題型精析02.閱讀理解之推理判斷題(深層推斷意圖推斷觀點態(tài)度文章出處)(原卷版)

02.推理判斷題【題型總覽】【題型特征】推理判斷題屬于高層次閱讀理解題。解答該類型題目時一定要從整體上把握語篇內(nèi)容。在語篇的表面意義與隱含意義、已知信息與未知信息之間架起橋梁,透過字里行間,去體會作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在進行推斷時,要據(jù)文推理、合情推理,不可脫離原文主觀臆斷。推理判斷題要求考生根據(jù)文章提供的事實和線索進行邏輯推理,推測作者未明確提到的事實或某事件發(fā)展的趨勢?！驹O(shè)題趨勢】常以infer,imply,suggest,conclude,learn,intend,mean,describe,purpose等詞提問。提問中含有表示推測的情態(tài)動詞,如can,could,might,would等和其他表示可能性的副詞,如probably,possibly等。具體的設(shè)問方式如:Whatcanweinferfromthe(first/.../last)paragraph?Wheredoesthispassageprobablyefrom?What’stheauthor’sattitudetowards...?Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?等。1.正確選項推理判斷題中的正確選項是依據(jù)文章的事實或證據(jù)推斷出的符合邏輯的結(jié)論或觀點,正確選項一般具有以下特征:(1)“立足原文,只推一步”,即根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容,一步即可推得。(2)選項中一般不可以出現(xiàn)絕對概念。如only,never,all,absolutely等,正確答案的表述一般有一點模糊,會用一些相對能夠留有一些余地的詞匯,如often,usually,sometimes,some,may,might,can,could,possibly,probably等。2.干擾選項張冠李戴即把文章中作者的觀點與其他人的觀點混淆在一起。題干問的是作者的觀點,選項中出現(xiàn)的卻是其他人的觀點;題干問的是其他人的觀點,選項中卻出現(xiàn)了作者的觀點無中生有這種類型的干擾項往往是基本的生活常識或普遍認可的觀點,但在文章中并無相關(guān)的信息支撐點。其次,這種干擾項也有可能與設(shè)置的問題毫不相干曲解文意即推測意義與文章表層意義有區(qū)別。推理判斷題中有些選項來自文章中的某一句或某幾句話,命題者可能會利用里面的詞設(shè)計出干擾項,看似表達文章的意思,其實是借題發(fā)揮,是對原文意思的曲解魚目混珠魚目混珠類型的干擾項常出現(xiàn)在詞句理解類試題的選項中,即利用某個詞或句子的字面含義代替其在文章特定語境中的具體含義擴縮范圍為了準確、嚴密地表達文章內(nèi)容,命題者特別注意對文意范圍的限定,有時通過加上almost,all,nearly,morethan,normally,usually等詞語對文意范圍加以限定?！皵U縮范圍”干擾法就是在選項中通過改變或去掉限制性詞語,將信息的范圍、程度、感情色彩等改變,從而給考生解題造成干擾的命題方法偷梁換柱干擾項用了與文章中某一句話相似的句型結(jié)構(gòu)和單詞,卻在考生易忽視的地方換了幾個單詞,造成句意的改變【?？碱愋汀款}型1深層推斷題周密邏輯分析推斷隱含意義題型2意圖推斷題依據(jù)文體特點推斷寫作意圖題型3觀點態(tài)度題利用語境的褒貶性進行信息推斷題型4文章出處題根據(jù)文章體裁和內(nèi)容推斷文章出處【題型精析】【題型1】深層推斷題（隱含推斷題）主要考查以下幾個方面:(1)細節(jié)推斷題,即根據(jù)文章特定細節(jié)進行推斷;(2)綜合推斷題,即根據(jù)全段,甚至全篇,結(jié)合多處信息推斷文章寓意或深層意義;(3)邏輯推斷題,即嚴格根據(jù)文章中所陳述的事實、論點、例證等一系列材料進行推理,從而得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論?！菊骖}示例】(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·C篇節(jié)選)Continueddevelopmentsinmunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpageoutdated.31.Whatdoestheauthorwanttosaybymentioningtheereader?A.Theprintedbookisnottotallyoutofdate.B.Technologyhaschangedthewayweread.C.Ourlivesinthe21stcenturyarenetworked.D.Peoplenowrarelyhavethepatiencetoread.【解答思路】第一步:掃描題干,找關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞:What,wanttosay,bymentioningtheereader第二步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞,定位信息。定位原文信息:Continueddevelopmentsinmunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpageoutdated.(第四段)第三步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞和定位信息可以推知,作者提到電子閱讀器說明,這顯示了人們認為信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展一度使得印刷書籍過時了,但是現(xiàn)在的情況卻正好相反,故選__A__。

