四級翻譯詞匯翻譯及常見特色詞匯

四級翻譯詞匯翻譯及常見特色詞匯四級翻譯詞匯翻譯及常見特色詞匯(一)詞的翻譯1.詞義選擇2.詞類轉(zhuǎn)換3.詞的增補(bǔ)4.詞的省略5.詞的替代1.詞義選擇(1)語境詞漢語有些詞語的含義會(huì)因語境而發(fā)生微妙的變化，稱之為“語境詞”，應(yīng)緊密結(jié)合上下文譯成相應(yīng)的詞，不能按照原詞的字面意思來譯。原文：手機(jī)刷新了人與人的關(guān)系。譯文：Cellphonehave

altered

therelationshipamongpeople.分析：“刷新”此處實(shí)際是指“改變”，而并非是我們平常所指的含義，因此不宜譯成refurbish或renovate，翻譯為alter或change更恰當(dāng)。(2)表意模糊的詞原文：這所全國重點(diǎn)大學(xué)為社會(huì)輸送了大批的人才。譯文：Thenationalkeyuniversityhaspreparedbatchesofqualifiedgraduatesforthesociety.分析：“輸送”在句中是一個(gè)模糊籠統(tǒng)的詞，具體說來是指“培養(yǎng)出”。“人才”籠統(tǒng)，譯為qualifiedgraduates比較確切。(3)比喻詞匯漢語有許多比喻詞匯，表面意義和喻指含義完全不同，英譯時(shí)應(yīng)跳出機(jī)械對應(yīng)的思維定式，動(dòng)態(tài)地譯出其潛在含義。原文：老師答應(yīng)給這幾個(gè)學(xué)生“吃小灶”。譯文：Theteacherhaspromisedtogivethesestudentsspecialtuition.分析：“吃小灶”在這里指的是“個(gè)別輔導(dǎo)”。2.詞類轉(zhuǎn)換(1)動(dòng)詞名詞英語動(dòng)詞受到形態(tài)變化規(guī)則的嚴(yán)格限制，大量本應(yīng)該由動(dòng)詞表達(dá)的概念，常需借助于名詞，因?yàn)槊~不受形態(tài)規(guī)則的束縛，使用相對靈活、方便。原文：吃頭兩個(gè)主菜時(shí)，也是贊不絕口。譯文：You"llbefullofpraisewhileeatingthefirsttwomaincourses.分析：英語中有大量抽象名詞表示行為或動(dòng)作意義

advice,agreement,inheritance,knowledge,praise,use等。以上例句借助抽象名詞表達(dá)了特定的行為動(dòng)作，譯文也顯得較為地道。(2)動(dòng)詞介詞介詞與名詞密切相關(guān)，英語名詞的廣泛使用使得介詞也頻繁出現(xiàn)，而且英語中有些介詞本身就是由動(dòng)詞演變來的。漢譯英時(shí)，有些動(dòng)詞可以用介詞來表達(dá)。原文：人們常用剪紙美化環(huán)境。譯文：Peopleoftenbeautifytheirhomeswithpapercuttings.

(3)動(dòng)詞形容詞漢語的一些動(dòng)詞常常用形容詞來表達(dá)，這些形容詞通常是與動(dòng)詞同源的詞（如dreamful,doubtful,sympathetic等），這樣的譯文有時(shí)會(huì)更地道、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。原文：在明朝和清朝時(shí)期特別流行。譯文：Itwas

widespreadparticularlyduringtheMingandQingDynasties.

(4)形容詞或副詞名詞由于語法結(jié)構(gòu)的修辭的需要，漢語的形容詞和副詞也可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成英語的名詞。原文:只有這些生靈自由自在地享受著這個(gè)黃昏。譯文：...leavingtheselivingthingstoenjoythismomentofduskwithfulleaseandfreedom.（(5)名詞動(dòng)詞漢語的名詞由英語的動(dòng)詞表達(dá)，此時(shí)漢語中修飾名詞的形容詞也隨之改為英語中作狀語使用的副詞。原文：大自然對人的恩賜，無論貧富，一律平等。譯文：People,poororrich,areequallyfavoredbyNature.（3.詞的增補(bǔ)(1)語法需要由于漢英兩種語言的差異，漢譯英時(shí)往往需要補(bǔ)充漢語里省去的詞語或沒有的詞類，使譯文符合英語語法的要求。增補(bǔ)的詞多為冠詞（英語所特有）、代詞或名詞（充當(dāng)句子的主語、賓語、定語等成分）、連詞和介詞等。原文：農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)的人比工業(yè)社會(huì)的人享受差得多，因此欲望也小得多。譯文：Peopleintheagriculturesocietyenjoyedfarlessthanpeopleintheindustrysociety,thustheirdesiresarefarlesseither.分析：英語中用的最多的介詞有at,by,for,from,in,of,on,to和with九個(gè)。這些介詞是連接英語句子的重要紐帶，在英語中起著極其重要的作用。漢譯英時(shí)，要根據(jù)上下文搭配靈活地選擇介詞。(2)意思表達(dá)需要原文：這是黃河灘上的一幕。譯文：Thisisascenetakingplace

