2021年12月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試閱讀理解真題及答案詳解(全套)

2021年12月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試閱讀理解真題及答案（全套）——幸福就好我亦安2021年12月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試閱讀理解真題（一）【閱讀】SectionCDirections：Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inrecentyears,agrowingbodyofresearchhasshownthatourappetiteandfoodintakeareinfluencedbyalargenumberoffactorsbesidesourbiologicalneedforenergy,includingoureatingenvironmentandourperceptionofthefoodinfrontofus.Studieshaveshown,forinstance,thateatinginfrontoftheTV(orasimilardistraction)canincreasebothhungerandtheamountoffoodconsumed.Evensimplevisualcues,likeplatesizeandlighting,havebeenshowntoaffectportionsizeandconsumption.Anewstudysuggestedthatourshort-termmemoryalsomayplayaroleinappetite.Severalhoursafterameal,people'shungerlevelswerepredictednotbyhowmuchthey’deatenbutratherbyhowmuchfoodthey'dseeninfrontofthem—inotherwords,howmuchtheyrememberedeating.Thisdisparity(蓋棄）suggeststhememoryofourpreviousmealmayhaveabiggerinfluenceonourappetitethantheactualsizeofthemeal,saysJeffreyM.Brunstrom,aprofessorofexperimentalpsychologyattheUniversityofBristol."Hungerisn'tcontrolledsolelybythephysicalcharacteristicsofarecentmeal.Wehaveidentifiedanindependentroleformemoryforthatmeal，"Brunstromsays."Thisshowsthattherelationshipbetweenhungerandfoodintakeismorecomplexthanwethought."Thesefindingsechoearlierresearchthatsuggestsourperceptionoffoodcansometimestrickourbody’sresponsetothefooditself.Ina2021study,forinstance,peoplewhodrankthesame3S0-calorie(卡路里）milkshakeontwoseparateoccasionsproduceddifferentlevelsofhunger-relatedhormones（荷爾蒙），dependingonwhethertheshake’slabelsaiditcontained620or140calories.Moreover,theparticipantsreportedfeelingmorefullwhentheythoughtthey'dconsumedahigher-calorieshake.Whatdoesthismeanforoureatinghabits?Althoughithardlyseemspracticaltotrickourselvesintoeatingless,thenewfindingsdohighlightthebenefitsoffocusingonourfoodandavoidingTVandmultitaskingwhileeating.Theso-calledmindful-eatingstrategiescanfightdistractionsandhelpuscontrolourappetite,Brunstromsays.注意：此部份試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。56.Whatissaidtobeafactoraffectingourappetiteandfoodintake?A)Howweperceivethefoodweeat.C)Whenweeatourmeals.B)Whatingredientsthefoodcontains.D)Howfastweeatourmeals.57.Whatwouldhappenatmealtimeifyourememberedeatingalotinthepreviousmeal?A)Youwouldprobablybemorepickyaboutfood.B)Youwouldnotfeellikeeatingthesamefood.C)Youwouldhaveagoodappetite.D)Youwouldnotfeelsohungry.58.Whatdowelearnfromthe2021study?A)Foodlabelsmaymisleadconsumersintheirpurchases.B)Foodlabelsmayinfluenceourbody’sresponsetofood.C)Hungerlevelsdependonone'sconsumptionofcalories.D)Peopletendtotakeinalotmorecaloriesthannecessary.59.WhatdoesBrunstromsuggestwedotocontrolourappetite?A)Trickourselvesintoeatingless.C)Concentrateonfoodwhileeating.B)Choosefoodwithfewercalories.D)Pickdishesoftherightsize.60.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A)Eatingdistractionsoftenaffectourfooddigestion.B)Psychologicalfactorsinfluenceourhungerlevels.C)Ourfoodintakeisdeterminedbyourbiologicalneeds.D)Goodeatinghabitswillcontributetoourhealth.PassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Asasocietywemightwanttorethinkthetimeandmoneyspentoneducation,sothattheseresourcescanbenefitagreaterpercentageofthepopulation.Ideally,bothhighschoolsandcollegescanprepareindividualsfortheever-changingrolesthatarelikelytobeexpectedofthem.Highschooldegreesofferfarlessinthewayofpreparationforworkthantheymight,orthanmanyothernationscurrentlyoffer,creatingagrowingskillsgapinoureconomy.Weencouragestudentstogoontocollegewhethertheyarepreparedornot,orhaveaclearsenseofpurposeorinterest,andnowhavethehighestcollegedropoutrateintheworld.Wemightlooktoothercountriesformodelsofhowhighschoolscanofferbettertraining,aswellasthedevelopmentofaworkethic(勤奮工作的美德）andtheintellectualskillsneededforcontinuedlearninganddevelopment.IrecommendHarvard's2021"PathwaystoProsperity"reportformoreattentiontothe"forgottenhalf"(thosewhodonotgoontocollege)andideasabouthowtoaddressthisissue.Simultaneously,theliberalartsbecomemoreimportantthanever.Inaknowledgeeconomywhereprofessionalroleschangerapidlyandmanycollegestudentsarepreparingforpositionsthatmaynotevenexistyet,theskillsetneededisonethatpreparesthemforchangeandcontinuedlearning.Learningtoexpressideaswellinbothwritingandspeech,knowinghowtofindinformation,andknowinghowtodoresearchareall-solidbackgroundskillsforawidevarietyofroles,andsuchtrainingismoreimportantthananyparticularmajorinaliberalartscollege.Weneedtocontinuetovaluebroadpreparationinthinkingskillsihatwillserveforalifetime.Studentsalsoneedtolearntoworkindependentlyandtomakeresponsibledecisions.Thelengtheningpathtoadulthoodappearsexacerbated(惡化）byparentalinvolvementinthecollegeyears.Giventherisinginvestmentincollegeeducation,parentalconcernisnotsurprising,butlearningwhereandwhentointervene(干涉）willhelpstudentstakemoreownershipoftheoutcomesoftheseincreasinglycostlyeducations.注意：此部份試越請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。61.Whatkindofeducationdoestheauthorthinkisideal?A)Itbenefitsthegreatmajorityofthegeneralpopulation.B)Itpreparesstudentstomeetthefutureneedsofsociety.C)Itencouragesstudentstolearnthroughouttheirlives.D)Itensuresthatstudents'expectationsaresuccessfullyfulfilled.62.Whatdoestheauthorsayistheproblemwithpresenthighschooleducation?A)Ignoringtheneedsofthosewhodon'tgotocollege.B)Teachingskillstobeusedrightaftergraduationonly.C)Givinglittleattentiontothosehavingdifficultylearning.D)Creatingthehighestdropoutrateinthedevelopedworld.63.Whatcharacterizesaknowledgeeconomyaccordingtothepassage?A)Peoplehavetoreceivehighereducationtoqualifyforaprofessionalposition.B)Studentsmajoringinliberalartsusuallyhavedifficultysecuringajob.C)Newpositionsareconstantlycreatedthatrequirepeopletokeeplearning.D)Collegesfindithardtoteachstudentshowtocopewiththechangingeconomy.64.Whatdoestheauthorthinkaliberalartscollegeshouldfocuson?A)Solidbackgroundknowledgeinaparticularfield.B)Practicalskillsurgentlyneededincurrentsociety.C)Basicskillsneededforchangeandlifelonglearning.D)Usefulthinkingskillsforadvancedacademicresearch.65.Whatsuggestiondocstheauthoroffertoparents?A)Rethinkingthevalueofhighereducation.B)Investingwiselyintheirchildren'seducation.C)Helpingtheirchildrenlobringtheirtalentintofullplay.D)Avoidingtoomuchinterventionintheirchildren’seducation.【答案解析】SectionCPassageOne參考譯文(56)(60)最近幾年來(lái),愈來(lái)愈多的研究表明:除對(duì)能量的生理需要外,人們的食欲和食物攝取受到諸多因素的影響,包括人們的飲食環(huán)境和對(duì)眼前食物的認(rèn)知。研究表明，例如,在電視機(jī)(或類(lèi)似的消遣)前飲食能夠同時(shí)增加饑餓感和食物的攝取量。即便是筒單的視覺(jué)信號(hào)，比如餐盤(pán)的尺寸和燈光,也被證明會(huì)對(duì)食物分量和攝取量造成影響。(60)新的研究顯示人們的短時(shí)間記憶一樣對(duì)食欲起作用。(57)飯后幾小時(shí),決定人們饑餓程度的不是他們已食用的食物量,而是他們用飯時(shí)眼前所見(jiàn)到的食物量,換言之,是他們所記得的食物量。布里斯托大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)心理學(xué)教授JeffreyM.Brunstrom以為:這種差別表明人們之前的飲食記憶對(duì)食欲造成的影響可能超過(guò)食物的真實(shí)數(shù)量對(duì)食欲造成的影響。"饑餓程度不單單與最近所食食物的特征有關(guān)。咱們已經(jīng)確認(rèn)了最近飲食在記憶中的獨(dú)立作用Brunstrom說(shuō),"這表明饑餓程度和食物攝取之間的關(guān)系要比咱們想象的復(fù)雜得多。"