專題04閱讀理解體裁之應用文（精講）（原題版）

專題04閱讀理解體裁之應用文（精講）考點考點精講【題型概述】閱讀理解之應用文包含廣告、招聘、咨詢和建議、通知等類型的文章?！久}解讀】文體特點:中考英語中的應用文，命題特點顯著，以搜尋直接信息為主，往往涵蓋人物、事件、時間、地點、數(shù)字等的考查。因此，學生在備考應用文閱讀時，應重點掌握尋讀策略，帶著問題有針對性地到文中快速尋找答案。細節(jié)理解題主要考查對文章(或某一段落)中某特定事實信息的捕捉和理解能力，通常包括直接細節(jié)理解題和間接細節(jié)理解題。直接細節(jié)理解題在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who，what，when，where，why和how等提問。間接細節(jié)理解題需要通過有關(guān)詞語和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換，依靠主要事實、圖表、圖形來獲取信息，然后利用因果、類比、時間、空間等關(guān)系進行加工或整理后方能得出結(jié)論，此類試題在中考試題中占大多數(shù)。抓住文章或段落中的事實和細節(jié)是做好該題型的關(guān)鍵，也是做好其他類型題的基礎(chǔ)。命題規(guī)律:1.特殊疑問句形式。以when，where，what.which，who，howmuch/many等疑問詞開頭引出問題。2.填空題形式。通常涉及與主題有關(guān)的事實或細節(jié)。3.題型和考查角度：1.高頻考點：直接信息題；間接信息題。2.中頻考點：數(shù)字計算題；3.低頻考點：細節(jié)排序題；正誤判斷題。【應試技巧】應用文的設(shè)問一般按照文章段落的順序依次設(shè)置,設(shè)問內(nèi)容一般以細節(jié)題為主,兼有詢問出處和寫作意圖的題目。解答應用文，離不開下面方法?？焖俣ㄎ环ǎ涸谠囶}中尋找題干關(guān)鍵的線索詞,如名詞、動詞、形容詞或副詞等實義詞,帶著問題和它們?nèi)ラ喿x短文,要標明其出處,為迅速、準確地選擇正確的答案作好充分準備;選項排除法：根據(jù)題干提供的信息，把一眼就能看出的干擾項排除，縮小選擇范圍，然后將剩余選項依據(jù)原文辨別真?zhèn)?。?shù)字計算法：對文章中提到的數(shù)據(jù)進行簡單的加減乘除運算，以得出符合題目要求的數(shù)據(jù)。忠實于原文：該類題源于短文,在解題時要緊扣原文,在短文中找到相應出處,以此為中心展開進行答題?？焖贋g覽法：回答文章出處和寫作意圖題時，要理解文章的主旨大意。一篇文章通常是圍繞一個中心展開的,所以只有通過閱讀掌握該短文的主旨大意,才能正確理解短文,進而根據(jù)短文的事實、細節(jié)推斷作者的觀點和寫作意圖。通過尋找短文的主題句，而主題句通常在段首(最常見)、段中、段尾，段道和段尾或隱含在段落中。解答主旨大意題時采用快速瀏覽法,即可找到主題句或主題線索。 關(guān)注長難句：文章的長難句處常會設(shè)問題，必須學會拆分理解長難句。關(guān)注轉(zhuǎn)折詞：文中however,but,instead,rather等表達轉(zhuǎn)折意義的邏輯詞，這類詞后常命題。關(guān)注同義替換：原句重復出現(xiàn)，一般都是干擾項，正確選項一般都是有改動的。課堂課堂典例一、應用文細節(jié)理解題型方法和技巧方法1：線索句定位法（直接信息題）所謂線索句，就是為我們提供正確答案的線索，對線索句的精準定位，是閱讀高分的秘訣。首先，英語閱讀的試題順序往往對應著段落順序，按照出題順序，依次往下找，就能迅速定位到段落；其次，定位到段后，粗略對比，迅速找到與試題所給句子中單詞/短語重復較多的目標句；最后，將目標句與試題選項的句子仔細比對，找出區(qū)別，逐個排除錯誤項，定位答案?！臼纠縏hisistheschooltimetableofClassOne,GradeThree,SunshineSchoolonMonday.8:00—10:00amTechnologyInthislesson,studentslearnhowtosurftheInternetsafelyandeffectively.10:00—11;00amDramaDuringthislesson,studentswillhavethechancetoactoutroleswithotherstudents.11:00—11:45amPaintingStudentslearnhowtousewatercolorsproperly.Iftheweatherisgood,thelessonmaytakeplaceoutdoors.LUNCH1:00—2:00pmScience(Biologyorchemistry)Studentscanchoosewhichclasstoattend.Inbiologythisweek,studentswilllearnaboutthebonesinhumans.Inchemistry,thesubjectisHowexplosionshappen.2:00—3:45pmSPORTS2:00pmTheory(理論)Studentslearnabouttheskillsusedinacertainsport.Weseerealactionfrompastgamesonvideos.3:00pmPracticeStudentswillplayashortmatchlasting45minutes.Thisweek,thesportsaresoccer(theboys)andvolleyball(forgirls).HomeworkTechnology—theteacherwillgivestudentswebsitestolookup(about20minutes)Drama—studentshavetolearnapartforthenextlesson(3060minutes)Biology/chemistry—studentshavetowriteareportofthelesson(about40minutes)1.Whattimedoesthedramalessonbegin?A.At8:00am. B.At10:00am. C.At1:00pm. D.At2:00pm.