ontheshoreoftheYellowRiver.分析：增譯takingplace短語，使譯文更為生動(dòng)貼切。(3)文化背景解釋的需要中西文化差異的存在使得英語和漢語包含著許多文化色彩濃厚且不易為譯文讀者所理解的詞語。在翻譯過程中需要使用增詞譯法把相關(guān)文化背景知識翻譯出來。原文：三個(gè)臭皮匠，勝過諸葛亮。譯文：ThewitofthreecobblerscombinedsurpassesthatofZhugeLiang,themastermind.4.詞的省略把原文中一些僅為語法需要而存在的詞、詞組加以適當(dāng)省略，達(dá)到譯文通順、意思完整、句子精練的目的。原文：于是轉(zhuǎn)喜為怒，轉(zhuǎn)贊美為責(zé)備挑剔，轉(zhuǎn)首肯為搖頭。譯文：Thenhappinessturnstoanger,praisetoscoldingandnit-piking,andhead-noddingtohead-shaking.(刪除重復(fù)的謂語動(dòng)詞)5.詞的代替漢譯英時(shí)可用替代的方法來避免重復(fù)，英語中主要有三種替代現(xiàn)象：名詞成分替代、謂語成分替代和分句替代。(1)名詞成分替代①用代詞替代重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的名詞原文：有水有魚的地方大都是有好環(huán)境的，好環(huán)境便會(huì)給人好心情。譯文：Aplacewithwaterandfishisnecessarilyblessedwithanicesetting,whichinreturnkeepspeopleingoodmood.②用名詞性替代詞替代重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的名詞可用于替代的此類名詞包括enough,half,thesame,thekind,thesort,theformer,thelatter,theissue等。原文：——你最喜歡哪個(gè)男孩？——最高的那個(gè)男孩。譯文：--Whichboydoyoulikebest?--Thetallestone.③同義詞替代同義詞替代指用不同名詞來表示同一個(gè)人或事物，常是概括詞（genericterm）和下屬詞（specificword）之間的替換。如用thefurniture替代table，用vehicle替代car，用theanimal替代horse等，以免重復(fù)。原文：另外一種方法是化學(xué)方法。譯文：Anothermethodisthechemicalapproach.(2)謂語成分替代可用于代替重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞，或整個(gè)謂語部分。此類替代詞包括do及其搭配doso,doit,dothat,dothis,dothesame等，替代句型包括sodo/be/will+主語、so+主語+do/be/will、asbe+主語等。原文：我不愿為占用你的時(shí)間而道歉，我占用你的時(shí)間是有道理的。譯文：Iwillnotapologizefortrespassingonyourtime.Ihaveagoodreasonfordoingso/that.原文：他說他很勤奮，他確實(shí)很勤奮。譯文：Yousayheisdiligent,soheis.原文：成績有兩重性，錯(cuò)誤也有兩重性。譯文：Achievementhasadualcharacter,andsodomistakes.（3）分句替代用替代詞so/not來替代充當(dāng)賓語的that從句；用ifso或ifnot替代條件狀語從句；用so代替整個(gè)從句。原文；—明天會(huì)下雨嗎？—我想不會(huì)/會(huì)下雨。譯文：Willitraintomorrow?Iguessnot/so.原文：你會(huì)來出席會(huì)議嗎？假如不出席會(huì)議，請及早通知我們。譯文：Willyoucometoattendthemeeting?Ifnot,pleasenoticeusassoonaspossible.英語四級段落翻譯常用詞匯：中國社會(huì)

