英語強化二完形

2018考研英語二完形強化

主講人：陳文笠

大綱樣題

Duringthe1980s,unemploymentandunderemploymentinsomecountrieswasashighas90percent.Somecountriesdidnot1enoughfood;basicneedsinhousingandclothingwerenot2.Manyofthesecountrieslookedtotheindustrialprocessesofthedevelopednations3solutions.

4,problemscannotalwaysbesolvedbycopyingtheindustrializednations.Industryinthedevelopednationsishighlyautomatedandvery5.Itprovidesfewerjobsthanlabor-intensiveindustrialprocesses,andhighly6workersareneededto7andrepairtheequipment.Theseworkersmustbetrained,8manynationsdonothavethenecessarytraininginstitutions.Thus,the9ofimportingindustrybecomeshigher.Studentsmustbesentabroadto10vocationalandprofessionaltraining.11.justtobegintraining,thestudentsmust12learnEnglish,French,German,orJapanese.Thestudentsthenspendmanyyearsabroad,and13donotreturnhome.

Allnationsagreethatscienceandtechnology14beshared.Thepointis:countries15theindustrialprocessesofthedevelopednationsneedtolookcare-fully16thecosts,becausemanyofthesecostsare17.Studentsfromthesenationsshould18theproblemsoftheindustrializedcountriesclosely.19care,theywilltakehomenotthe

problemsofscienceandtechnology,20thebenefits.

1.

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3.

4.

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6.

7.

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[D]versatile

[D]protect

[D]yet

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[B]gain

[B]Incidentally

[B]quickly

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[B]learn

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[D]but

1994

Thefirstandsmallestunitthatcanbediscussedinrelationtolanguageistheword.Inspeaking,thechoiceofwordsis 41 theutmostimportance.Properselectionwilleliminateonesource

of 42 breakdowninthecommunicationcycle.Toooften,carelessuseofwords43

a

meetingofthemindsofthespeakerandlistener.Thewordsusedbythespeakermay44

unfavorablereactionsinthelistener45interferewithhiscomprehension;hence,thetransmission-receptionsystembreaksdown.

46inaccurateorindefinitewordsmaymake47difficultforthelistenertounderstandthe48whichisbeingtransmittedtohim.Thespeakerwhodoesnothavespeci?cwordsinhisworkingvocabularymaybe49toexplainordescribeina50thatcanbe

understoodbyhislisteners.

41.[A]of

[B]at

[C]for

[C]likely

[C]destroys

[C]backup

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[D]on

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[D]what

[D]Unexpectedly

42.[A]inaccessible[B]timely

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[A]passout

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[B]prevents

[B]takeaway

[B]as

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>>365

[A]that

[A]speech

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[B]it

[B]sense

[B]dif?cult

[B]means

[C]so

[C]message

[C]impossible

[C]method

[D]this

[D]meaning

[D]unable

[D]way

1995

Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.41kindofsleepisatallwellunderstood,butREMsleepis42toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore43.Thenewexperiments,suchasthese44forthe?rsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolis,suggestfascinatingexplanations45of

non-REMsleep.

Forexample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep46is100percentfataltorats,yet,47examinationofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow48themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats49bacterialinfectionsoftheblood,50

theirimmunesystems—theself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases-hadcrashed.

[A]Either

[A]intended

[A]subtle

[A]maintained

[A]inthelight

[A]reduction

[A]upon

[B]Neither

[B]required

[B]obvious

[B]described

[B]byvirtue

[B]destruction

[B]by

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[C]settled

[C]withtheexception

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[C]stimulated

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[D]inferred

[D]doubtful

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[D]restriction

[D]with

[D]castlighton

[D]induced

[D]ifonly

48.[A]paidattentionto[B]caughtsightof

[A]developed

[A]if

[B]produced

[B]asif

1996

Vitaminsareorganiccompoundsnecessaryinsmallamountsinthedietforthenormalgrowthandmaintenanceoflifeofanimals,includingman.

