越軌社會學 第12版 課件 第1、2章 What Is Deviant Behavior、Positivist Theories

DeviantBehaviorTwelfthEditionChapter1WhatIsDeviantBehavior?LearningObjectives1.1:

Identifyyourpersonaldefinitionsofdeviantbehavior1.2:

Comparesociologicalperspectivesondeviance1.3:

Characterizethepositivistperspectiveondevianceusingtheirthreemajorassumptions1.4:

Describetheassumptionsoftheconstructionistperspectiveondeviance1.5:

Relatethemainsociologicalperspectivestopublicconsensusondeviance1.6:DifferentiatebetweendevianceandcrimeWhatIsDeviantBehavior?AnAcademicAdventureBeginsObjective:IdentifyyourpersonaldefinitionsofdeviantbehaviorWhatdoYOUconsidertobedeviant?Whatdosociologistsconsidertobedeviant?ConflictingDefinitions(1of4)Objective:ComparesociologicalperspectivesondevianceSociologistshaveaproposedvarietyofdefinitionsfordeviantbehaviorConflictingDefinitions(2of4)DevianceisrealinandofitselfOtherspointoutthatsomearefalselyaccusedormisdiagnosedasdeviantLabelingConflictingDefinitions(3of4)Otherspointtoroleofpowerindefiningdeviance,detectionofdeviance,andsuccessfullybeinglabeleddeviantConflictingDefinitions(4of4)PositivistperspectiveConstructionistperspectiveThePositivistPerspective(1of4)Objective:CharacterizethepositivistperspectiveondevianceusingtheirthreemajorassumptionsHasthreeassumptionsAbsolutismObjectivismDeterminismThePositivistPerspective(2of4)AbsolutismAssumesdevianceisabsoluteorintrinsicallyrealObjectivityIntrinsiccharacteristicsBiologicalfactorsThePositivistPerspective(3of4)ObjectivismSociologistsbelievedtheycouldstudyhumanbehaviorlikenaturalscientistsThePositivistPerspective(4of4)DeterminismPhysicalphenomenaHumanshavesomefreechoiceTheConstructionistPerspective(1of6)Objective:DescribetheassumptionsoftheconstructionistperspectiveondevianceEmergedin1960sAssumesdevianceis:AlabelAsubjectiveexperienceAvoluntaryactTheConstructionistPerspective(2of6)RelativismIntrinsiccharacteristicsDevianceisunrealAnonymousTheConstructionistPerspective(3of6)SubjectivismPersonalexperienceControlLookingatpositivistsUnderstandingdeviantsTheConstructionistPerspective(4of6)TheConstructionistPerspective(5of6)TheConstructionistPerspective(6of6)VoluntarismFreewillSocialcontrolagenciesLabelingAnIntegratedViewObjective:RelatethemainsociologicalperspectivestopublicconsensusondeviancePositivistandconstructionistsocialistsDevianceisbotharealandalabelandonecannotexistwithouttheotherTable1.1ASummaryofTwoPerspectivesPositivistPerspectiveConstructionistPerspectiveAbsolutism:Devianceisabsolutely,intrinsicallyreal;hence,devianceordeviantscanbethesubjectofstudy.Relativism:Devianceisalabel,definedassuchatagiventimeandplace;hence,labelers,labeling,andimpactoflabelingcanbethesubjectofstudy.Objectivism:Devianceisanobservableobject;hence,objectiveresearchmethodscanbeused.Subjectivism:Devianceisasubjectiveexperience;hence,subjectiveresearchmethodscanbeused.Determinism:Devianceisdeterminedbehavior,aproductofcausation;hence,causal,explanatorytheorycanbedeveloped.Voluntarism:Devianceisavoluntaryact,anexpressionoffreewill;hence,noncausal,descriptivetheorycanbedeveloped.AWordAboutDevianceandCrimeObjective:DifferentiatebetweendevianceandcrimeDeviancediffersfromcrimeandcriminologyViolatingalawFormalnormDevianceandcrimeCopyrightDeviantBehaviorTwelfthEditionChapter2PositivistTheoriesLearningObjectives2.1:Explainadeviantactivityaccordingtodifferentversionsofanomie-straintheory2.2:Describethesociologicalapplicationsofsociallearningtheory2.3:ComparewaysthatdifferentversionsofcontroltheoryexplainconformityIntroductionAnomie-StrainTheoryObjective:Explainadeviantactivityaccordingtodifferentversionsofanomie-straintheoryAnomie:breakdownofsocialnormsA-StheoryexamineshowanomiecausesdevianceAlbertCohenextendedMerton’stheoryMerton:TheGoal-MeansGap(1of2)DurkheimwasinspirationforMertonMerton:DifferentviewthanDurkheimMertonfocusedongoal-meansgapValueofsuccessinsocietyMerton:TheGoal-MeansGap(2of2)Merton:LegitimatemeansofsuccessnotfreelyavailabletoallclassesTable2.1ATypologyofResponsestoGoal–MeansGapResponseSuccessGoalLegitimateMeans1.Conformity++2.Innovation+-3.Ritualism-+4.Retreatism--5.Rebellion-+-+Cohen:StatusFrustrationCohenmodifiedMerton’sstraintheoryLower-classyouthsareheldtomiddle-classstandardsofbehaviorandperformanceCohen’stheoryandMerton’stheoryarebasicallythesameClowardandOhlin:DifferentialIllegitimateOpportunity(1of2)ClowardandOhlinonMerton’stheoryClowardandOhlin:DifferentialIllegitimateOpportunity(2of2)Threetypesofillegitimateopportunities/subculturesTable2.2ThreeVersionsofAnomie-StrainTheoryMerton:Goal–meansgap