多元文化論culturalpluralism文化適應(yīng)acculturation社會(huì)保障socialsecurity班車shuttlebus相定遷戶arelocatedunitorhousehold大齡青年singleyouthabovethenormalmatrimonialage獨(dú)生子女theonlychildinafamily單親singleparent福利彩票welfarelotteries家政服務(wù)householdmanagementservice民工migrantlaborers

農(nóng)村剩余勞動(dòng)力surplusrurallabor/laborers青春期puberty全民健身運(yùn)動(dòng)nationwidefitnesscaign全國人口普查nationwidecensus社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)socialinsurance暫住證temporaryresidencepermit/card青少年犯罪juveniledelinquency性騷擾sexualharassment走私smuggling性別歧視gender/sexualdiscrimination年齡歧視agediscrimination工作歧視jobdiscrimination

享樂主義hedonism文盲illiteracy貧富分化disparitybetweentherichandthepoor盜版pirated/illegalcopies一國兩制OneCountry,TwoSystems三個(gè)代表theThreeRepresentsTheory兩會(huì)(人大、政協(xié))TwoConferences(NPCandCPPCC)南南合作South-SouthCooperation南北對話North-SouthDialog人大常委會(huì)People’sCongressStandingCommittee法制觀念awarenessoflaw法制國家acountrywithanadequatelegalsystem

改革開放reformandopening-up公務(wù)員civilservants官僚主義作風(fēng)thebureaucraticstyleofwork和諧并存harmoniouscoexistence計(jì)劃生育familyplanning計(jì)劃生育基本國策thebasicstatepolicyoffamilyplanning精神文明建設(shè)theconstructionofspiritualcivilization居委會(huì)neighborhoodcommittee科教興國nationalrejuvenationthroughscienceandeducation

可持續(xù)發(fā)展sustainabledevelopment廉潔高效honestyandhighefficiency兩岸關(guān)系cross-straitsrelations兩岸談判cross-straitsnegotiations領(lǐng)土完整territorialintegrity民族精神nationalspirit普選制generalelectionsystem求同存異seekcommongroundwhileshelvingdifferences人大代表NPCmember物質(zhì)文明和精神文明materialandspiritualcivilization

可持續(xù)發(fā)展sustainabledevelopment廉潔高效honestyandhighefficiency兩岸關(guān)系cross-straitsrelations兩岸談判cross-straitsnegotiations領(lǐng)土完整territorialintegrity民族精神nationalspirit普選制generalelectionsystem求同存異seekcommongroundwhileshelvingdifferences人大代表NPCmember物質(zhì)文明和精神文明materialandspiritualcivilization

小康社會(huì)awell-offsociety小康水平awell-offstandard一個(gè)中國原則theone-Chinaprinciple與時(shí)俱進(jìn)keeppacewiththetimes綜合國力overallnationalstrength共同愿望commondesire“走出去”(戰(zhàn)略)goingglobal不結(jié)盟non-alignment單邊主義unilateralism多邊政策multilateralism多極世界multipolarworld

人口老齡化agingofpopulation人口出生率birthrate社區(qū)月服務(wù)communityservice道德法庭courtofethics盜用公款embezzlement成人夜校nightschoolforadults在職進(jìn)修班on-jobtrainingcourses政治思想教育politicalandideologicaleducation畢業(yè)生分配graduateplacement;assignmentofgraduate充電updateone’sknowledge

初等教育elementaryeducation大學(xué)城collegetown大學(xué)社區(qū)collegecommunity高等教育highereducation高等教育“211工程”the“211Project”forhighereducation高等學(xué)府institutionofhighereducation綜合性大學(xué)comprehensiveuniversity文科院校collegesof(liberal)arts理工科大學(xué)college/universityofscienceandengineering師范學(xué)院teachers’college;normalcollege

高分低能highscoresandlowabilities高考(university/college)entranceexamination高校擴(kuò)招thecollegeexpansionplan教育界educationcircle教育投入inputineducation九年義務(wù)教育nine-yearcompulsoryeducation考研taketheentranceexamsforpostgraduateschools課外活動(dòng)extracurricularactivities必修課required/compulsorycourse選修課elective/optionalcourse基礎(chǔ)課basiccourses專業(yè)課specializedcourses