366<<

Theydonotprovideenergy,41 dotheyconstructorbuildanypartofthebody.Theyareneededfor42 foodsintoenergyandbodymaintenance.Therearethirteenormoreofthem,

andif43 ismissingade?ciencydiseasebecomes44 .

Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements—usuallycarbon,hydrogen,oxygen,and45 nitrogen.Theyaredifferent 46 theirelementsarearrangeddifferently,

andeachvitamin47 oneormorespeci?cfunctionsinthebody.

48 enoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionalusefor

49 vitamins.Manypeople,50 ,believeinbeingonthe“safeside”andthustakeextravitamins.However,awell-balanceddietwillusuallymeetallthebody’svitaminneeds.

[A]either

[A]shifting

[A]any

[A]serious

[A]mostly

[A]inthat

[A]undertakes

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[A]exceptional

[B]so

[B]transferring

[B]some

[B]apparent

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[B]Getting

[B]exceeding

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[C]altering

[C]anything

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[C]Providing

[C]excess

[C]moreover

[D]never

[D]transforming

[D]something

[D]fatal

[D]rarely

[D]exceptthat

[D]performs

[D]Furnishing

[D]external

[D]meanwhile

50.[A]nevertheless[B]therefore

1997

ManpowerInc.,with560,000workers,istheworld’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorning,itspeople41intotheof?cesandfactoriesofAmerica,seekingaday’sworkforaday’spay.Onedayatatime.42industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive43reducingthenumberofemployees,Manpower,basedinMilwaukee,

Wisconsin,isbooming.

44 itseconomycontinuestorecover,theUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-

>>367

timersandtemporaryworkers.This“45”workforceisthemostimportant46inAmericanbusinesstoday,anditis47changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.

Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive48avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens49byemploymentrules,healthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecurity,bene?tsandsenseof50thatcamefrom

beingaloyalemployee.

[A]swarm

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[A]from

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[B]in

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44.[A]Eventhough[B]Nowthat

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[A]but

[A]imposed

[A]excitement

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[B]?ow

[B]reversely

[B]while

[B]restricted

[B]conviction

1998

UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They41thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe42man.Buttheyinsistedthatits43resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe44oftheEnglishpopulation.45contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstilla46agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreat

abundanceandprosperity.

Thisview,47,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists48historyandeconomics,have49twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was50bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedthe

conditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.

41.[A]admitted

[B]believed

[C]claimed

[D]predicted

368<<

[A]plain

[A]momentary

[A]bulk

[A]On

[A]broadly

[A]however

[A]at

[A]manifested

[A]noted

[B]average

[B]prompt

[B]host

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[B]thoroughly[B]meanwhile

[B]in

[B]approved

[B]impressed

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[C]gross

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[C]generally

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[D]normal

[D]immediate

[D]magnitude

[D]By

[D]completely

[D]moreover

[D]for

[D]speculated

[D]marked

1999

Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies41lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthem42andactive.Whentheworkiswelldone,a43ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished44timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.

Successfulsafetyprogramsmay45greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby46rulesorregulations.47othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.

Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Froma?nancialstandpoint

alone,safety48.Thefewertheinjury49,thebettertheworkman’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat50orataloss.

[A]at

[A]alive

[A]regulation

[A]where

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[A]constituting

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[B]aggravating

[B]Many[B]turnsup

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[C]shift[C]observing[C]Even

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[D]with[D]diverse[D]requirement[D]unless[D]distinguish[D]justifying[D]Still

[D]holdsup

>>369

49.[A]claims

[B]reports

[C]declarations

[C]aninterest

[D]proclamations

[D]apro?t

50.[A]anadvantage[B]abene?t

2000

Ifafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegap

betweenhisconsumption

andhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain41consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily42heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsurance43theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto44oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto45thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation46andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailable,afarmercannotbe47.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor48extrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow49ofinterest,butloansof

thiskindarenot50obtainable.