這些發(fā)現(xiàn)印證了初期的研究。(60)初期研究表明，人們對(duì)食物的認(rèn)知有時(shí)會(huì)欺騙身體對(duì)食物作出反映.例如：（58)在2021年的一項(xiàng)研究中,參與者在兩個(gè)不同場(chǎng)合食用了一樣含有380卡路里的奶昔,可是按照奶昔標(biāo)簽上標(biāo)注的是620卡路里仍是140卡路里,參與者分泌出了不同水平的與饑餓相關(guān)的荷爾蒙。而且,按照?qǐng)?bào)告，當(dāng)參與者以為自己食用了高卡路里的奶昔時(shí),他們感覺(jué)更飽。這對(duì)于人們的飲食習(xí)慣意味著什么呢？雖然新發(fā)此刻讓人減少飲食方面顯得不切實(shí)除,可是確實(shí)能令人們熟悉到專(zhuān)注于食物、避免飲食時(shí)看電視或同時(shí)進(jìn)行多項(xiàng)活動(dòng)的益處。(59)Brunstrom說(shuō),所謂的"用心飲食"策略能夠?qū)垢蓴_,幫忙人們控制食欲。56.【定位】由題干中的appetite和foodintake定位到首段第一句。A)【精析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。文章開(kāi)篇指出了人們的食欲和食物攝取受到諸多因素的影響，包括人們的飲食環(huán)境和對(duì)眼前食物的認(rèn)知,故答案為A)。57.【定位】由題干中的remembered和previousmeal定位到第三段第二句。D)【精析】推理判斷題。定位句指出,飯后幾小時(shí),決定人們饑餓程度的不是他們已食用的食物量，而是他們用飯時(shí)眼前所見(jiàn)到的食物量,也就是說(shuō),影響人們饑餓程度的是他們記憶中的食物量而不是胃里的食物量。由此可推斷,記憶對(duì)飲食造成影響，若是記憶中上頓飯吃了很多,那么不論是不是真的吃了很多,都不會(huì)感覺(jué)太餓,故答案為D)。58.【定位】由題干中的2021study定位到第六段第二句。B)【精析】細(xì)節(jié)歸納題。定位句詳細(xì)描述了2021年的一項(xiàng)研究。在研究中，參與者在兩個(gè)不同場(chǎng)合食用了相同卡路里的奶昔，可是奶昔標(biāo)簽上別離標(biāo)注了620卡路里和140卡路里,結(jié)果顯示,按照標(biāo)注的中路里含量,參與者分泌了不同水平的與饑餓相關(guān)的荷爾蒙，而且當(dāng)食用了標(biāo)注620卡路里的奶昔時(shí),他們感覺(jué)更飽。實(shí)際上兩份奶昔的卡路里含量是相同的，由于標(biāo)簽標(biāo)注的不同,讓人產(chǎn)生自我暗示,令人體對(duì)食物產(chǎn)生了不同的反映。故答案為B)。59.【定位】由題干中的controlourappetite定位到文章最后一句。C)【精析】細(xì)節(jié)歸納題。定位句指出，所謂的"用心飲食"策略能夠?qū)垢蓴_,幫忙人們控制食欲。也就是Brunstrom建議咱們通過(guò)"用心飲食"策略控制飲食用心飲食"和前文中提到的"專(zhuān)注于食物"相照顧,故答案為C)。60.【定位】由題干中的mainidea定位到各部份主題句。如第一段的第一句、第三段的第一句、第六段的第一句和最后一句。B)【精析】主旨大意題。全文可分為三個(gè)部份,第一部份提出論點(diǎn)——人們的食欲和食物攝取受到包括環(huán)境和對(duì)食物的認(rèn)知等諸多因素的影響。第二部分引用相關(guān)科學(xué)研究論證這些影響因素，特別指出飲食環(huán)境、對(duì)食物的記憶、食物包裝上的標(biāo)簽對(duì)人產(chǎn)生的心理暗示作用影響飲食。最后一部分提出通過(guò)專(zhuān)注飲食來(lái)控制食欲的建議。對(duì)食物及飲食環(huán)境的認(rèn)知，對(duì)食物的記憶，食物標(biāo)簽產(chǎn)生的心理暗示等都屬于心理因素,統(tǒng)觀全文,作者一直圍繞心理因素對(duì)食欲的影響展開(kāi)論述，故答案為B)。Passagetwo參考譯文咱們的社會(huì)應(yīng)該反思花費(fèi)在教育上的時(shí)間和金錢(qián),以便這些資源能使更多的人受益。(61)理想上,高中和大學(xué)都應(yīng)該能培育可以適應(yīng)未來(lái)角色轉(zhuǎn)變的學(xué)生。(62)高中學(xué)歷所提供給學(xué)生的就業(yè)準(zhǔn)備遠(yuǎn)比預(yù)期少,或遠(yuǎn)比目前其他國(guó)家所提供的少,因此造成了經(jīng)濟(jì)中不新擴(kuò)大的技術(shù)差距。無(wú)論學(xué)生有無(wú)做好準(zhǔn)備,有無(wú)明確的目標(biāo)或興趣,咱們都鼓勵(lì)他們繼續(xù)讀大學(xué),因此產(chǎn)生了自前世界上最高的大學(xué)停學(xué)率。咱們可以借鑒其他國(guó)家的做法,學(xué)習(xí)高中階段如何提供更好的培訓(xùn)，同時(shí)培育學(xué)生勤奮工作的美德及繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)和發(fā)展所需的心智技術(shù)。我向大家推薦哈佛大學(xué)2021年"邁向繁榮之路"報(bào)告,來(lái)更多地關(guān)注"被遺忘的一半"(那些沒(méi)上大學(xué)的人)和解決這一問(wèn)題的觀點(diǎn)。同時(shí),人文科學(xué)比以往任何階段都更重要。(63)在知識(shí)型經(jīng)濟(jì)中，職業(yè)角色迅速轉(zhuǎn)變,很多大學(xué)生為之準(zhǔn)備的職位乃至可能還不存在,他們所需的是能讓他們適應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)變和繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)的技術(shù)組合。(64)學(xué)會(huì)在書(shū)面和口頭陳述中很好地表達(dá)觀點(diǎn),知道如何尋覓信息及如何作調(diào)查研究都是為適應(yīng)各種不同角色所應(yīng)具有的扎實(shí)的背景技術(shù)。在文理學(xué)院,此類(lèi)的培訓(xùn)比任何一門(mén)專(zhuān)業(yè)都重要。咱們需要繼續(xù)重視并普遍培育將會(huì)終生受益的思維技術(shù)。學(xué)生們還需要學(xué)會(huì)獨(dú)立學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)會(huì)做出負(fù)責(zé)任的決定。由于家長(zhǎng)在大學(xué)階段的參與,通向成年的漫長(zhǎng)道路看起來(lái)仿佛更長(zhǎng)了?？紤]到對(duì)大學(xué)教育不斷爬升的投資,家長(zhǎng)的擔(dān)憂也不足為奇，(65)可是學(xué)會(huì)如何地進(jìn)行干涉將會(huì)有助于學(xué)生享受這些日趨昂責(zé)的教育所帶來(lái)的功效。答案詳解61.【定位】由題干中的ideal定位到第一段第二句。B)【精析】語(yǔ)義理解題。定位句指出:理想上,高中和大學(xué)都應(yīng)該能培育學(xué)生適應(yīng)未來(lái)角色的轉(zhuǎn)變。此句表明在未來(lái)社會(huì)中，人們的角色會(huì)不斷發(fā)生變化,理想的教育就是能培育適應(yīng)這種轉(zhuǎn)變的人材，也就是說(shuō),理想的教育可以知足未來(lái)社會(huì)的需求，故答案為B)。62.【定位】由題干中的problem,highschool定位到第二段。D)【精析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。