課程表schoolschedule教學(xué)大綱teachingprogram;syllabus學(xué)習(xí)年限periodofschooling學(xué)歷recordofformalschooling學(xué)分credit啟發(fā)式教學(xué)heuristicteaching人才交流talentexchange人才戰(zhàn)competitionfortalentedpeople商務(wù)英語證書BusinessEnglishCertificate(BEC)適齡兒重入學(xué)率enrollmentrateforchildrenofschoolage升學(xué)率proportionofstudentsenteringschoolsofahighergrade;

英語四級段落翻譯常用詞匯：中國歷史與文化

京劇Pekingopera秦腔Qinopera功夫Kungfo太極TaiChi口技ventriloquism木偶戲puppetshow皮影戲shadowplay折子戲operahighlights雜技acrobatics相聲wittydialoguecomedy刺繡embroidery蘇繡Suzhouembroidery泥人clayfigure

書法calligraphy中國畫traditionalChinesepainting水墨畫Chinesebrushpainting中國結(jié)Chineseknot中國古代四大發(fā)明thefourgreatinventionsofancientChina火藥gunpowder印刷術(shù)printing造紙術(shù)paper-making指南針thecompass青銅器bronzeware瓷器porcelain;china唐三彩tri-colorglazedpotteryoftheTangDynasty景泰藍(lán)cloisonne

秋千swing武術(shù)martialarts儒家思想Confucianism儒家文化Confucianculture道教Taoism墨家Mohism法家Legalism佛教Buddhism孔子Confucius孟子Mencius老子LaoTzu莊子ChuangTzu墨子MoTzu孫子SunTzu

象形文字pictographiccharacters文房四寶(筆墨紙觀)theFourTreasuresoftheStudy(brush,inkstick,paper,andinkstone)