【技巧提示】抓住特定信息進行逆向或正向推理判斷。細節(jié)類推理判斷題要善于抓住某一段話中的關(guān)鍵信息,即某些關(guān)鍵詞或短語去分析、推理、判斷,利用逆向思維或正面推理。整合全文(段)信息進行推測。抓住了關(guān)鍵信息,以事實為依據(jù),在弄懂全文(段)意思的基礎(chǔ)上,整合與題目相關(guān)的有用信息,綜合起來去推理判斷,確定最佳答案?！绢}型2】意圖推斷題文章主旨是中心思想、文章大意,而寫作意圖則闡述文章為何表達這個中心思想。在高考中既可能考查全文的寫作意圖,又可能考查某處細節(jié)或某一段落的寫作意圖?！菊骖}示例】(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·B篇節(jié)選)Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouselikefacilitythattreatedsewage(污水)from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.HealsodesignedanecomachinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoselfrepair.”26.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?A.ToreviewJohn’sresearchplans.B.ToshowanapplicationofJohn’sidea.C.TopareJohn’sdifferentjobs.D.ToerasedoubtsaboutJohn’sinvention.【解答思路】第一步:掃描題干,找關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞:What,purpose,mentioningFuzhou第二步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞,定位信息。定位原文信息:Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouselikefacilitythattreatedsewagefrom1,600homesinSouthBurlington.HealsodesignedanecomachinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.(第五段)第三步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞和定位信息可知,第五段通過舉兩個例子,即SouthBurlington和中國的福州,來說明John的生態(tài)機器在現(xiàn)實生活中有著實際的運用。故選__B__。

【技巧提示】利用文體特點突破意圖推斷【題型3】觀點態(tài)度題文章作者或文中人物對某事物所持的情感、觀點或態(tài)度往往隱含在文章的字里行間或流露于修飾詞之中。常見的設(shè)問方式有:·Howdoestheauthorfeelabout...?·Whatdoestheauthorthinkof...?·Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowards/to...?【真題示例】(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·D篇節(jié)選)Inafollowupstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecisionmakingareenormous.35.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful. D.Approving.【解答思路】第一步:掃描題干,找關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞:author’sattitude,Navajas’studies第二步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞,定位信息。定位原文信息:AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecisionmakingareenormous.(盡管Navajas領(lǐng)導的研究有局限性,仍存在許多問題,但對小組討論和決策的潛在影響是巨大的)進一步辨別:作者對于Navajas的研究表示一定的贊許和支持。故選D。

【技巧提示】注意作者或文中人物的措辭。態(tài)度傾向推理判斷題,文章作者或文中人物對事物所持的觀點或態(tài)度往往隱含在文章的字里行間或流露于修飾詞之中。牢記常見有關(guān)作者情感態(tài)度的詞語。牢記有關(guān)作者情感態(tài)度的詞語,注意文中表達情感、態(tài)度或觀點的詞語或句子,結(jié)合平時積累的知識來進行合理的推斷,得出正確答案?！绢}型4】文章出處題推斷文章出處或類別要從文章內(nèi)容、語言特色和標志信息著手;確定讀者對象要根據(jù)文章主題和文章措辭來判斷?！菊骖}示例】(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·C篇節(jié)選)ReadingArt:ArtforBookLoversisacelebrationofaneverydayobject—thebook,representedhereinalmostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld...Inthis“bookofbooks”,artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures...28.Whereisthetextmostprobablytakenfrom?A.Anintroductiontoabook.B.Anessayontheartofwriting.C.Aguidebooktoamuseum.D.Areviewofmodernpaintings.【解答思路】第一步:掃描題干,找關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞:Where,thetext,takenfrom第二步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞,定位信息。定位原文信息:ReadingArt:ArtforBookLoversisacelebrationofaneverydayobject—thebook,representedhereinalmostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld...(第一段)Inthis“bookofbooks”,artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures...(第二段)第三步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞和定位信息可知,文章第一段中提到ReadingArt:ArtforBookLovers,thebook和第二段中的Inthis“bookofbooks”等信息均說明,本文選自對一本有關(guān)閱讀藝術(shù)的書的介紹,故選__A__。

