初高中銜接單詞識記有方法講義

單詞識記有方法無論中考高考，記單詞是學(xué)習(xí)英語的必經(jīng)之路。如何有效的記單詞呢？單詞無非音形義三個(gè)方面。讀音和字形拼寫，可以通過音標(biāo)自主學(xué)習(xí)，然后根據(jù)音標(biāo)識記拼寫。然而學(xué)生老是學(xué)不會(huì)音標(biāo)。所以，掌握音標(biāo)是基礎(chǔ)。必要時(shí)可以用漢語給音標(biāo)注音。其次是詞義的記憶，可以通過構(gòu)詞法擴(kuò)展單詞。但是必須先有一定的單詞基礎(chǔ)。此外，單詞的識記還需要一定的策略。此文正是解決這三方面的問題，在此分享給大家。音節(jié)音節(jié)是最小的發(fā)音單位。一般說來，在英語中元音特別響亮，可以構(gòu)成音節(jié)，輔音不響亮，不能構(gòu)成音節(jié)。

一般來說，一個(gè)單詞中有幾個(gè)元音就有幾個(gè)音節(jié)。每個(gè)音節(jié)都是由一個(gè)元音和它前、后的輔音構(gòu)成。一個(gè)元音可構(gòu)成一個(gè)音節(jié)，如I，ear.一個(gè)元音和一個(gè)或幾個(gè)輔音結(jié)合也可以構(gòu)成一個(gè)音節(jié)。survey[?s??ve?]。劃分音節(jié)規(guī)則：1.一個(gè)元音，一個(gè)音節(jié)result、establish2.兩元音之間夾一輔音,輔音歸后student、begin3.兩元音之間夾兩輔音,一個(gè)歸前,一個(gè)歸后album、winter4.輔音+l,m,n也成一個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)little、noodle三步成音法：一讀：逐個(gè)音標(biāo)讀出來；二配：輔元成對；三拼：見對先拼，無對讀本音最后，把音標(biāo)對照單詞劃音節(jié)，讀出單詞（注意重音符號）eg.1/f?:st/一讀：/f//?://s//t/；二配：/f?://s//t/(讀本音)；三拼：/f?://s//t/=>first高中英語構(gòu)詞法歸納總結(jié)派生法（1）前綴①表示否定意義的前綴：a.純否定前綴：un:unable,unemployment,unload,uncover,unhappy,untrue,unlike,unrest,unfairdis:dislike,disarm,disagree,disappear,disadvantage,dishonest,disability,discoverin,im,il,ir:incapable,inplete,incorrect,inconvenient,inexpensive,impossible,immoral,illegal,illogical,irregular,irrelativenon:nonsmoker,nonstop,nonviolent,nonmember,nonsenseb.表示錯(cuò)誤的意義：mis:mistake,mislead,misunderstanding,misuse,misspell,mistrust,mistreatc.表示“反、防、抗”的意義：antiantiwarantitankantibodyantiJapanesecontracontramissile反導(dǎo)彈的contradict矛盾的countercounterrevolution反革命c(diǎn)ounterattack反擊②表示空間位置、方向關(guān)系的前綴：a在……之上，向……：aboard,asidede在下，向下：decrease,degradeen在內(nèi)，進(jìn)入：encage（入籠）,enbed（上床）ex外部，外：exit,expand（擴(kuò)張）,exportfore在前面：forehead,foreground,foreleg,forefootin,im向內(nèi)，在內(nèi)，背于：inland,inside,indoor(s),importinter在……間，相互：international,interaction,internet,interviewmid中，中間：midposition,midterm,midautumn,midnightout在外部，在外：outline,outside,outward(s),outdoor(s)over在上面，在外部，向上：overlook,overhead,overboard,overcoat,overdresspost向后，在后邊，次：postscript（附言），postreading,postwarpre在前，在前面，提前：prefix（前綴）,preface（前言）,preposition,super在…..之上，超級：supernatural,superpower,supermantrans移上，轉(zhuǎn)上，在那一邊：translate,transform,transplant,transportationunder在…..下面，下的：underline,underground,underwater,undershirtup向上，向上面，在上：upward(s),uphold,uphill（上坡）auto自己，獨(dú)立，自動(dòng)：automobile,autobiographytele遠(yuǎn)離：television,telephone,telegram,telegraph,telescope③表示時(shí)間，序列關(guān)系的前綴：fore在前面，先前，前面：foreword,forecast,foretell,foresee,foreknow,mid中，中間：midnight,midsummer,midday,midautumnpost在后，后：postwar,postgraduate（研究生）,postdatepre在前，事先，預(yù)先：preheat,prewar,prehistory,preview,prebattlere再一次，重新：retell,rewrite,renew,reconsider,reuse,remarry,recycle,rebuild④表示比較程度差別關(guān)系的前綴：by副，次要的：byproduct（副產(chǎn)品）,bywork（副業(yè)）extra超越，額外：extraordinaryover超過，過度，太:overeat,oversleep,overpraise,overwork,overact（行為過分）under低劣，低下：undersize,undergrown,underproduction（生產(chǎn)不足）vice副，次：vicepresident,vicechairman⑤表示共同，相等意思的前綴：co共同，一起：coexist,cooperate,coworker,coactions,coauthor⑥表示某種狀態(tài)，構(gòu)成形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞：aafraid,alive,alone,asleep,ashamed,aloud,ahead,aside,alike,awake⑦表示分離，離開意思的前綴：a分離，離開：away,apartde離去，處去：depart,decolour⑧自我：selfselfprotect(ion),selfmade,selfcontrol⑨表示變換詞類作用的前綴：bebefriend(v.和...