《大學(xué)》TheGreatLearning

《中庸》TheDoctrineoftheMean

《論語》TheAnalectsofConfucius

《孟子》TheMencius

《孫子兵法》TheArtofWar

《三國演義》ThreeKingdoms

《西游爺己》JourneytotheWest

《紅樓夢》DreamoftheRedMansions

《水滸傳》HeroesoftheMarshes

《山海經(jīng)》TheClassicofMountainsandRivers

《資治通鑒》HistoryasaMirror

《春秋》TheSpringandAutumnAnnals

《史記》HistoricalRecords

《詩經(jīng)》TheBookofSongs

《易經(jīng)》TheIChing;TheBookofChanges

《禮記》TheBookofRites

《三字經(jīng)》Three-characterScriptures八股文eight-partessay五言絕句five-characterquatrain七言律詩seven-characteroctave旗袍cheongsam中山裝Chinesetunicsuit唐裝Tangsuit風(fēng)水Fengshui;geomanticomen陽歷Solarcalendar陰歷Lunarcalendar閏年leapyear十二生肖zodiac春節(jié)theSpringFestival元宵節(jié)theLanternFestival清明節(jié)theTomb-sweepingDay端午節(jié)theDragon-boatFestival中秋節(jié)theMid-autumnDay重陽節(jié)theDouble-ninthDay七夕節(jié)theDouble-seventhDay春聯(lián)springcouplets廟會(huì)templefair爆竹firecracker年畫(traditional)NewYearpictures壓歲錢NewYeargift-money舞龍dragondance元宵sweetstickyricedumplings花燈festivallantern燈謎lanternriddle舞獅liondance踩高蹺stiltwalking賽龍舟dragonboatrace胡同hutong山東菜Shandongcuisine川菜Sichuancuisine粵菜Cantoncuisine揚(yáng)州菜Yangzhoucuisine月餅mooncake年糕ricecake油條deep-frieddoughsticks豆?jié){soybeanmilk饅頭steamedbuns花卷steamedtwistedrolls包子steamedstuffedbuns北京烤鴨Beijingroastduck拉面hand-stretchednoodles餛飩wonton(dumplingsinsoup)豆腐tofubeancurd麻花frieddoughtwist燒餅clayovenrolls皮蛋100-yearegg;centuryegg蛋炒飯friedricewithegg糖葫蘆tomatoesonsticks火鍋hotpot長城theGreatWallofChina烽火臺(tái)beacontower秦士臺(tái)皇陵theMausoleumofEmperorQinshihuang兵馬俑TerracottaWarriorsandHorses大雁塔BigWildGoosePagoda絲綢之路theSilkRoad敦煌莫高窟M(jìn)ogaoGrottoes華清池HuaqingHotSprings蘇州園林Suzhougardens西湖WestLake九寨溝JiuzhaigouValley日月潭SunMoonLake布達(dá)拉宮PotalaPalace鼓樓drumtower四合院quadrangle;courtyardcomplex孔廟ConfuciusTemple樂山大佛LeshanGiantBuddha十八羅漢theEighteenDisciplesoftheBuddha喇嘛L(fēng)ama1.中華文明博大精深、源遠(yuǎn)流長。TheChinesecivilizationisextensiveandprofound,andhasalonghistory.2.和睦相處、彼此尊重、共求發(fā)展seekcommondevelopmentinaharmoniousandrespectfulrelationship3.相互學(xué)習(xí)，取長補(bǔ)短learnfromeachother’sstrengthstooffsettheirownweaknesses4.保持本民族的鮮明特色withholddistinctivenationalcharacteristics5.豐富民族的文化enrichnationalcultures6.中國的一些思想學(xué)說在世界思想史上占有重要的地位。Thevariousschoolsofthoughtoccupyaveryimportantpositionintheworldhistoryofphilosophy.定語的次序在漢語中，幾個(gè)定語連用的時(shí)候，習(xí)慣上把最能表明事物本質(zhì)的放在最前面，距離中心詞較遠(yuǎn)；英語則相反，越能表明事物基本性質(zhì)的定語，越要靠近中心詞。1.表示產(chǎn)地的較遠(yuǎn)，表示原材料的較近。這是國產(chǎn)毛毯。Thisisahomemadewoolenblanket.2.表示時(shí)間概念的詞較遠(yuǎn)。一個(gè)白發(fā)蒼蒼的老教授。anoldandwhite-hairedprofessor國際經(jīng)濟(jì)新秩序anewinternationaleconomicorder3.數(shù)詞較遠(yuǎn)，表性質(zhì)的詞較近。50名可愛的孩子thefiftylovelychildren4.表次要性質(zhì)的詞較遠(yuǎn)，主要性質(zhì)的較近醫(yī)學(xué)上的重大發(fā)明thegreatmedicalinvention難分主次的，短單詞在前，長的在后勤勞勇敢的中國人民thebravehard-workingChinesepeople二.