印度網(wǎng)絡(luò)內(nèi)容管理市場(chǎng)調(diào)研和分析報(bào)告（英文版）-2024年1月上傳培訓(xùn)課件

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TRENDSContentregulationinIndiaCHAPTER

01FreedomofexpressionGlobalfreedomofexpressionin2022,bycountryGlobalfreedomofexpression2022,bycountryGxRmetricscore(0-100)0102030405060708090100DenmarkSwedenNorwaySwitzerlandFinland9593939392EstoniaBelgiumIreland929292GermanyItaly898989LatviaNewZealandSpain88884Description:In2022,DenmarkledtherankingofterritoriesintheGlobalExpressionReport(GxR),withametricscoreof95.Sweden,Norway,andSwitzerlandfollowedbehindwith93.NorthKoreawasatthebottomoftherankingwithascoreofzero,followedbyTurkmenistanandSyria,withonepointeach.OntheGxRmeasure,ahigherscoreindicatesamoreopensocietywherethereisgreaterfreedomofexpression.

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2022Source(s):Article19DegreeoffreedomofexpressionenjoyedinIndiafrom2006to2022(indexoutof10)DegreeoffreedomofexpressionIndia2006-202210999998765432108765200620082010201220142016202020225Description:AccordingtotheBertelsmannTransformationIndex(BTI),thedegreeoffreedomofexpressionprevalentinIndiahassteadilydeclinedsince2014.Asof2022,theSouthAsiandemocracyscored5onascaleof10inthisaspect.Anincreasingtrendofcensorshipofgovernmentcriticsincludingnewsoutletsandsocialmediaplatformshasemergedsince2014.ReadmoreNote(s):India;2006to2022Source(s):BertelsmannStiftungDegreeofinternetfreedominselectedcountriesworldwideaccordingtotheFreedomHouseIndexin2022(indexpoints)FreedomHouseIndex:internetfreedominselectedcountriesworldwide2022Score0102030405060708090100IcelandEstonia9593CostaRicaCanada8887TaiwanUnitedKingdomGeorgia797978777776GermanyJapanUnitedStatesFrance7676AustraliaItaly756Description:In2022,Icelandwastheworldwideleaderintermsofinternetfreedom.Thecountryrankedfirstwith95indexpointsintheFreedomHouseIndex,whereeachcountryreceivedanumericalscorefrom100(thefreest)to0(theleastfree).Chinaoccupiedthelastplace,scoringonlytenindexpointsbasedonvariousfactors,includingobstaclestoaccess,limitsoncontent,andviolationsofuserrights.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;June2021toMay2022;70countriesSource(s):FreedomHouseDegreeoffreedomontheinternetacrossIndiafrom2016to2022(scoreoutof100)DegreeofinternetfreedominIndia2016-20227059596050403020100575551514920162017201820192020202120227Description:In2022,India'sscoreoninternetfreedomimprovedslightlyfrom49in2021to51in2022,indicatinga"partlyfree"internet.Scoresshowedadecliningtrendsince2017.Evidenceshowedthatapartfromprogramstoexpandinternetinfrastructure,theModi-ledBJPgovernmentcontinuedtoimposeinternetshutdowns,orderedtheblockingofwebsitesandcontentremovalfromsocialmedia,aswellasharassedjournalistsandmarginalizedcommunities.Thisreflectedonline,andwasdespite[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):India;2016to2022Source(s):FreedomHousePressfreedomindexintheAsia-Pacificregionin2022,bycountryorterritoryPressfreedomindexAPAC2022,bycountryIndexscore(0-100)4001020305060708090NewZealandTimor-LesteBhutanTaiwanAustraliaSouthKoreaSamoa83.5481.8976.4674.0873.7772.1171.3969.74TongaPapuaNewGuineaJapan66.6664.3762.67NepalMaldivesMongolia59.5559.178Description:NewZealandhadthebiggestpressfreedomintheAsia-Pacificregionasof2022,scoring83.54outof100possiblepoints.Incomparison,Vietnam,China,Myanmar,andNorthKoreawereestimatedtohavethelowestlevelsofpressfreedomintheAsia-Pacificregionasof2022.ReadmoreNote(s):Asia,APAC;2022Source(s):ReportersWithoutBordersWorldPressFreedomRankofIndiafrom2002to2023PressfreedomrankIndia2002-20231801601401201008060402002002