方法2：間接信息法第一步：審讀題干，提取關(guān)鍵信息；第二步：速讀定位原文信息句，將試題信息與原文信息進行語義轉(zhuǎn)換；第三步：逐一核對選項，仔細辨別，得出答案。解題原則：對原文多處相關(guān)信息進行整合轉(zhuǎn)換?！臼纠縏heCoffeePotRestaurantWe’relookingforSaturdayassistants(幫手)inourbusytowncentrerestaurant.Thejobwillincludesettingandclearingtables,servingcustomersandhelpinginthekitchen.We’relookingforpoliteandpatientpeoplewhocanworkunderpressure.Hours:10am4pmincludingahalfhourlunchbreak.Pay:￡5anhour+lunchFilmExtrasWantedHaveyoueverwantedtobeinthemovies?Areyouinterestedinacting?We’remakingafilminthelocalareaduringJulyandAugustandwe’llneedseveralyoungpeopleasextras(臨時演員).We’relookingforactiveandsocial1418yearolds.Pay:￡50aday+meals.Pleaseincludearecentphotographinyourapplication.NewspaperBoys/GirlsWe’relookingforhonestyoungpeopletodeliver(投遞)newspapersandmagazines.Weneedonepersonformorningdeliveries(78)andtwopeopleforeveningdeliveries(56).Youmustbeatleast13yearsoldandhaveyourownbicycle.Formorningdeliveriesyouneedtobegoodatgettingupearly,too!Pay:￡30aweekWhenyouapply(申請),pleasesaywhetheryouprefermorningsorevenings.PARTTIMEASSISTANTSWANTEDShop’n’SaveSupermarketneedstwoyoungpeople(1418)foreveningandweekendwork.Thejobincludeshelpingcustomers,puttingthingsontheshelves,collectingtrolleys,etc.Hours:57eveningsor105SaturdaysandSundays.Pay:￡4anhourandfreelunchforweekendhours13.AparttimeassistantatShop’n’SaveSupermarketneedsto_________.A.setandcleartables B.provideaphoto C.delivernewspapers D.helpcustomers方法3：數(shù)字計算法第一步：審讀題干，提取關(guān)鍵信息；第二步：速讀定位原文中包含該信息的相關(guān)段落；第三步：進行推算，得出答案。解題原則：文章中直接給出來相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，要經(jīng)過具體的對比、分析、計算才能夠得出答案?！臼纠緼reyouinterestedinanimalsandnature?Wanttoenjoyyoursummerholidayandlearnsomethinginterestinganduseful?Hereesyourchance!StudentExplorehasprovidedyouwithaTHREEDAYsummerprogram!Youcantakepartinmanyhandsonactivitiesandmeetwithliveanimals—giraffes,pandas,tigersandsoon!Moreinformationabouttheprogramisasfollows.ProgramADates:17—19July,2022Days:SundaytoTuesdayTime:10:00a.m.—4:00p.m.ProgramBDates:8—10August,2022Days:MondaytoWednesdayTime:10:00a.m.—4:00p.m.Age:Studentsaged9—16Programcost:$200foramember;$230foranonmemberGroups:Thereare2programsforyoutochoosefrom.Eachprogramneedsatmost15students.Howtodoit:Simplyetoourcentertogetanapplicationform(申請表).Sendyourpletedformonorbefore13thJuly,2022(Wednesday).Notes:1.Nofreelunchesareprovidedbecauseofpersonalfoodpreferences(喜好).Youmayeitherbringalunchboxorpayforlunchatourrestaurants.2.Bothprogramswillstartin2daysifthereisawarningofrainstorms.12．Twomembersandtwononmembersshouldpay________fortheprogram.A．$400 B．$630 C．$660 D．$860方法4：細節(jié)排除法第一步：審讀題干和四個選項的內(nèi)容；第二步：利用首尾，排除掉部分選項，縮小范圍；第三步：如排序內(nèi)容較多，再查看剩余選項的異同處，縮小范圍；如排序內(nèi)容較少，一般即可快速得出答案。解題原則：采用“首尾定位法”，先根據(jù)第一個事件和最后一個事件縮小范圍，再根據(jù)事件發(fā)生的先后順序和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，找出事件發(fā)生的正確順序?！