[A]otherthan

[A]onlyif

[A]for

[A]replace

[A]enhance

[A]vessels

[B]aswellas[B]muchas[B]against[B]purchase[B]mix

[B]routes

[C]insteadof[C]longbefore[C]of[C]supplement[C]feed[C]paths[C]self-satis?ed[C]offer

[C]rate

[C]presumably

[D]morethan[D]eversince[D]towards[D]dispose[D]raise[D]channels[D]self-restrained[D]seek

[D]ratio

[D]frequently

47.[A]self-con?dent[B]self-suf?cient

[A]search

[A]proportion

[A]genuinely

[B]save[B]percentage

[B]obviously

2001

Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases31 thetrialofRosemaryWest.

Inasigni?cant32 oflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,will

introducea33 billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses34 andwillstrictly

370<<

controltheamountof35 thatcanbegiventoacase36 atrialbegins.

InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommittee,LordIrvinesaidhe37 withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatself-regulationdid

not38 suf?cientcontrol.

39 ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda40 ofmediaprotestwhen

hesaidthe 41 ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges42 toParliament.

TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which43 theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally44 inBritain,laiddownthateverybodywas45 to

privacyandthatpublic?gurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies.

“Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands46 ourBritishjudges,”hesaid.

Witnesspaymentsbecamean47afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere48tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised49witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto

50guiltyverdicts.

[A]asto

[A]tightening

[A]sketch

[A]illogical

[A]publicity

[A]since

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[A]present

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[A]storm

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[B]forinstance

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[B]rage

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[C]popularity

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[C]exhibition

[D]suchas

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[D]draft

[D]improper

[D]peculiarity

[D]as

[D]agreed

[D]indicate

[D]Exposure[D]?ash

[D]demonstration

>>371

42.[A]betterthan [B]otherthan

[C]ratherthan

[D]soonerthan

2002

Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened21.Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot22the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic23,followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe24oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution25up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading26throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpictures27the20thcenturyworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin

28.Itisimportanttodoso.

Itisgenerallyrecognized,29,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,30bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,31itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately32.Astimewentby,computers

becamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame“personal”too,aswellas33,withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage34increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,35

generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch36.

Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm“informationsociety”begantobewidelyusedtodescribethe37 withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas38

bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeen

39 viewsaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications.“Bene?ts”havebeenweighed40 “harmful”outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddif?cult.

[A]between

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372<<

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[C]capacity

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[D]perspective

[D]therefore

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[D]plausible

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[D]inlinewith

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[D]territory

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[D]with

33.[A]institutional[B]universal

34.[A]ability

[B]capability

35.[A]bymeansof[B]intermsof

[A]deeper

[A]context

[A]regarded

[A]competitive

[A]above

[B]fewer

[B]range

[B]impressed

[B]controversial

[B]upon

2003

Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious21tohowtheycanbebest22suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand23,butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.24theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe25thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare26byothers.However,thetypicalteenagelifestyleisalready?lledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe27toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers,28,publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews,29studentartwork,andsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide30opportunitiesforleadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessful31dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagers,andmanyshystudentsneedthe32ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult33visibleinthebackground.

Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthattheyoungteenshave34attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized35participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto36elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants

37.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.38theycanhelpstudents

>>373

acquireasenseofcommitmentby39forrolesthatarewithintheir40andtheirattentionspans

andbyhavingclearlystatedrules.