【技巧提示】確定題干中的關(guān)鍵信息。寫作意圖、文章出處類推理判斷題要先鎖定題干中的關(guān)鍵信息,把文章的內(nèi)容與題干中的關(guān)鍵信息結(jié)合起來做出正確的判斷。了解語言特色。要對報紙、雜志、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、小說等文章的語言特色,特別是其專用詞匯有基本的了解,根據(jù)文章的語言特色和其專用詞匯對號入座,快速選出最佳答案?！就黄萍记伞?.理解通篇大意,把握寫作意圖(1)做推理判斷題時,考生應對整篇文章有完整、準確的理解,從總體上把握文章的主題,善于抓住文中的關(guān)鍵詞或關(guān)鍵句子。(2)考生應對文章的引申含義進行分析,整合與題目相關(guān)的信息,綜合起來去把握寫作意圖,確定最佳答案。2.關(guān)注特定措辭,推斷作者態(tài)度(1)作者的態(tài)度傾向是指作者對陳述的觀點是贊同、反對還是猶豫不定,對記敘或描寫的人、物或事件等是贊頌、同情、冷漠還是厭惡、憎恨。(2)作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間,或流露于修飾的詞語之中。(3)在推斷過程中,應特別注意文中作者的措辭,尤其是表達感情色彩的形容詞。3.利用語境褒貶,進行邏輯推斷(1)幾乎每篇文章的語境都有一定的褒貶性,這種褒貶性反映了故事人物的特定心理、情緒狀態(tài)及作者的寫作意圖。(2)考生在閱讀文章時一定要找出反映語境褒貶性的標志性詞匯或句子,掌握文章主旨大意,了解人物的心理特點及發(fā)展變化,從而正確地進行邏輯推斷。4.抓住有效信息,逆向或正向推理(1)逆向推理的推理方式和正向推理相反,它是由結(jié)論出發(fā),去驗證結(jié)論的正確性并尋找論據(jù)。(2)做此類命題要善于抓住某一段話中的關(guān)鍵信息,即某些關(guān)鍵詞或短語去分析、推理和判斷,利用逆向思維或正面推理,從而推斷出這句話的深層含義。5.結(jié)合已知常識,進行邏輯推理閱讀理解命題通常源于材料,又略高于材料,但一般不會偏離所給材料。但有時命題者會巧妙地把人們所知的常識融入命題。如果考生不知道這一常識,這樣的命題就很難處理。【題型精練】1WhenIfirstheardabouttheimprov(即興表演)classes,Iwastorn.Asanintrovert,Ifearedgettingonstageandimprovisinginfrontofstrangers.However,IknewIwantedtoworkasasciencemunicatorafterfinishingmyPh.D.,soitseemedliketheperfectopportunitytoimprovemyspeakingabilityandgainconfidencethinkingonmyfeet.Duringourfirstclass,welearnedacoreconceptofimprov:“yes,and.”Itmeansthat,asimprovisers,weacceptwhatfellowperformerssay.Ifsomeonesaysthatrhinos(犀牛)arelibrarians,forexample,thenrhinosarelibrarians.Wedonotquestionthelogic;wesay“yes”andcontinuewiththesceneasifnohimiswrong.Igotatasteofhowdifficultthatwaswhenactingoutmyfirstscene.Myclassmateturnedtomeandsaid,“Momisgoingtobesomad.”Madaboutwhat?Mymindspunoutideas,andmyinnercriticshotthemalldown.Webrokethecar?No,that’stooeasy.Wefailedatest?No,youdon’twantyourclassmatesthinkingyou’restupidonthefirstday.Ifinallylandedonananswer:“Yes,we’regoingtobelatefordinner.”Thesceneproceededfromthere,andweeventuallyfinishedastwosisterswholosttheirwayonahikingtrail.Thefirstfewsceneswerehard,butasweeksturnedintomonths,Ibecamemorefortablethinkingonmyfeetandevenstartedtoenjoyourclasses.Ineversilencedmyinnercriticentirely,butovertime,Ididn’tpolicemywordswithquitesomucheffort.Ialsobecamebetteratlistening,relatingtomyconversationpartners,andmunicatingclearlyinthemoment.Thattrainingproveduseful6monthsago,whenmyexperimentsgeneratedunreasonabledata.Earlyoningraduateschool,Iwouldgetstuckwhenthishappened;myinnercriticwouldassumeIhadmadeamistake.Butthen,afterembracingthe“yes,and”concept,insteadofgettingdiscouraged,Ikeptexploringthedataandendedupidentifyinganewtypeofcell—onethatwasn’tbehavingasexpected.IfIhadn’tacceptedthepossibilitythattheresultswerereal,IwouldhavemissedoutonthemostexcitingfindingofmyPh.D.sofar.Allscientistscanbenefitfromthislesson.Ifthedatasayrhinosarelibrarians,thenit’sworthinvestigatingwhetherrhinosare,infact,librarians.Ourjobasscientistsisn’ttogeneratedatathatsupportapreconceived(預想的)story.Ourjobistosay“yes,and.”1.Whydidtheauthortaketheimprovclasses?A.Toimproveherlogicalmind. B.TofinishherPh.D.assignment.C.Todevelophermunicationskills. D.Topursueherinterestinperformance.2.Howdidtheauthorfeelduringthefirstscene?A.Conflicted. B.Bored. C.Discouraged. D.Embarrassed.3.Accordingtotheauthor,inherexperiments,“yes,and”helpedher______.A.acceptfailures B.makeanewdiscoveryC.makeupforamistake D.correctunreasonabledata4.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Theunknowncanbeaninspiration. B.Theunexpectedcanberewarding,C.Theunfortunatecanbeachance. D.Theunusualcanbedecisive.2ChinaStateRailwayGrouphasrecentlyimplementedanewscheduleforfreighttrainservicesbetweenChinaandEurope,withtheaimofensuringmorestabletransporttimes,improvingefficiency,andboostingtradebetweenAsiaandEurope.Theenhancedscheduleincludesfivescheduledweeklyfreighttrainservicesoperatingalongspecificroutes,enablingaccuratedeterminationoftransporttimesbetweencities.Forexample,onWednesdaysandSaturdays,afreighttraindepartsfromXi’an,China,toDuisburg,Germany,andreturnstoXi’anonTuesdays.Similarly,onSaturdays,afreighttrainleavesChengdu,China,forLodz,Poland,withthereturnjourneydepartingeveryThursday.UnlikeregularChinaEuropefreighttrains,thenewservicefeaturesfixedcarriages,routes,shifts,andsetschedulesforallsectionsoftheroutes,whichensuresbettercontroloveroperationtimesandimprovedefficiency.Thisenhancedschedulehasreducedtraveltimebyabout30percentonaverageparedtootherChinaEuropefreighttrains,providingcustomerswithquickerdeliveryofgoods.Moreover,withfixedschedulesandimprovedefficiency,thenewserviceenhancesservicequality,ensuringmorereliableandtimelytransportation.Stabletransporttimesofferedbytheenhancedschedulesupportthestabilityofglobalindustrialandsupplychains,facilitatingsmootherinternationaltrade.Lookingahead,ChinaStateRailwayGroupplanstodevelopmorerouteswithsetschedulestofurtherimprovethequalityofChinaEuropefreighttrainservices,strengtheningtheroleoffreighttrainsasareliablealternativetoseaandairshippingandsupportingthesmoothoperationofinternationalindustrialsupplychains.Inconclusion,theenhancedscheduleofChinaEuropefreighttrainsrepresentsasignificantstepforwardinimprovingefficiencyandreliabilityininternationalfreighttransportation,contributingtothestabilityandprosperityofglobaltrade.5.Accordingtothepassage,howmanydaysdoesittakeforafreighttraintotravelfromXi’antoDuisburgandreturn?A.Fourdays.B.Fivedays.C.Sixdays.D.Sevendays.6.WhatmeasuresdidChinaStateRailwayGrouptaketoimprovetheefficiencyandservicequalityofChinaEuropefreighttrains?A.Reducingthefrequencyoftraindepartures.B.Regularlyadjustingtransportroutes.C.Implementingfixedcarriages,routes,andschedules.D.Increasingthespeedoffreighttrains.7.WhatmightbethefutureplanofChinaStateRailwayGroupregardingfreighttrainservices?A.Toreducethenumberofroutes.B.Toincreasethespeedoftrains.C.Toexpandservicestomorecountries.D.Toreplaceseaandairshippingpletely.3Theproblemoffoodbornemetalcontamination(污染)hastakenonnewurgency,thanksinparttoa2021USCongressionalReportdetailinghighlevelsofmetalsfoundinbabyfoodpulledoffgroceryshelves.Morerecently,highlevelsoflead(鉛)werediscoveredinchildren’sfruitpureepouches.Now,twonewstudiesprovideinformationonthecorrelationbetweenexposuretoheavymetalsinfoodandtheriskofcancersandotherserioushealthrisks.Foodcropscanabsorbheavymetalsfromcontaminatedsoil,air,andwater.Asaresult,tracesofdangerousheavymetals—lead,arsenic(砷)andcadmium(鎘)—arefoundinmonfoodsfromriceandcerealstonutsandvegetables.FeliciaWu,MichiganStateUniversityfoodscientist,isleadingseveralinvestigationstogainabetterunderstandingofthehealthrisksofheavymetalexposure.Inthestudies,Wuandhercolleague,gathereddataonthedietaryintakeofeachmetalfromvarioussourcessuchasfoodandwatersamplesandexistingstudiesandreports.Theresearchersanalysandthedatatodeterminethestrengthoftheassociationbetweendietaryexposureandbadhealtheffects.Bothcancerandnoncancerhealtheffectswereconsidered.Leadisapoisonousmetalmonlyfoundinoldpaint,waterpipes,andcontaminatedsoil.Foodsourcesofleadincluderootvegetableslikebeets.Inthestudy,leadshowedmoderate(中度的)tohighriskscoresforcausinglung,kidney,bladder,stomach,andbraincancers.Italsoshowedmoderatetohighscoresfornoncancerrisks.Theirinitialestimatessuggestthateveryyear,morethan6,000additionalcasesofbladderandlungcancersandover7,000casesofskincancerscanbeattributed(歸因于)totheconsumptionofinorganicarsenicintheUnitedStates.Theresearchersalsofoundthatcertainfoodproductscanbeassociatedwithhighercancerriskthanothers.Theseincluderice,wheat,andleafygreenvegetables.8.Whatdothenewstudiesfocuson?A.Foodsafetyandchildren’shealth.B.Foodcropsandmetalcontamination.C.Heavymetalsanditsdangerextent.D.Metalcontaminationinfoodandhealthrisks.9.Whydoheavymetalsexistinfood?A.Foodcropsneedmetaltogrowwell.B.Heavymetalsareaddedbyproducers.C.Theycanhelpwithscientificresearch.D.Foodcropsgrowupinpollutedconditions.10.HowdidWuandhercolleagueconducttheirstudies?A.Bydoingsurveysonline.B.Byanalyzingdata.C.Byperformingexperiments.D.Byreferringtoprevioustextbooks.11.WhichcanbestdescribeWu’sfindings?A.Dramatic. B.Alarming.C.Confusing. D.Awesome.4IfyouwalkaroundHuntingtonBeach,California,youmayspotawomanholdingfiveleashes(繩套)withonehandandpullingawagon(馬車)withtheother.Acloserlookwillshowshehassevendogswithher—andnoneofthemarewalkingonallfourlegs.HernameisDebbiePearl,andallofherdogshavedisabilitiesandusewheelchairsorprostheticlimbs(義肢).ThereisnodoubtPearlisadoglover—shetrainsthemformoviesandsaidshehasalwayshad“quiteafew”ofherowndogsathome.In2005,shecreatedanonprofitcalledDreamFetchers,whichhelpsrescuedogsfromthestreets.Aspartoftheorganization’smission,membersofPearl’spersonalpackworkastherapy(治療)dogs.Aboutnineyearsago,sheadoptedherfirstdogwithadisability,FastEddie.Hehadaspinalinjuryandwasleftonthestreet.Now,herunsaroundusingawheelchair.