作者在文章第二段論述了目前高中教育的問(wèn)題,如提供給學(xué)生的就業(yè)準(zhǔn)備不足,造成了經(jīng)濟(jì)中不斷擴(kuò)大的技術(shù)差距。盲目鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生讀大學(xué)造成了目前世界上最高的大學(xué)綴學(xué)率,故答案為D)。63.【定位】由題干中的knowledgeeconomy定位到第四段第二句。C)【精析】細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。定位句提到，在知識(shí)型經(jīng)濟(jì)中,職業(yè)角色轉(zhuǎn)變迅速,很多大學(xué)生為之準(zhǔn)備的職位乃至可能還不存在。由此可推斷,知識(shí)型經(jīng)濟(jì)的特征是職業(yè)的迅速轉(zhuǎn)變,新的職位不斷地被創(chuàng)造,有些念書(shū)時(shí)還不存在的職位可能在畢業(yè)時(shí)出現(xiàn),屆時(shí),在學(xué)校里學(xué)到的知識(shí)就遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠了，因這人們需要持續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)來(lái)適應(yīng)這些不斷被創(chuàng)造出的新職位，故答案為C)。64.【定位】由題干中的liberalartscollege定位到第五段第一句。C)【精析】細(xì)節(jié)歸納題。文章第五段提到在文理學(xué)院,這些培訓(xùn)比任何一門(mén)專(zhuān)業(yè)都重要。"這些培訓(xùn)"指上文提到的"學(xué)會(huì)在口失和書(shū)面陳述中很好地表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)，知道如何尋覓信息而且知道如何作調(diào)査研究",而這些技術(shù)培訓(xùn)是為了適應(yīng)未來(lái)的變化，故答案為C)。65.【定位】由題干中的suggestion和parents定位到文章最后一句?！揪觥考?xì)節(jié)歸納題。最后一段提到由于家長(zhǎng)在大學(xué)階段的參與，通向成年的漫長(zhǎng)道路看起來(lái)好像更長(zhǎng)了",這句話咱們可以理解為家長(zhǎng)在大學(xué)階段過(guò)量參與孩子的教育會(huì)影響孩子的成長(zhǎng)。文章最后指出"學(xué)會(huì)何時(shí)何地進(jìn)行干涉將會(huì)有助于學(xué)生享受這些日趨昂貴的教育所帶來(lái)的功效。"也就是說(shuō)，作者建議家長(zhǎng)學(xué)會(huì)適當(dāng)?shù)膮⑴c，避免過(guò)量的干涉,這樣才能使孩子更好地成長(zhǎng),使教育取得更大的成效,故答案為D)。

2021年12月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試閱讀理解真題(二)Part3SectionC【閱讀理解】SectionCDirections：Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Arecentglobalsurveyof2000high-net-worthindividualsfoundthat60%werenotplanningonatraditionalretirement.AmongUSparticipants,75%expectedtocontinueworkinginsomecapacityevenaftersteppingawayfromfull-timejobs."Manyofthesepeoplemadetheirwealthbydoingsomethingthey'repassionate(有激情的）about,"saysDanielEgan,headofbehavioralfinanceforBarclaysWealthAmericas."Giventhechoice,theyprefertocontinueworking."Barclayscallsthesepeople“nevertirees”.UnlikemanyAmericanscompelledintoearlyretirementbycompanyrestrictions,theaveragenevertireeoftenhasnooneforcinghishand.If106-year-oldinvestorIrvingKahn,headofhisownfamilyfirm,wantstokeepcomingtoworkeveryday,who'sgoingtostophim?Seventy-eight-year-oldSupremeCourtJusticeRuthBaderGinsburg’sjobsecurityisguaranteedintheConstitution.Itmayseemthattheseelderlypeoplearetryingtocheatdeath.Infact,theyare.Andit’sworking.HowardFriedman,aprofessoratUCRiverside,foundinhisresearchthatthosewhoworkhardestandaresuccessfulintheircareersoftenlivethelongestlives."Peoplearegenerallybeinggivenbadadvicetoslowdown,takeiteasy,stopworrying,andretiretoFlorida，"hesays.Hedescribedonestudyparticipant,stillworkingattheageof100,whowasrecentlydisappointedtoseehissonretire."We'rebeginningtoseeachangeinhowpeopleviewretirement，"saysGeorgeLeeson,co-directoroftheInstituteofPopulationAgeingatOxford.Whereonceretirementwasseenasabriefrewardafteralongstrugglethroughsomemiserablejob,itisnowakin(近似）tobeingcastaside.WhatLeesonterms"theWarrenBuffetteffect"isbecomingmorebroadlyappealingasindividualscometo"viewretirementasnotsimplybeinglinkedtoeconomicproductivitybutalsoaboutcontribution."Observersaresplitonwhetherthisisawhollygoodthing.Ontheonehand,companiesandfinancialfirmscanbenefitfromthewisdomofaresilient(堅(jiān)韌的）chief.Ontheother,thenewgenerationcanfinditmoredifficulttoadvance—anargumentthattypicallyholdslittleswaytoanevertiree.注意：此部份試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。56.Whatdowelearnabouttheso-called“nevertirees”？