交朋友）enenable,enrich,enlarge,encourage⑩表示數(shù)量關(guān)系的前綴：a.uni單一，一：uniform,unicellular（單細(xì)胞）b.bi二，兩，雙，bicycle，bilingual雙語的，bimonthlytri三：triangle三角形c.semi半，一半：semiconductor,semicircle,semimonthly,semifinal（半決賽）d.centi百，百分之一：centimetere.kilo千，千分之一：kilometer,kilogram,kilowatt，kilowattf.micro微?。簃icrosoft,microputer,microscope,microwaveg.multi許多，復(fù)，多數(shù)：multimedia,multicolored,multiculture,h.milli千分之一、毫：millimeter,milligrami.mini微小、微型：minibus,miniskirt,minipark（2）后綴①名詞后綴：a.具有某種職業(yè)或動(dòng)作的人：an,ian,ician……地方的人，精通……的人：American,Asian,Australian,Russian,Italian,historian,librarian,electrician,magician,technician,musician,politician（政客）,physicianant,ent……人：merchant,servant,assistant,agent,student,ee動(dòng)作承受者：employee,examinee,payee,intervieweeeer從事于……人：engineer,volunteerer從事某種職業(yè)的人,某地區(qū)，地方的人：banker,observer,Londoner,villagersinger,driver,writer,speaker,traveller,buyeror……者：author,doctor,operator,actor,visitor,inventor,educatorar,ary……的人,從事……的人：scholar,liar,beggar,secretary,missionaryese……國人……地方的人：Chinese,Japanese,Cantonese（廣東人）ess陰性人稱名詞：actress,hostess,princess,waitressist從事……研究者，信仰……主義者：pianist,munist,dentist,artist,chemist,socialist,typist,receptionisticist……家，……者,……能手：physicist,technicistlogist……學(xué)家，研究者：biologist,geologistb.構(gòu)成具有抽象名詞的含義：age狀態(tài)，行為，身份及其結(jié)果，總稱：courage,storage,marriage,percentageal事物的動(dòng)作，過程：refusal,arrival,survival,denial,approval,trial,burialance,ence性質(zhì)，狀況，行為，過程，總量，程度：importance,distance,avoidance,appearance,performance,diligence,difference,absence,presence,existenceancy,ency性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)，行為，過程：frequency,urgency,efficiency,ity性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)，程度：purity,reality,equality,majoritybility動(dòng)作，性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)：ability,possibility,probability,responsibilitydom等級，領(lǐng)域，狀態(tài)：freedom,kingdom,wisdomery,ry行為，狀態(tài)，習(xí)性，性質(zhì)：bravery,slaveryhood資格，身份,年紀(jì)，狀態(tài)：childhood,girlhood,boyhood,manhoodice行為，性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)：notice,justice,serviceing動(dòng)作的過程，結(jié)果：building,writing,learningion,ation,ition,sion行為的過程，結(jié)果，狀況：suggestion,action,solution,congratulation,dictation,invitation,pronunciation,examination,graduation,determination,preparation,imagination,explanation,opposition,petition,description,decision,division,conclusion,explosion,impression,expression,admission,permission,discussionment行為，狀態(tài)，過程，手段及其結(jié)果：disappointment,treatment,movement,judgment,punishment,argument,agreement,government,developmentness性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)，程度：goodness,kindness,tiredness,friendliness,business,illness,happiness,goodness,willingness,weakness,fairnessism主義，學(xué)說，信仰，行為：socialism,criticism,heroism,tourism,munism,Marxism,capitalismship情況，性質(zhì)，技巧，技能及身份，職業(yè)：hardship,relationship,membership,friendship,seamanship,ownership,scholarship,professorshipth,性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)：strength,length,width,depth,wealth,truth,growth,warmth,youthure行為,結(jié)果：exposure,pressure,failure,procedure,mixture，pleasurecraft工藝：aircraft,needlecraft,woodcraftc.帶有場所，地方的含義：age住所，地點(diǎn)：village,cottageary住所，場地：library,granary(谷倉),galleryory工作場所，住處：factory,dormitory,laboratory,observatory②形容詞后綴：a.