“Eddiewasdefinitelymyinspirationforadoptingotherdisableddogs,”Pearlsaid.“Hewassofulloflife.Heneverletanythingslowhimdown.Imean,hetrulywasunstoppable.”Aboutonceaweek,shegathersuphercrewandtakesthemtohospitals,schoolsortheEasterSeals—anonprofitthathelpsadultswithdisabilities.“Ilookfordogsthathavebeenthroughtraumatic(創(chuàng)傷的)events,buttheyhavethisamazinggiftofforgiveness,”Pearlsaid.“Andthat’sapowerfulthingforalotofpeople,becausetheycanseethecourage,theresilience(韌性)thatthesedogshave.Andallofminehavebeenthroughtheworst—andthey’veeoutshining.”Shesaysallherdogsareherebecausethey’vegottenasecondchanceatlife.Andforothersurvivorsofabuse,orthosewithdisabilities,thatcanbeapowerfulthingtosee.12.Whatcanweknowaboutthesevendogs?A.Theywalkonalltheirfourlegs.B.Theyarephysicallychallenged.C.Theyarefamousinmanymovies.D.Theyaretrainedtohelpeachother.13.WhatdoesDreamFetchersdo?A.Savehomelessdogs.B.Traintherapydogs.C.Provideleashesfordogs.D.Offertreatmenttoadults.14.WhatcontributedtoPearl’sadoptingmoredisableddogs?A.Herloveofdogs.B.Theneedsofanonprofit.C.Herwishtorescuedogs.D.Eddie’sunstoppablespirit.15.WhatdoPearl’sdogsshowtothosereceivingtherapy?A.Loveandhelpconnectingeachother.B.Powerandrelianceseenineverydaylife.C.Strengthandcouragefacingsufferings.D.Approachesandwisdomdealingwithtrouble.5Whilescientistshavemanyideas,thereisnosingleexplanationforwhyhumansyawn.Still,thereisonethingexpertsknowaboutyawns—theyseemtobeinfectious!Haveyouevercaughtayawnfromsomeoneelse?Mostpeoplehave.Accordingtoonepreviousstudy,apersonissixtimesmorelikelytoyawnafterseeingsomeoneelsedoso.Expertshavedonemanystudiesintowhyyawnsseemtopassfrompersontoperson.Asaresult,expertshaveafewtheoriesforthereasonbehindit.Onepossibleexplanationhastodowithsomethingcalledsocialmirroring.Thisiscausedbymirrorneuronsinthebrain.Thesecellshelpthebrainnoticeusefulbehaviorofothersandthencopyit.Whenonepersonseesanotherpersonyawning,hismirrorneuronsobservetheactionandinterpretitasbeneficialbehavior.Thatmaycausehimtoyawn,too.Anotherpopulartheoryisthatyawnsareinfectiousthankstosocialrelationships.Humansareundoubtedlysocialcreatures.Theyformfriendships,startfamilies,andlivetogetheringroups.That’swhymanypeoplemirrorothers,suchassmilingwhenanotherpersondoesso.Yawningmaybejustanotherexampleofthis.Infact,researchhasshownthatpeoplearemostlikelytocatchacaseoftheyawnsfromanotherpersonifthetwoshareasocialrelationship.Theanswercouldevenbethatyawnsaren’ttrulyinfectiousatall.Instead,peoplemayyawnwhenthey’retogethersimplybecausethey’reinthesameenvironment.Expertssaymanythingsmaycauseyawning—includingtemperatureandtime.Possiblecausesmaybeexperiencedbyanyoneinthesamegeneralarea.Whatevertheexplanationis,expertsdoknowthatinfectiousyawnsaren’tlimitedtohumans.OnestudyfoundthatlionsinSouthAfricaalsocaughteachother’syawns.16.Whatkindofbehaviormaybecopiedbythemirrorneurons?A.Unimportantbutattractive. B.Usefulandbeneficial.C.Hardtounderstand. D.Easytocopy.17.Whoseyawnsarepeoplemostlikelytocopyaccordingtoparagraph3?A.Theoneswhoyawnalot. B.Theoneswhoarefriendlytothem.C.Theonescloselyconnectedwiththem. D.Theonessharingthesameinterestwiththem.18.Whatmighttheauthorcontinuetalkingaboutinthefollowingparagraph?A.Sometipsonyawninginpublic. B.Arealexplanationforinfectiousyawning.C.Otherexamplesofanimalsyawningtogether. D.Furtherstudiesofinfectiousyawninginhumans.19.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Whyyawnsareinfectious. B.Whatcausespeopletoyawn.C.Whoyawnsmorethanothers. D.Whetheryawnsareinfectious.6InMarch2018,atahighschoolinNewYork,DylanBelscherfoundanolddollaronthefloorduringanEnglishclass.Ratherthankeepingit,heturneditintohisteacher,KatieMattison.Mattison,surprisedbyhishonesty,suggestedtapingittothewhiteboardatthefrontoftheclassroom,whereshealwaysputslostthings.Maybethedollarwaslunchmoneyorbusfareforthestudentwhodroppedit.Neithertheteachernorherstudentthoughttwiceaboutthedollar.HunterRose,thenasenior,spottedthedollaronthewhiteboard.“Thereisamysterytoit,”Rosesaid.Afterclass,heaskedMattisonwhyitwasthere.Shewasstillwaitingfortheoriginalownertoclaimit,soshereplied,“Idon’tknow.”RosetookthetapefromMattison’sdeskandtapedaseconddollartotheboard.Thatgotitrolling.Thesightofthetwodollarbills,sidebyside,stimulatedsomethinginMattison’sstudents.Mattison,recognizingaphenomenoninthemaking,wrotestudents’initialsoneachbill,andshestartedtoleavethetapeonthetrayofthewhiteboard.Theeffortsnowballed.Evenwithnospecificpurpose,manystudentswantedtobepartofwhateverthiswas.JakeBraniecki,anothersenior,saideveryoneunderstoodthattheeventualplanforthedollarswouldbefor“somethinggood”andthattheirteacher“wasn’tgoingtodoanythingstupidwiththemoney”.Thestudents,amongthemselves,decidedMattisonhadsomeunspokengoal.Theyfiguredbiggerdonationscouldonlyhelpthemgettherefaster.Overweeks,donationsreached$175.76.Theoriginalownerofthelostdollarnevercameforward,leavingMattisontodecidethebestsolution.Mattisonsharedthestoryofhergodfather,Jack,whodiedofALSeightyearsprior,andhissister,Jean,whohadthesamediseasethreeyearslater.JackhadbeenmarriedtoMattison’ssister,TerryStephanHains,whoraisesmoneyfortheALSTherapyDevelopmentInstituteeachspring.MattisonaskedherstudentsifshecoulddonatethecollecteddollarsinhonorofJack,andtheyrespondedbytapingmoremoneytotheboard.Thestudents’contributionsincreasedthetotalto$321.06.Mattison,movedbytheirgenerosity,carefullytookthecashofftheboardandmadethedonationjustbeforeNationalALSAwarenessMonthinMay.20.Whatencouragedthestudentstostarttapingdollarbillstothewhiteboard?A.Theteacherannouncedacashrewardtothestudents.B.Thestudentswantedtobuysomethingfortheclassroom.C.Thesightoftwodollarssidebysideattractedthem.D.Theschoolorganizedafundraisingeventamongseniors.21.WhydidMattisonwritestudents’initialsonthedollars?A.Toawardbonuspointstostudentsbasedontheirinitials.B.Tokeeptrackoftheamountdonatedbyeachstudent.C.Aspartofasecretmessageforaclassroomgame.D.Toidentifytheoriginalownerofthelostolddollar.22.Whatwasthepurposebehindtapingmoneytothewhiteboardaccordingtothestudents?A.Tofundaschooltripfortheclass. B.Tofigureoutthemysteriousgoaloftheteacher.C.Topurchasenewsuppliesfortheclassroom. D.Itwasaschoolwideinitiativeforcharity.23.Whichisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.KatieMattison’sHeartfeltDonationtoALSAwarenessB.DylanBelscher’sHonesty:ADollar’sUnexpectedJourneyC.Students’GenerosityUnfolds:FromaLostDollartoaMeaningfulALSDonationD.ClassroomActivities:LooseningtheClassroomDollarMystery6“GiventhatsignsofAlzheimer’sdisease(老年癡呆癥)starttoaccumulateinthebrainseveraldecadesbeforethediseasebegins,understandingtheconnectionbetweensleepandcognition(認知)earlierinlifeiscriticalforunderstandingtheroleofsleepproblemsasariskfactorforthedisease,”saidstudyauthorYueLeng,PhD,oftheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco.Thestudyinvolved526peoplewithanaverageageof40.Theywerefollowedfor11years.Researcherslookedatparticipants’sleepdurationandquality.Participantsworeawristactivitymonitorforthreecontinuousdaysontwooccasionsapproximatelyoneyearaparttocalculatetheiraverages.Participantssleptforanaverageofsixhours.Participantsalsoreportedbedtimeandwakeuptimeinasleepdiaryandpletedasleepqualitysurveywithscoresrangingfrom0to21.Atotalof239peoplereportedpoorsleepwithascoregreaterthanfive.Researchersalsolookedatsleepfragmentation(碎片化),ameasureofrestlessnessduringthesleepperiodexpressedasapercentage.Thehigherthevalue,themoresleepisinterrupted.Participantsweredividedintothreegroupsbasedontheirsleepfragmentationscore.Ofthe175peoplewiththemostinterruptedsleep,44hadpoorcognitiveperformance10yearslater,paredto10ofthe176peoplewiththeleastinterruptedsleep.Afteradjustingforage,sex,race,andeducation,peoplewhohadthemostinterruptedsleephadmorethantwicethepossibilityofhavingpoorcognitiveperformancewhenparedtothosewiththeleastinterruptedsleep.Therewasnodifferenceincognitiveperformanceatmidlifeforthoseinthemiddlegroupparedtothegroupwiththeleastinterruptedsleep.However,duetothesmallsamplesize,theresearcherswereunabletofullyinvestigatepotentialraceorsexdifferences.“Moreresearchisneededtoassessthelinkbetweensleepdisturbancesandcognitionatdifferentlifestagesandtoidentifyifcriticallifeperiodsexistwhensleepismorestronglyassociatedwithcognition,”Lengsaid.24.WhatdoweknowaboutYueLeng’sstudy?A.Datacollectionwasaneasyprocess. B.ItaimedtofindacureforAlzheimer’s.C.Theresultswerefarfromsatisfactory. D.Higherscoresmeanpoorersleepquality.25.Whatcanwelearnaboutsleepfragmentationinthestudy?A.Itdidrequireoutsideintervention. B.Itincludedaseriesofmemorytests.C.Itmeasuredshortinterruptionsofsleep. D.Itdeterminedthoseparticipants’groups.26.Whatdothefindingsindicateaccordingtothetext?A.Thequalityofsleepmayaffectcognitivehealth.B.Keepingasleepdiarycanimp