A)Theyarepassionateaboutmakingafortune.B)Theyhavenochoicebuttocontinueworking.C)Theylovewhattheydoandchoosenottoretire.D)Theywillnotretireunlesstheyarecompelledto.57.WhatdoIrvingKahnandRuthBaderGinsburghaveincommon?A)Neitherofthemissubjecttoforcedretirement.B)Neitherofthemdesiresrewardfortheirwork.C)Bothclingtotheirpositionsdespiteopposition.D)Botharecapableofcopingwithheavyworkloads.58.WhatisthefindingofHowardFriedman’sresearch?A)Theharderyouwork,thebiggeryourfortunewillbe.B)Theearlieryouretire,thehealthieryouwillbe.C)Elderlypeoplehavetoslowdowntolivelonger.D)Workingatanadvancedagelengthenspeople’slife.59.Whatisthetraditionalviewofretirementaccordingtothepassage?A)Itmeansaburdentotheyoungergeneration.B)Itisasymbolofamatureandcivilizedsociety.C)Itisacompensationforone'slife-longhardwork.D)Ithelpsincreaseanation’seconomicproductivity.60.Whatdocriticssayabout"nevertirees"?A)Theyareanobstacletoacompany’sdevelopment.B)Theylackthecreativityoftheyoungergeneration.C)Theycannotworkasefficientlyastheyusedto.D)Theypreventyoungpeoplefromgettingahead.PassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.WhenwetalkaboutAmericansbarelyintoadulthoodwhoaresaddledwithunbearablelevelsofdebt*theconversationisalmostalwaysaboutstudentloandebt.Butthere’sagrowingbodyofevidencesuggestingthattoday’syoungadultsarealsodrowningincredit-carddebt-andthatmanyofthemwilltakethisdebttotheirgraves.Morethan20%overspenttheirincomebymorethan$100everysinglemonth.Sincetheyhaven’tbuiltuptheircredithistoriesyet,it'sasafebetthattheseyoungadultsarepayingrelativelyhighinterestratesontheresultingcreditcarddebt.Althoughmanyyoungpeopleblame"socializing"asabarriertosavingmoney,mostofthemaren’tknockingback$20drinksintrendy(時(shí)尚的）lounges.They’restrugglingwithmuchmoredailyfinancialdemands.Toadisturbinglylargeextent,theyoungandthebrokearerelyingoncreditcardstomakeituntiltheirnextpayday.Thisobviouslyisn’tsustainableinthelongrun,andit’sgoingtoputahugedragontheirspendingpowerevenaftertheyreachtheirpeakearningyears,becausethey’llstillbepayinginterestonthatbottleoforangejuiceorboxofspaghetti(意式面條）theyboughtadecadeearlier.AnewstudyoutofOhioStateUniversityfoundthatyoungadultsareaccumulatingcreditcarddebtatamorerapidratethanotheragegroups,andthatthey'resloweratpayingitoff."Ifwhatwefoundcontinuestoholdtrue,wemayhavemoreelderlypeoplewithsubstantialfinancialproblemsinthefuture’"warnsLuciaDunn,professorofeconomicsatOhioState."Ifourfindingspersist,wemaybefacedwithafinancialcrisisamongelderlypeoplewhocan’tpayofftheircreditcards."Dunnsaysalotoftheseyoungpeoplearenevergoingtogetoutfromundertheircreditcarddebt."Manypeopleareborrowingoncreditcardssoheavilythatpayoffratesattheselevelsarenotsufficienttorecovertheircreditcarddebtbytheendoftheirlife*whichcouldhavelossimplicationsforthecreditcardissuingbanks,"注意：此部份試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。61.Whatisthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?A)ManyyoungAmericanswillneverbeabletopayofftheirdebts.B)Creditcardsplayanincreasinglyimportantroleincollegelife.C)Creditcardsaredoingmoreharmthanstudentloans.D)TheAmericancreditcardsystemisundercriticism.62.Whydoyoungpeoplehavetopayahigherinterestontheircreditcarddebt?A)Theytendtoforgetaboutthedeadlines.B)Theyhaven'tdevelopedacredithistory.C)Theyareoftenunabletopaybackintime.D)Theyareinexperiencedinmanagingmoney.63.Whatissaidtobetheconsequenceofyoungadultsrelyingoncreditcardstomakeendsmeet?A)Itwillplaceanunnecessaryburdenonsociety.B)Itwillgivethemnomotivationtoworkhard.C)Itwillexertpsychologicalpressureonthem.D)Itwillaffecttheirfuturespendingpower.64.WhatwillhappentoyoungadultsiftheircreditcarddebtkeepsaccumulatingaccordingtoLuciaDunn?A)Theywillhavetopayanincreasinglyhigherinterestrate.B)Theymayexperienceafinancialcrisisintheiroldage.C)Theirqualityoflifewillbeaffected.D)Theircreditcardsmaybecancelled.65.WhatdoesLuciaDunnthinkmightbeariskforthecreditcardissuingbanks?A)Theygobankruptasaresultofover-lending.B)Theyloselargenumbersoftheirregularclients.C)Theirclientsleavetheirdebtsunpaidupondeath.D)Theirinterestrateshavetobereducednowandthen.