帶有“屬性，傾向，相關(guān)”的含義：able,ible:movable,fortable,eatable,enjoyable,acceptable,reasonable,applicable,visible,responsible,terrible,horribleal:natural,additional,educational,nationalant,ent:distant,important,excellenting（表示特征：令人覺得）:moving,touching,interesting,exciting,disappointing,astonishing,boring,amazinged（表示情緒：覺得）:pleased,interested,surprised,worried,excited,bored,determined,delightedish:foolish,bookish,selfishive:active,impressive,decisive,active,instructive,expensive,progressiveb.表示“相象，類似”的含義：ish:boyish,childishlike:manlike,childlikesome:troublesome,handsome,awesomey:milky,cloudysunny,windy,rainy,foggy,healthy,wealthy,worthy,bloody,funny,dirty,lucky,noisy,salty,smelly,hillyly:manly,fatherly,motherly,sisterly,brotherly,daily,weekly,monthly,quarterly,yearly,friendly,lonely,orderly,lovely,lively,likely,scholarlyc.表示“充分的”含義：ful:beautiful,wonderful,successful,harmful,useful,careful,forgetful,mercifulous:dangerous,courageous,nervous,mountainous,humorous,variousd.表示由某種物質(zhì)形成，制成或生產(chǎn)的含義：en:wooden,golden,woolene.表示方向的含義：ern:eastern,western,southern,northern,southeastern,northwesternward:downward,forwardf.表示“數(shù)量關(guān)系”的含義：teen:thirteenty:fiftyth:fourth,fiftiethg.表示國籍，語種，宗教的含義：an:Roman,Europeanese:Chinese,Japaneseish:English,Spanishh.表示否定：less:countless,stainless（不銹的）,wireless,useless,endless,priceless（無價(jià)的，貴重的）,i.proof防的:fireproof,bombproof,waterproof,soundproof③動(dòng)詞后綴：ize,ise做成，變成，……化：modernize,democratize,organize,apologize,realize,criticize,fertilizeen使成為，引起，使有：quicken,weaken,soften,hardenfy使……化,使成：beautify,purify,signify,simplify,satisfyen:使成為，引起，使有：enlargeenableencourageenjoyenrich④副詞后綴：ly:possibly,swiftly,simplyward(s):downward,inwards,upwardways:always,sidewayswise:otherwise,clockwise注意：有的單詞有雙重后綴，如：use→useless→uselessness,self→selfish→selfishness,carelessness有的單詞則是前后綴同時(shí)使用，如：important→importance→unimportance,success→successful→unsuccessful,regular→irregular→irregularityforget→forgettable→unforgettable,necessary→unnecessary→unnecessarity2．合成法（1）合成名詞boyfriend,girlfriend,busdriver,necklace,playground,radioactive,headmaster,sunshine,notebook,armchair,wheelchair,postcard,football,spaceship,outbreak（2）合成形容詞名詞+動(dòng)詞過去分詞：manmade,homemade副詞+動(dòng)詞過去分詞：wellknown,newlybuilt，narrowlyescape形容詞+名詞ed：kindhearted,coldblooded數(shù)詞+名詞ed：fivestoreyed,fourlegged名詞+動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞：Englishspeaking,Chinesespeaking,brainwashing由三個(gè)詞構(gòu)成的合成形容詞：facetoface,twoyearold,eightmetrelong其他合成形容詞：everyday,faraway,snowwhite,layoff3．轉(zhuǎn)化法（1）名詞→動(dòng)詞hand（手→傳遞）back（背部,后面→支持,后退）break（短暫休息→折斷）charge（費(fèi)用→收費(fèi)）copy（抄本,復(fù)印件→抄寫,復(fù)印）present（禮物→贈(zèng)送）flood（洪水→淹沒）heat（熱量→加熱paint（油漆→刷漆）phone（→打）pin（別針→裝訂）waste（廢物→浪費(fèi)）face（臉→面對）use（用途→使用）interest（興趣→使興趣）surprise（驚訝→使驚訝）taste（味道→品嘗）smell（氣味→聞）（2）形容詞→動(dòng)詞clean（干凈→使干凈，打掃）clear（清楚→清理）dirty（臟→弄臟）free（自由→使自由，釋放）dry（干燥→烘干，曬干）empty（空的→倒空）slow（慢的→放慢）warm（暖和→使暖和）quiet（安靜→使安靜）4.截短法(縮略法)1)截頭telephone→phone，aeroplane→plane，omnibus→bus2)去尾advertisement→ad.mathematics→maths，examination→examkilogram→kilolaboratory→lab，taxicab→taxi3)截頭去尾influenza→flu,refrigerator→fridge,Dr.=doctor;ad=advertisement5.混合法(混成法)Newsbroadcast→newscast新聞廣播,televisionbroadcast→telecast電視播送smokeandfog→smog煙霧,breakfastlunch→brunch單詞拼寫三步走