翻譯技巧英漢語言對比主語與話題1.現(xiàn)在全世界各地都在學(xué)習(xí)中國功夫。2.食堂今天吃餃子。英漢語言對比一.主語與話題1.現(xiàn)在全世界各地都在學(xué)習(xí)中國功夫。Nowadays,Chinesekungfuisbeinglearnedallacrosstheworld.2.食堂今天吃餃子。Jiaoziareservedinthecanteentoday.翻譯技巧之主語選擇應(yīng)對策略：1.選擇與話題相關(guān)的主語，并考慮主謂搭配的合理性五大基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)SV：Theriverruns.SVC：Helooksstrong.SVO：Hepaintedapicture.SVOO：Hegavemeamedicalhandbook.SVOC：Theymadehimtheirteamleader.例題：1.茶的品種不同，制法也不同。例題：1.茶的品種不同，制法也不同。Teadiffers/variesintypesandmethodsofproduction.例題：2.最能代表中國功夫的是太極拳。Taichiisthebestrepresentativeofkungfu.Taichirepresentkungfuinthebestway.Giveitago!1中國文化認(rèn)為龍是負(fù)責(zé)降雨的神仙（immortal),象征著帝王和權(quán)力。Giveitago!1中國文化認(rèn)為龍是負(fù)責(zé)降雨的神仙（immortal),象征著帝王和權(quán)力。DragonisregardedastheimmortalofrainfallsinChinesecultureandsymbolizestheemperorandpower.Giveitago!1.中國人交朋友，最重要的原則是“誠”和“信”。2.中國人交朋友，最重要的原則是“誠”和“信”。中國人交朋友要堅(jiān)持的最重要的原則是誠和信。Chinesepeopletrytomaintaintwomostimportantprinciples:sincerityandfaithfulnessinmakingfriends.冒號和破折號的用法當(dāng)句子中要列舉事物，一個(gè)解釋性的分句時(shí)可以用冒號或者破折號TheywereallthereDaisy,oldTrevor,Martin,andevenHilary.Youcan'tcountonhimtohelp:heissuchabusyman.英漢語言對比二.主語的物稱與人稱例題1：經(jīng)過調(diào)查，我們得出了結(jié)論。Investigationledustotheconclusion.二.主語的物稱與人稱例題2：職責(zé)所在，我不能臨陣脫逃。二.主語的物稱與人稱例題2：職責(zé)所在，我不能臨陣脫逃。Mydutyforbidsmetoflyfromdanger.Giveitago!1.過年時(shí)，人們在家門上都貼上了春聯(lián)。Giveitago!1.過年時(shí)，人們在家門上都貼上了春聯(lián)。NewYearcoupletsareputonthedoorsofeveryfamilyinSpringFestival.英漢語言對比被動(dòng)與主動(dòng)1.我也許是太自私了，也許是被別的東西迷住了眼睛。我也許太自私了，也許是別的東西迷了我的眼睛。2.上身的衣服完全被打濕了。上身的衣服完全打濕了。被動(dòng)語態(tài)的翻譯無主句話題為物稱Giveitago!1.由于中國功夫的發(fā)展，產(chǎn)生了中國人的俠義(chivalrous)精神。WiththedevelopmentofChinesekungfu,achivalrousspiritwasadoptedinChina.2.每年一度由政府主辦的藝術(shù)嘉年華為當(dāng)?shù)厮囆g(shù)家提供了廣闊的平臺(tái)。Anannualartcarnivalhostedbythegovernmenthasprovidedabroadstageforlocalartists.3.文章總算寫完了。Thearticlehasfinallybeenfinished.靜態(tài)與動(dòng)態(tài)英語傾向多用名詞，漢語傾向多用動(dòng)詞。例題1：今天的中國雖然取得了巨大的發(fā)展成就，但任然是世界上最大的發(fā)展中國家。DespitetremendousgrowthinmodernChina,thecountryisstillthelargestdevelopingcountryintheworld.Giveitago!消除戰(zhàn)爭，實(shí)現(xiàn)和平，建設(shè)獨(dú)立富強(qiáng)、民生幸福的國家，是近代以來中國人民孜孜以求的奮斗目標(biāo)。Giveitago!消除戰(zhàn)爭，維護(hù)和平，建設(shè)獨(dú)立富強(qiáng)、民生幸福的國家，是（中國人民最終的）奮斗目標(biāo)。消除eliminate維護(hù)maintain建設(shè)establish獨(dú)立independent富強(qiáng)prosperousTheeliminationofwars,themaintenanceofpeaceandtheestablishmentofanindependentandprosperouscountryaretheultimategoaloftheChinesepeople.名詞化現(xiàn)象1.TheministryappointedJohnsonasdirectorofthisdepartment,sohewashappy.=TheoppointmentofJohnsonbytheministryasdirectorofthisdepartmentmadehimhappy.2.Thepoliceinvestigatedthematter.=Thepoliceconductedan