【答案解析】SectionCPassageOne參考譯文最近一項(xiàng)由2000位高凈值客戶(hù)參與的全世界范圍的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),60%的人并未打算正常退休。參與此項(xiàng)調(diào)查的美國(guó)人中,75%的人希望從全職工作退休以后能盡其所能繼續(xù)工作。(56)"這些人當(dāng)中有很多是通過(guò)去做自己感興趣的事情來(lái)獲取財(cái)富的,"美洲巴克萊財(cái)富行為財(cái)務(wù)主管DanielEgan說(shuō)若是能自由選擇,他們更愿意繼續(xù)工作下去。"巴克萊把這些人稱(chēng)為"永不退休者"。與很多按照公司規(guī)定不能不提前退休的美國(guó)人不同，對(duì)"永不退休者"來(lái)講,沒(méi)人能強(qiáng)迫他們退休。(57)此刻106歲的投資家IrvingKahn是家族企業(yè)的老總,若是他想堅(jiān)持天天到公司上班,誰(shuí)會(huì)阻止他呢？《美國(guó)憲法》保證現(xiàn)年78歲高齡的最高法院法官RuthBaderGinsburg的工作安全。這些老年人似乎是正在嘗試逃避死亡。事實(shí)確實(shí)如此,而且這也的確起到了必然的作用。(58)加州大學(xué)河濱分校的教授HowardFriedman的研究表明,工作最盡力和事業(yè)上有所成績(jī)的人通?；畹米铋L(zhǎng)。"人們通常被建議要慢下來(lái),放輕松,不要著急,然后退休去佛羅里達(dá),這種建議其實(shí)不好，"他說(shuō)。他還描述了一名受調(diào)查者.雖然100歲的高齡但仍然堅(jiān)持工作,最近看到自己的兒子退休感覺(jué)很失望。牛津人口老齡化研究所主任GeorgeLeeson說(shuō)咱們發(fā)現(xiàn)人們對(duì)待退休的態(tài)度開(kāi)始發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變。"(59)過(guò)去,人們?cè)詾橥诵菔撬麄冊(cè)谀硞€(gè)令人痛苦的工作職位上長(zhǎng)期奮斗后的即時(shí)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),而此刻人們以為退休與被遺棄類(lèi)似。隨著人們開(kāi)始意識(shí)到"退休不單單是簡(jiǎn)單地與經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)力相聯(lián)系,而且也關(guān)乎貢獻(xiàn)Leeson提出的-沃倫?巴菲特效應(yīng)"也愈來(lái)愈流行。(60)關(guān)于這是不是完滿是一件好事情,評(píng)論家們各持己見(jiàn)。一方面,企業(yè)和金融公司可以受益于堅(jiān)韌的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的智慧。另一方面,下一代人要想進(jìn)一步發(fā)展會(huì)加倍困難,可是這一點(diǎn)對(duì)于一個(gè)"永不退休者"來(lái)講影響不大。答案詳解56.【定位】由題干中的so-called"nevertirees"定位到第一段第三至五句。C)【精析】細(xì)節(jié)椎斷題。由定位句可知，有些人是通過(guò)做自己感興趣的事情來(lái)獲取財(cái)富的，若是能自由選擇,他們更愿意繼續(xù)工作下去。巴克萊把這些人稱(chēng)為"永不退休者"。由此可見(jiàn)，永不退休者喜歡他們的工作.選擇不退休,故答案為C)。57.【定位】由題干中的IrvingKahn和RuthBaderGinsburg定位到第二段第二、三句。A)【精析】細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。第二段首句提到，沒(méi)有人能強(qiáng)迫"永不退休者"退休,接著定位句指出，沒(méi)有人會(huì)阻止IrvingKahn去上班,《美國(guó)憲法》保證法官RuthBaderGinsburg的工作安全。換言之，他們的一路點(diǎn)就是沒(méi)有人強(qiáng)迫他們退休,故答案為A)。58.【定位】由題干中的HowardFriedman'sresearch定位到第三段第四至六句。D)【精析】細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。由定位句可知，HowardFriedman的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),工作最盡力和事業(yè)上有所成績(jī)的人通?；畹米铋L(zhǎng)。也就是說(shuō),老年人工作能夠延長(zhǎng)壽命,故答案為D)。59.【定位】由題干中的traditionalviewofretirement定位到第四段第二句。C)【精析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由定位句可知,過(guò)去人們?cè)詾橥诵菔撬麄冊(cè)谀硞€(gè)令人痛苦的工作職位上長(zhǎng)期奮斗后的即時(shí)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。由此可見(jiàn),傳統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為退休是對(duì)人們長(zhǎng)時(shí)間盡力工作的一種補(bǔ)償,故答案為C)。60.【定位】由題干中的critics定位到最后一段。D)【精析】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。定位段指出，下一代人要想進(jìn)一談發(fā)展會(huì)加倍困難,可是這一點(diǎn)對(duì)于一個(gè)"永不退休者"來(lái)講影響不大。由此可見(jiàn),評(píng)論家們認(rèn)為"永不退休者"阻礙了下一代人的發(fā)展，故答案為D)。參考譯文(61)當(dāng)咱們談?wù)撃切﹦倓偛饺氤赡甓x欠債累累的美同人的時(shí)候,咱們的談話內(nèi)容幾乎全數(shù)是學(xué)生的貸款?？墒?愈來(lái)愈多的證據(jù)顯示,今天的年輕人也陷人了信用卡債務(wù)的泥潭當(dāng)中很多人將會(huì)把這個(gè)債務(wù)直接帶進(jìn)墳?zāi)?。超過(guò)20%的人每一個(gè)月會(huì)超支100多美元。(62)因?yàn)樗麄兩形闯闪⑵鹦庞糜涗?但可以肯定的是,這些年輕人在為產(chǎn)生的信用卡債務(wù)支付相對(duì)較高的利息。