolidarity,theprincipleofsubsidiarityacknowledgesthateachpersonandeachsegmentofsocietymatters–nomatterhowweak.Thus,theinitiative,freedomandresponsibilityofthe‘smaller’but‘essential’cellsofsocietyshouldbeupheldandrespected.Awell-functioningsocietywouldsupportthedevelopmentofthecapabilities‘presentateverylevelofsociety.’Thoseinpositionsofpowerandleadershiphavearesponsibilitytorespectandsupporteachperson’s

dignity,privateinitiativeandrighttoparticipateineconomiclife.”–Solidarity:“Implicitinanunderstandingofsolidarityistheneedtostandshoulder-to-shoulderwithone’s

fellowworkersinsociety.Itrecognizesthenecessityto‘movebeyondanindividualisticculture,’endemicinourpost-modernsocieties.AsenseofsolidaritywasexhibitedduringtheCOVID-19pandemicwithsupportforessentialworkers.Inthecorporateworld,solidarityalsounderpinstheconceptofco-ownershipofbusinesses;affordingemployeestheopportunitytoownashareinthe‘greatworkbench’onwhichtheyoperate.36

Suchanopportunitytoblendlabourwiththeownershipofcapitalexhibitsawayinwhichabusinesscanbecomea‘communityofsolidarity’.”–Dignityofwork:“Implicitlyconnectedtothisistheprincipleofdignityofwork:thatis,thatallpeoplehavetherighttoparticipateineconomicinitiative,andhavetherighttoproductivework,livingwages,andtofairworkingconditions.37

Thus,eveninanageof‘a(chǎn)utomationanxiety’–andfearoftechnologicalunemployment–theimplicationisthateachpersonhasauniquesetofskills,gifts,andtalentstobearineconomiclife.Vocationaltraining,andcontinued‘learningforworking’–mightalsobeintrinsictothedignityofworkinanageoftechnologicalacceleration.”Citizenshipandculturalpreferencesandinterestscitizensofbothnationalandspiritualcommunities.Traditions,religiousiconographyandotheridenti?erssignifythecitizenshipandexperiencesofthecommunity,whilecommonvalueshelpde?nesharedrightsandresponsibilities.Religionactsasapoliticalinstitutionandactor,extendingideologicalin?uenceintopoliticalparticipationandthearticulationofthecommunity’svaluesandinterests.Fromthehistoriesofmostsocieties,religionexistedpriortonation-statesandlegitimizedtheirpower,

shapingsocietalstructures,governanceandthecollectiveconscienceof