[A]thought

[A]strengthen

[A]care

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[A]particularly

[A]similar

[A]ifonly

[A]everything

[A]off

[B]idea

[B]accommodate

[B]nutrition

[B]Although

[B]guidance

[B]admired

[B]risky

[B]asaresult

[B]describing

[B]excessive

[B]individual

[B]insurance

[B]barely

[B]long

[B]nowthat

[B]anything

[B]down

[C]opinion

[C]stimulate

[C]exercise

[C]Whereas

[C]con?dence

[C]ignored

[C]fair

[C]forexample

[C]creating

[C]surplus

[C]personnel

[C]admission

[C]de?nitely

[C]different

[C]sothat

[C]nothing

[C]out

[D]advice

[D]enhance

[D]leisure

[D]Because

[D]tolerance

[D]surpassed

[D]wise

[D]inasense

[D]exchanging

[D]multiple

[D]corporation

[D]security

[D]rarely

[D]short

[D]evenif

[D]something

[D]alone

[A]Onthecontrary[B]Ontheaverage

[A]making [B]standing

[A]capabilities[B]responsibilities

[C]Onthewhole[D]Ontheotherhand

[C]planning [D]taking

[C]pro?ciency[D]ef?ciency

2004

Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency(crimescommittedbyyoungpeople)focuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributingin?uence.Theories21ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior22theywerenotsuf?cientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough23withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin24totheir

failuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus,25asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues.

374<<

Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies,26thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes27lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheories,however,aretentativeandare28tocriticism.

Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly29juvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythat30tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment31makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydif?culttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin32leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior.

Familieshavealso33changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;34,childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome35wascommoninthetraditionalfamily36.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeanin?uenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other37causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschool,theincreased38ofdrugsandalcohol,andthegrowing39ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,

40adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.

[A]acting

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[B]assimilation

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[B]reduce

[B]lead

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[B]short

[B]noticed

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[B]that

[B]structure

[C]centering

[C]until

[C]cooperation

[C]reference

[C]but

[C]highlighting

[C]for

[C]sensitive

[C]chock

[C]come

[C]bycontrast

[C]turn

[C]undertaken

[C]similarly

[C]which

[C]concept

[D]commenting

[D]because

[D]consultation

[D]response

[D]orelse

[D]discarding

[D]with

[D]subject

[D]re?ect

[D]amount

[D]atlength

[D]essence

[D]experienced

[D]simultaneously

[D]as

[D]heritage

>>375

[A]assessable

[A]expense

[A]incidence

[A]provided

[B]identi?able

[B]restriction

[B]awareness

[B]since

[C]negligible

[C]allocation

[C]exposure

[C]although

[D]incredible

[D]availability

[D]popularity

[D]supposing

2005

Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,1thisislargelybecause,2animals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare3toperceivingthosesmellswhich?oatthroughtheair,4themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact,5,weareextremelysensitivetosmells,6wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof7humansmellsevenwhentheseare8tofarbelowonepartinonemillion.

Strangely,somepeople?ndthattheycansmellonetypeof?owerbutnotanother,9othersaresensitivetothesmellsofboth?owers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate10smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend11tothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell12cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen13toitoftenenough.

Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatbrain?ndsit14tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan15newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay16explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmellswesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot17

oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe18newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’s.Thebrain?ndsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors19forunfamiliarandemergencysignals20the

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376<<

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2006

ThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica’spopulation.1,homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentcan’tpossibly2.Tohelphomelesspeople3independence,thefederalgovernmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms,4theminimum

wage,andfundmorelow-costhousing.

5everyoneagreesonthenumberofAmericanswhoarehomeless.Estimates6anywherefrom600,000to3million.7the?guremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessis8.Oneofthefederalgovernment’sstudies9thatthe

numberofthehomelesswillreachnearly19millionbytheendofthisdecade.

Findingwaysto10thisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydif?cult.11whenhomelessindividualsmanageto?nda12thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday13thestreet.Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Andasigni?cantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers,14notaddictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeveryday15skillsneedtoturntheirlives16.BostonGlobereporterChrisReidynotesthatthesituationwillimproveonlywhenthereare17programsthataddressthemanyneedsofthehomeless.18EdwardZlotkowsk,directorofcommunityserviceatBentley

CollegeinMassachusetts,19it,“Therehastobe20ofprograms.What’sneededisapackagedeal.”

>>377

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