臼纠縁rom:PEteacherTo:GradeThreeparentsSubject:Dearparents,ThistestofPEwillbeafterthevacation,swimmingandgymgroupsinourPElessonswillswap(交換)again.Childrenwhowereswimminglasttermwilldogymandchildrenwhowerehavinggymwillhavetheirswimminglessons.Thegroupswillremainlikethisuntiltheendofnextterm.Forthechildrendoingswimminglessons,thefollowingthingsarenecessary:●Swimmingclothes●Swimminghat●Flipflops(人字拖鞋)●Goggles(護目鏡)Pleaselabel(貼標簽)everythingwiththechild’snameandclasssothatweavoidlostandmixedthings.Pleasefindthegroupsbelow.Iwouldkindlyaskthatyoushouldfollowthelistbelowandmakesureyourchildattendsthegroupinwhichtheyareput.Swimminggroup1Swimminggroup2Gymgroup1Gymgroup2MichaelLeeHerryWhiteTonySmithPeterSamuelJacksonMaryHunanSuaieMarksDavidMillerJoanBrownTimRobinsonRosieThompsonEricMaxwellNedHardyThankyouMrHudets2．Whatshouldchildrenprepareforswimminglessons?①Swimmingclothes②Swimminghats③Flipflops④Bottledwater⑤GogglesA．①②④ B．①④⑤ C．①②③⑤ D．②③④⑤二、應用文推理判斷題型方法和技巧所謂推斷就是從已知的事情中推測。這里所說的未知是指文章或作者沒有直接說明但已暗示出來，或者根據(jù)作者提供的信息，可能引出的必然性結(jié)論。所以推斷類題目盡管不能在文章中直接找到答案，但我們可以在文章中找到可供推論的依據(jù)。還有一個重要的技巧就是排除法的適當運用。很多錯誤選項的排除要靠我們對于文章事實和細節(jié)的準確把握。因此我們也要相應加強對于文章事實細節(jié)的訓練。應用文的推理判斷有幾種：方法1：.文章出處或應用文類型判定法就是根據(jù)文章的語言、用詞、格式、內(nèi)容等推斷出文章的出處，如雜志、報紙、網(wǎng)絡(luò)等。主要考查學生對各種文章出處的特點和常識的掌握能力，以及對文章的體裁和題材的準確把握能力?！臼纠縏heLatestBooksMyABCsby:DisneyBookGroupReleased:April3,2018Pages:14AgeRange:0–2SantaBruceby:RyanT.HigginsReleased:September4,2018Pages:48AgeRange:3–5Solo:StarWarsby:LucasfilmPressReleased:September4,2018Pages:32AgeRange:6–8MagicBook:Spellsby:AmberBenson,DaronNefcyDominicBisignanoReleased:September11,2018Pages:288AgeRange:9–1222.Thepassagemaybe_____________.A.astory B.anadvertisement C.anovel D.apoem【示例】SummerCulture"Whatisyourteendoingthissummer?"WeleastudentfromFranceorSpainintoyourfamily!HostastudentfromSpainorFranceandexperiencehis/herlifeandculture.ExchangestudentsfromSpainandFrancearelookingforwelingwarm,funandlovinghostswhowillsharelifeandculturewiththemforafewweeksinJune,JulyandAugust.Stayscanbefrom3to6weeks.WhattodowithyourexchangestudentMovies/Museums/Beach/Cooking/Baking/munityprojects/Volunteering/Hangingout/Shopping/Disneyland/anythingyoucanthinkof.Requirementstohost:Loving,active,outgoingfamilyOnestayathome.OrparttimehostparentTeeninthehomewithin4yearsofageoftheexchangestudentWillingtotakestudentstoplacesorinterestonceaweek(maybevisitingthemnextsummerattheirhomecountries)Ifyouareinterestedandwouldlikemoreinformation,pleasecontact:ShirleyWentzell9099186715Email:Shirley@uceus17.Thetextaboveisprobablya_____________.A.letter B.notice C.poster D.diary方法2：.邏輯推理法根據(jù)上下文及其相互間的關(guān)系，對文章片段或全文進行深層理解來解答題目。常以時間關(guān)系、條件關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、比較關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系等作為推理根據(jù)，有時甚至還得聯(lián)系作者的意圖、態(tài)度等弦外之音。