devianceCohen:Goal–meansgap

statusfrustration

devianceClowardandOhlin:Goal–meansgap

differentialillegitimateopportunity

differentdeviantactivitiesRecentDevelopmentsNewdirectioninA-StheoryRobertAgnewEvaluatingAnomie-StrainTheoryThistheoryhasatleasttwoproblemsSocialLearningTheory(1of3)Objective:DescribethesociologicalapplicationsofsociallearningtheoryDeviantbehaviorislearnedthroughone’sinteractionwithothersLikeanyotherbehaviorSutherland:DifferentialassociationIfpeopleassociatewithpeoplewhoholddeviantideasmorethanwithpeoplewhoembraceconventionalideas,theindividualislikelytobecomedeviantSocialLearningTheory(2of3)Glaser’sdifferentialidentificationtheoryBurgessandAkers’differentialreinforcementorsociallearningSocialLearningTheory(3of3)EvaluatingsociallearningtheoryTable2.3ThreeVersionsofSocialLearningTheorySutherland:Differentialassociation

criminalbehaviorGlaser:Differentialassociation

differentialidentification

criminalbehaviorBurgessandAkers:Differentialassociation

differentialreinforcement

criminalbehaviorControlTheory(1of6)Objective:ComparewaysthatdifferentversionsofcontroltheoryexplainconformityExploreswhypeopleconform,notdeviateHirshi,Gottfredson,andTittle:SocialBond,Self-Control,andControlBalanceControlTheory(2of6)Tittle:lackofcontrolbalanceControlTheory(3of6)SykesandMatza:NeutralizationandDriftHowthencouldpeople(especiallyjuveniles)commitcrimes?TechniquesControlTheory(4of6)Braithwaite:proposedshamingasformofsocialcontrolControlTheory(5of6)Deterrencedoctrine:emphasizesroleofformalsocialcontrolindeterringdevianceGeneraldeterrenceSpecificdeterrenceControlTheory(6of6)EvaluatingcontroltheoryTable2.4PositivistTheoriesofDeviance(1of3)Anomie-StrainTheory:Socialstraincausesdeviance.Merton’sgoal–meansgap:Devianceisprevalentinsocietybecausethesocietyencouragespeopletoachievesuccesswithoutprovidingequalopportunityforachievingit.Cohen’sstatusfrustration:Devianceisprevalentamonglower-classyouthsbecausetheyfailtoachievestatusinamiddle-classschoolenvironment.ClowardandOhlin’sdifferentialillegitimateopportunity:Lower-classyouthsarelikelytoengageindelinquentactivitiesiftheyhaveaccesstoillegitimateopportunity.Latestversionsofthetheory:TheAmericanDreamcontributestodeviancebydirectlyencouragingtheuseofillegalmeanstoachievesuccess,whilevarioussocialstrainscausedeviancebyproducingsuchemotionsasfrustrationandanger.Table2.4PositivistTheoriesofDeviance(2of3)SocialLearningTheory:Devianceislearnedthroughsocialinteraction.Sutherland’sdifferentialassociation:Peoplearelikelytobecomedeviantiftheyassociatewithpeopleholdingdeviantideasmorethanwithpeopleholdingantideviantideas.Glaser’sdifferentialidentification:Peoplearelik