雖然很連年輕人責(zé)備"社交"是阻礙他們存錢(qián)的一個(gè)因素,可是他們大多數(shù)人并無(wú)在時(shí)尚的酒吧豪飲20美元的酒，而是在與更多的日常開(kāi)支作斗爭(zhēng)。(63)令人不安的是，年輕人和身無(wú)分文的人在很大程度上都依賴(lài)信用來(lái)維持生計(jì)，直到下次發(fā)工資。從久遠(yuǎn)看,這樣的做法很明顯不會(huì)長(zhǎng)久,會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響他們的購(gòu)買(mǎi)力，即便是賺錢(qián)最多的時(shí)候,因?yàn)樗麄內(nèi)匀辉跒樵缭谑昵百I(mǎi)的那瓶澄汁或那盒面條支付利息。(64)俄亥俄州立大學(xué)的一項(xiàng)新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與其他的年齡群體相較,年輕人積累信用卡債務(wù)的速度要更快,而他們的償還能力比較弱。俄亥俄州立大學(xué)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授LudaDunn警告說(shuō)若是咱們的發(fā)現(xiàn)仍然被證明是正確的話,咱們未來(lái)可能會(huì)有更多的老人面臨龐大的財(cái)務(wù)問(wèn)題,那些不能償還信用卡的老年人可能會(huì)面臨財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī)。"(65)Dunn說(shuō),這些年輕人中的許多人永遠(yuǎn)也無(wú)法從信用卡債務(wù)中走出來(lái)。"很多人從信用卡里大量地借錢(qián),但依照他們的償還能力，到死也不足以?xún)斶€信用卡債務(wù)，這將潛在地致使信用卡簽發(fā)銀行的損失"。答案詳解61.【定位】由題干中的thefirstparagraph定位到第一段。A)【精析】主旨大意題。定位段通過(guò)學(xué)生貸款引出年輕人的信用卡債務(wù)。最后一句“今天的年輕人也陷入了信用卡債務(wù)的泥潭當(dāng)中……很多人將會(huì)把這個(gè)債務(wù)直接帶進(jìn)墳?zāi)埂！秉c(diǎn)明了文章主題。由此可見(jiàn),很連年輕人永遠(yuǎn)都償還不完他們的債務(wù)，故答案為A)。62.【定位】由題干中的payahigherinterest定位到第二段第二句。B)【精析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。定位句明確指出因?yàn)槟贻p人尚未成立起信用記錄,但可以肯定的是這些年輕人在為產(chǎn)生的信用卡債務(wù)支付相對(duì)較高的利息。"故答案為B)。63.【定位】由題干中的relyingoncreditcards定位到第四段。D)【精析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。定位段明確指出年輕和身無(wú)分文的人在很大程度上都依賴(lài)信用卡維持生計(jì),直到下次發(fā)工資。從久遠(yuǎn)看,這樣做法很明顯不會(huì)長(zhǎng)久,會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響他們的購(gòu)買(mǎi)力。"由此可見(jiàn),年輕人依托信用卡維持生計(jì)將影響他們未來(lái)的購(gòu)買(mǎi)力，故答案為D)。64.【定位】由題干中的LuciaDunn和accumulating定位到倒數(shù)第二段。B)【精析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。定位段明確指出與其他的年齡群體相較，年輕人積累信用卡債務(wù)的速度要更快……若是咱們的發(fā)現(xiàn)仍然被證明是正確的話,咱們未來(lái)可能會(huì)有更多的老人面臨龐大的財(cái)務(wù)問(wèn)題,那些不能償還信用卡債務(wù)的老年人可能會(huì)面臨財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī)。"由此可見(jiàn)，若是年輕人的信用卡債務(wù)持續(xù)積累，等他們年老的時(shí)候可能會(huì)遭遇財(cái)務(wù)危機(jī),故答案為B)。65.【定位】由題干中的creditcardissuingbanks定位到最后一段。C)【精析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。定位段明確指出"很多人從信用卡中大量地借錢(qián),但依照他們的償還能力，到死也不足以?xún)斶€信用卡債務(wù),這將潛在地致使信用卡簽發(fā)銀行的損失。"由此可見(jiàn),Dunn以為客戶(hù)到死也沒(méi)償清債務(wù)可能會(huì)對(duì)信用卡簽發(fā)銀行組成風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，故答案為C)。

2021年12月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試閱讀理解真題(三)Part3SectionC【閱讀理解】SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedv4),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Anewstudyshowsalargegendergaponeconomicpolicyamongthenation’sprofessionaleconomists,adividesimilartothegenderdividefoundinthegeneralpublic."Asagroup,wearepro-market"saysAnnMariMay,co-authorofthestudyandaUniversityofNebraskaeconomist."Butwomenaremorelikelytoacceptgovernmentregulationandinvolvementineconomicactivitythanourmalecolleagues.”“It’sverypuzzling,”saysfreemarketeconomistVeroniquedeRugyoftheMercatusCenteratGeorgeMasonUniversity."NotadaygoesbythatIdon'taskmyselfwhytherearesofewwomeneconomistsonthefreemarketside.”AnativeofFrance,deRugysupportedgovernmentintervention(干涉）earlyinherlifebutchangedhermindafterstudyingeconomics."Wewantmanyofthesamethingsasliberals—lesspoverty,morehealthcare--buthaveradicallydifferentideasonhowtoachieveit.LiberaleconomistDeanBaker,co-founderoftheCenterforEconomicPolicyandResearch,saysmaleeconomistshavebeenontheinsideoftheprofession,confirmingeachother’santi-regulationviews.Women,asoutsiders,"aremorelikelytothinkindependentlyoratleastseepeopleoutsideoftheeconomicsprofessionasformingtheirpeergroup,"hesays.Thegenderbalanceineconomicsischanging.One-thirdofeconomicsdoctorates(博士學(xué)位）nowgotowomen."Morediversityisneededatthetablewhenpublicpolicyisdiscussed,"Maysays.Economistsdoagreeonsomethings.FemaleeconomistsagreewithmenthatEuropehastoomuchregulationandthatWal-martisgoodforsociety.Maleeconomistsagreewiththeirfemalecolleaguesthatmilitaryspendingistoohigh.Thegendersaremostdivorcedfromeachotheronthequestionofequalityforwomen.Maleeconomistsoverwhelminglythinkthewagegapbetweenmenandwomenislargelytheresultofindividuals'skills,experienceandvoluntarychoices.Femaleeconomistsoverwhelminglydisagreebyamarginof4-to-l.Thebiggestdisagreement：76%ofwomensayfacultyopportunitiesineconomicsfavormen.Maleeconomistspointtheoppositeway：80%saywomenarefavoredortheprocessisneutral.注意：此部份試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。56.Whatisthefindingofthenewstudy?A)Thegenderdivideisabigconcernofthegeneralpublic.B)Menandwomenunderstandeconomicsquitedifferently.C)Thegapbetweenmaleandfemaleeconomistsneedstobeclosed.D)Maleandfemaleeconomistsdisagreewidelyoneconomicpolicy.57.WhatdoesAnnMariMaysayaboutfemaleeconomists?A)Theyarestronglyagainstmaledominationintheeconomicsprofession.B)Theytendtosupportgovernmentinterventionineconomicactivity.C)Theyusuallyplayanactiveroleinpublicpolicy-making.D)Theyaremostlystrongadvocatesoffreemarketeconomy.58.WhatdowelearnabouteconomistVeroniquedeRugy?A)Sherepresentsmostfemaleeconomists'standpoint.B)Shedevotesherselftoeliminatingwomen'spoverty.C)Herstudyofeconomicschangedherviewongovernment'sroleineconomicactivities.D)Heracademicbackgroundhelpedhergetintotheinnercircleoftheeconomicsprofession.59.WhatdoesAnnMariMayimplyaboutpublicpolicy-making?A)Morefemaleeconomistsshouldgetinvolved.B)Itshoulddojusticetofemaleeconomists’studies.C)Moreattentionshouldbepaidtowomen’srights.D)Itshouldaimatsustainabledevelopment.60.Onwhatissuedomaleandfemaleeconomistsdiffermost?A)Governmentregulation.C)Militaryspending.B)Jobcreation.D)Genderequality.PassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thenumberofpostgraduatestudentstravellingfromnon-EUcountriestostudyatUKuniversitieshasfallenforthefirsttimein16years,fuellingfearsthatthegovernment'simmigrationcrackdownisdiscouragingthousandsofthebrighteststudentsfromcontinuingtheirstudiesinBritain.JoBeall,BritishCouncildirectorofeducationandsociety,saidthefallwouldcausealarmamongUKvice-chancellors(大學(xué)行政主管）."Thesectorwasexpectingadeclineingrowth,buttheactualreductioninpostgraduatenumbersisofrealconcernasinternationalstudentsmakeupthemajorityofnumbersinmanypostgraduatecoursesandresearchteamsinscience,technology,engineeringandmathematics.”“AttractingthebrightestandmostambitiouspostgraduateandresearchstudentsiscriticaliftheUKistomaintainitsqualityreputationforresearch,"Beallsaid.Universitiesgetathirdoftheirtuition(學(xué)費(fèi)）feerevenuefromnon-EUstudents.Thereisgrowingfearamongvice-chancellorsthatthisrevenue-aswellasthecultural,academicandeconomicbenefitinternationalstudentsbeing-isbeingputatrisk.TimWestlake,directorforthestudentexperienceatManchesterUniversity,saidstudentswhosefamiliesreliedonthemworkingintheUKaftertheirstudiestogainexperienceandrepaythefeeswerestartingtolookelsewhere.Lastmonththehomesecretary,TheresaMay,announcedthatembassystaffwouldinterviewmorethan100000applicantsinanattempttopreventbogus(冒充的）onesenteringthecountry.ShealsosaidimmigrantswereresponsibleforpushingupUKhouseprices.Thecommentsfollowedtheintroductionofnewlimitationsonstudents'ri