主要考查學生對文章細節(jié)的理解和邏輯思維的推斷能力?！臼纠縎choolholidayactivitiesatthelibraryActivityWhenCostWhoCartooningwithEvaLeungTuesday7June,9—11a.m.﹩3.00to.coverthecostofartpaperandpencils5to8yearoldsActivityWhenCostWhoCartooningwithEvaLeungWednesday8June,9—11a.m.$3.00tocoverthecostofartpaperandpencils9to10yearoldsEvaLeungisfamousforhercartoonspublishedregularlyinKIDStimemagazineActivityWhenCostWhoKitemakingWednesday8June,2—4p.m.$3.00tocoverthecostofpaper,stringandothermaterials5to10yearoldsActivityWhenCostWhoKitemakingThursday9June,2—4p.m.$3.00tocoverthecostofpaper,stringandothermaterials5to10yearolds6.Whyaretheretwocartooningclassesontheprogram?A.Becausetheclassesarefordifferentagegroups.B.BecausemoretimeisneededtolearncartooningC.Becausethereisastrictlimitonnumbersforeachclass.D.Becausesomechildrenmightwanttodoboththeclasses.【示例】MISSINGCATWecannotfindourcat!Wemisshimverymuch.Pleasehelpus!HowheLooks：Heisbrownandwhite.Hisfrontpawsarewhitelikeboxinggloves.HisnameisBoxer.Howhesounds：Boxerisbig,butthecrieslikeakitten(幼貓).Ifyouhearatinymeowandseethatitisingfromabig,strongcat,thenyouhavefoundBoxer!IFyouseeHIM：Pleasecall555555orbringhimtoourhouseat10CherryLane.Wewillgiveyouareward.23.Whatisthepurposeofthematerialabove?A.Tosellacat. B.Tobuyacat. C.Toshowalovelycat. D.Tofindamissingcat.仿真仿真演練Passage1Amy:Ihavealwaysadmiredstudentswhohandtheirhomeworkinontimeandneverforgettodoit.SoIwaswondering,whatareyourtipsforgettingorganized?Pleasepostyourideasbelowtohelpme!Hana:Goodquestion,Amy.Ialwaysspendaboutfiveminutestidyingupthedesktoponmyputer.Imakeabackup(備份)ofimportantdocuments.IdeletethingsIdon’tneedanymoreandputeverythingintothecorrectplace.Gloria:Themostimportantthingistostartstudyingafewweeksbeforetheexamsandnotleaveituntilthenightbefore!That’sjustmonsense,Ithink.Lou:Hi,Amy.Mytipistohaveabignoticeboardinyourbedroom,dividedintodifferentareas.I’vegotanareaforeachsubjectandanotheroneforotherwork.IuseboardpenstowriteremindersandImakesureIlookatiteveryday.ThebestpartiswhenIclearsomethingofftheboard!1．Whostartsstudyingafewweeksbeforetheexams?A．Any. B．Hana. C．Gloria. D．Lou.2．WhydoesAmypostthispassage?A．Tomakefriendswiththethreepeople. B．Togethelpfromthosewhoareorganized.C．Tocallonpeopletobeanorganizedstudent. D．Tosharesomeexperiencesofgettingorganized.3．WhatisthebestpartforLou?A．Todividethingsintodifferentareas. B．Tofinishtheworkontheboard.C．Touseboardpenstowritereminders. D．