intothematter.3.Theywerenarrow-mindedandIdon'tlikeit.=Idon'tliketheir

.1.TheministryappointedJohnsonasdirectorofthisdepartment,sohewashappy.=TheoppointmentofJohnsonbytheministryasdirectorofthisdepartmentmadehimhappy.2.Thepoliceinvestigatedthematter.=Thepoliceconductedaninvestigationintothematter.3.Theywerenarrow-mindedandIdon'tlikeit.=Idon'tliketheirnarrow-mindedness.動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞suffixchangesexamples-ance/ancyallow-allowance-ence/encyexist-existence-(s,t)ionpermit-permission-agemarry-marriage-mentmanage-management-s(t)ureexpose-exposure-(e)rydiscover-discovery動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞suffixchangesexamplesexercise-ance/ancyallow-allowanceappear-ence/encyexist-existencepersist-(s,t)ionpermit-permissionapplicant-agemarry-marriagebond-mentmanage-managementemploy-s(t)ureexpose-exposuredepart-(e)rydiscover-discoveryrecover形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞suffixchangesexamples-nesssad-sadness-itystupid-stupidityent→ence/encyconsequent-consequenceant→ance/ancyvacant-vacancyable→ablilityprobable-probabilitysuffixchangesexamplesexercise-nesssad-sadnessrough-itystupid-stupiditysecureent→ence/encyconsequent-consequencefluentant→ance/ancyvacant-vacancyvariantable→ablilityprobable-probabilityirrevocable形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞suffixchangesexamplesate→acy/ationaccurate-accuracyic-icsathletic-athletics-(i)tudeapt-aptitude-ismcritic-criticismt(s)ive-tioncommunicative-communication形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞suffixchangesexamplesexerciseate→acy/ationaccurate-accuracyadequateic-icsathletic-athleticsgymnastic-(i)tudeapt-aptitudegrateful-ismcritic-criticismsocialt(s)ive-tioncommunicative-communicationattractiveprogressive形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞Giveitago!1.醫(yī)生到得很早，護(hù)士很高興。Thedoctor’searlyarrivalpleasedthenurse.2.一見到那孩子，我就想到他父母。Thesightofthatchildremindsmeofhisparents.3.中國人重視孝道，是由于傳統(tǒng)上不看重功利（beattributableto)Chinesepeople'semphasisonfilialpietyisattributabletotheirtraditionalneglectofmaterialgain.4.中國人發(fā)明了火藥，卻從來沒有制造槍炮侵略別人。Chinesepeopleinventedgunpowder,buthaveneverusedittomakegunsforinvasion.三.主謂一致常見錯(cuò)誤第一類錯(cuò)誤：主謂間隔1.Thesharpfangsinthedog'smouthlooksscary.2.Thelumpysaltinthesharkersneedstobechanged.3.Anoldchairwithbrokenlegshassatinourbasementforyears.主謂一致常見錯(cuò)誤第二類錯(cuò)誤：主謂倒裝1.Thereiswilddogsinourneighbourhood.2.Whatarethechildren'scoats?3.Hereisthenotesfromyesterday'slecture.主謂一致常見錯(cuò)誤第三類錯(cuò)誤：復(fù)合主語1.Aquiltandasleepingbagcoversmybedinthewinter.2.Neitherthenegotiatornortheunionleaderswantthestriketocontinue.3.Neithertheunionleadernorthenegotiatorwantthestriketocontinue.就近原則：either...or...,notonly...butalso...,neither...nor...主謂一致常見錯(cuò)誤第四類錯(cuò)誤：不定代詞1不定代詞有哪些？one,anyone,everyone,someonenobody,anybody,everybody,somebodynothing,anything,everything,somethingeach,either,neither

主謂一致常見錯(cuò)誤第四類錯(cuò)誤：不定代詞1.Neitherofthosehairstylessuitstheshapeofyourface.2.Somebodywithoutmuchsensitivityalwaysmentionmybirthday.3.Bothofthepuppiesarecuteintheirownways.4.Everyoneenterthecollegekite-flyingcontestinthespring.

Giveitago!1.EachoftheirchildrenwasgivenanamepickedatrandomfromapageoftheBible.2.ManyoftheheadlinesintheNationalEnquirerseemhardtobelieve.3.Ametalgrabbarboltedontothetilesmakesiteasierforelderlypeopletogetintoandoutofthebathtub.4.Oneofthehospital'sdeliveryroomsisfurnishedwithbrightcarpetsandcurtainstoresemblearoomathome.5.Nexttothecashregisterisacanfordonationstothedentist'speopletogetintoandoutofthebathtub.四.常見句式1.包括consistof火鍋包含了一個(gè)在餐桌中間煮涮(simmer)東西的金屬鍋。Chinesehotpotconsistsofasimmeringmetalpotofstockatthecenterofthediningtable.2.指的是Referto它最初在隋朝被稱為元宵，曾被用來指代元宵節(jié)OriginallynamedYuanxiaointheSuiDynasty,itwaseverusedtorefertotheLanternFestival.3.即使Evenif年輕人會(huì)稱呼年長的人“爺爺”、“奶奶”以示尊重，即使和那個(gè)人沒有血緣關(guān)系。Theyoungpeoplewillcallanolderperson“YeYe”(grandfather),“NaiNai”(grandmother)asasignofrespectevenifthereisnobloodlineage.4.有...歷史Haveahistoryof元宵有著700多年的歷史。YuanXiao,sweetsoupball,hasahistoryofover700years.5.與...相似besimilarto數(shù)字2是幸運(yùn)的意思，因?yàn)樗腿菀椎陌l(fā)音相似。Thenumbertwoisfortunate,becauseitissimilartothesoundof“easy”.6.直到...才...Not...Until...直到主賓和主陪都坐下來之后，客人才可以坐下。Guestsshouldnotsituntilthemainhostandguesthavedoneso.7.標(biāo)志著Symbolize/signal...上水果標(biāo)志著水果的結(jié)束。Servingfruitsignalstheendofthemeal.8.被分類為...beclassifiedas/into...茶被分類為五類Chineseteacanbeclassifiedintofive