Totakealookatthelisteveryday.Passage2Doyouwanttomakeourcityabetterplace?Joinusandvolunteertogether.PlantingtreesPlantingtreesisagreatwaytomaketheairfresherandmakeourcitygreener.Ifyou’reover12yearsold,eandhelpustoplantmoretreesinWestLakePark.Let’smeetatthecastgateoftheparkat8:30a.m.thisSaturday.You’dbetterwearsportsshoes.RepaintingwallsThebuildingscoveredwithgraffiti(涂鴉)areterrible.ThisSunday,wearegoingtorepaintthewallsofLuguStreetandmakethemcleanagain.Anyonewhoisovertencanjoinus.PleasearriveatNo.18,LuguStreetat9:30a.m.Youneedn’tbringanytools.Justremembertowearoldclothes!CollectingrubbishYoucanhangoutwithyourfriendsintheparkandcleanupourcityparksatthesametime!WearegoingtocollectrubbishatYueluMountainfrom9:00a.m.to11:30a.m.nextSaturday.Nomatterhowoldyouare,eandjoinus!Anyonewhocollectsthemostrubbishcangetagiftforfun.4．Volunteersneedto________iftheyplantorepaintwallsaccordingtothepassage.A．bringpaintingtools B．wearoldclothes C．wearsportsshoes5．Howlongwillvolunteersspendcollectingrubbish?A．2hours. B．2.5hours. C．3hours.6．Whatcanweknowfromthepassage?A．Thetwelveyearoldcanplanttreestoimprovetheenvironment.B．Wecanmakebuildingscoolandinterestingwithgraffiti.C．Anyonecangetagiftifheorshehelpstocollectrubbish.Passage3SusanSinceIenteredmiddleschool,Ihavealwayswantedtobeeatranslator.IcantranslateChineseintoEnglishsothatpeopleinothercountriescanenjoyChinesepoemsandstories.Beingatranslatorisn’teasy.Ittakesgreatpatienceandconfidence.IhopethatIwillbeabletogotocollegeandbeearealtranslatorsomeday.JackMydreamistobeeasuccessfuldoctor,helpingthosesickpeopleandsavingtheirlives.Ihopeeveryonecanhaveanopportunity（機會）toreceivewonderfultreatmentsfortheirillnesseswithouthavingtopaymuch.Itismychildhooddream.Inordertoachievemydream,Ineedenoughknowledgeandexperience,soIworkhardtoimprovemyself.AnnaIlovetobeeagreatFashionDesigner.Fashiondesigningissomuchoffunandcreative.IfIdesignacosturneandhavemysignature（簽名）onit,therecognitionIachievewillgoworldwide.FashiondesigningdoesrequirelotsofstudyandresearchandIneedtobemyselfunique（獨特的）.Imustworkhardtobereadyforthepetitionsandchallenges.DavidMydreamistobealawyer.Somepeoplethinklawyersaresimplyoutformoney,butIbelievelawyershaveadesire（愿望）tohelpothers,especiallythosewhoareunabletodefend（維護）themselves.Iknowbeingasuccessfullawyerwilltakemuchpreparationandhardwork.Iamwillingtodowhatittakestomakemydreametrue.7．Whosedreamistobeadoctor?A．Susan’s. B．Jack’s. C．Anna’s. D．David’s.8．WhatdoesDaviddesiretodo?A．Tohelpothersindefending. B．Tobeuniqueworldwide.C．Tosavepeople’slives. D．TospreadChineseculture.9．Susanneedstobe________tomakeherdreametrue.A．patientandconfident B．creativeandfunnyC．knowledgeableandexperienced D．helpfulandcarefulPassage4WeletotheChineseTraditionalArtworkWebsiteName:papercutting

Color:redPrice:￥15(￥30forthreeduringtheSpringFestival)Deliverytime:Youcangetyourgoodswithin3days.Themostpopularpicturesareflowers,animals,andthingsaboutChinesehistory.Name:Chineseknot

Color:redandyellowPrice:￥160(￥300fortwoduringtheSpringFestival)Deliverytime:Youcangetyourgoodswithin5days.Curnewstylesmaygiveyouabigsurprise.Name:silkumbrella