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20239Description:Followingadecliningtrendthatemergedin2017,India'spressfreedomrankdroppedfurtherto161outof180countriessurveyedintheWorldPressFreedomIndexreleasedbyReportersWithoutBordersin2023.Withascoreof36.6theSouthAsiandemocracywasamongregionswherethefreedomofthepresswasseriouslythreatened.ThePressFreedomIndexscorein2023wasevaluatedbasedonthepolitical,economic,andsocioculturalcontextsaswellasthelegalframeworkand[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):India;2002to2023;180countriesandterritoriesscoredonascalefrom0to100.;*ReportersWithoutBordersassignedacombinedscorefortheyears2011and2012.Note:Themethodologyemployedbythesourcetoevaluatepress[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):ReportersWithoutBorders;WorldBankCivillibertiesindexscoreofIndiafrom2006to2022CivillibertiesindexinIndia2006-202210.09.419.419.419.419.419.419.419.59.08.58.07.57.06.56.05.55.09.129.127.357.356.766.186.185.5920062008201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202210Description:ThecivillibertiesindexinIndiafellfrom9.12outof10in2016to5.59in2020,albeitincreasingslightlysince.Therehavebeenincreasingrestrictionsforcivilsocietyorganizations(CSOs)andcivillibertiesinIndiainrecentyears,includingstrictercontrolofCSO-fundingandincreasingviolenceagainstethnicminorities.ReadmoreNote(s):India;2006to2022Source(s):EconomistIntelligenceUnit;OWIDCHAPTER

02SocialmediaNumberofgovernmentandcourtrequestsforcontentremovalfromFacebookIndiafrom1sthalfof2016to2ndhalfof2022(in1000s)GovernmentrequestsforcontentremovalfromFacebookIndia2016-2022706063.955.550.385040302010045.2840.335.5626.722.6820.8116.5812.179.857.296.32H12016

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H2202212Description:TheIndiangovernmentmadealmost64thousandrequestsforcontentremovalfromFacebookbetweenJulyandDecember2022.Thiswasthehighestnumberofrequestsrecordedsince2013.Amajorityofthesewerelegalprocessrequests.Over68percentoftherequestsmadethatyearwerecompliedwithbytheplatformtosomeextent.ReadmoreNote(s):India;H12016toH22022Source(s):FacebookContentrestrictionsonFacebookIndiafromJanuarytoJune2022,bytypeContentrestrictionsonFacebookIndiaH12022,bytype35030025020015010050333137710ProfilePageandgroupPost13Description:Outofmorethan700contentrestrictionsrequestedbythegovernmenttobeimposedbyFacebookinIndiabetweenJanuaryandJune2022,amajoritywasimplementedonposts.Thiswasfollowedbyprofilesandpagesandgroups.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;JanuarytoJune2022Source(s):FacebookRequestsforuserinformationfromTwitterIndiafromJulytoDecember2021,bytypeRequestsforuserinformationfromTwitterIndiaH22021,bytype2,5002,0001,5001,0002,2112,0275001840EmergencyRoutineTotal14/statistics/1219152/india-requests-for-user-information-by-type-twitterBetweenJulyandDecember2021,morethantwothousanduserinformationrequestsweremadetoX,formerlyTwitter,bythegovernmentinIndia.Amongthese,onlyabout184requestsforuserinformationwerefromanemergencystandpoint.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;JulytoDecember2021Source(s):TwitterContentrestrictionsonInstagramIndiafromJanuarytoJune2022,bytypeContentrestrictionsonInstagramIndiaH12022,bytype25020015010050191127640MediaAccountTotal15Description:Of191contentrestrictionsonFacebook'sInstagramapplicationbetweenJanuaryandJune2022inIndia,amajoritywasimplementedonaccounts.Thecompanyreportedover60restrictionsonitsmediaduringthattime.ContentregulationinIndiahasbeenintensifiedacrossmediaformats,especiallyonline,overthepastfewyears.ReadmoreNote(s):India;JanuarytoJune2022Source(s):FacebookCHAPTER

03InternetTotalnumberofwebsitesblockedinIndiafrom2015to2022NumberofwebsitesblockedIndia2015-202214,00011,80012,00010,0008,0006,0004,0002,000010,1009,5009,1006,0003,75020213,7501,6502016201520172018201920202022*17Description:In2022,theIndiangovernmentblockedmorethan3.7thousandwebsitesacrossIndiaunderSection69AoftheITAct.TheoverallnumberofwebsitesblockedinIndiabetween2015and2022grossedover55thousand.ThechiefbodieswiththepowertoblockinformationontheInternetinIndiaaretheMinistryofElectronicsandInformationTechnology(MEITY)andtheMinistryofInformationandBroadcasting(MIB).ReadmoreNote(s):India;2015to2022;*TillSeptember2022.ReadmoreSource(s):SFLC.in;estimatesTotalnumberofwebsitesblockedinIndiafrom2015to2022,byissuingauthorityNumberofwebsitesblockedIndia2015-2022,byissuingauthorityMEITY*Court12,00010,0009,9908,8678,0006,0004,0002,00006,1825,5423,7193,4482,9802,8571,8721,5271,4299119116655422015567201620172018201920202021202218Description:In2022,morethanathousandwebsitesacrossIndiawereblockedbytheMinistryofElectronicsandInformationTechnology(MEITY).Comparatively,inthesameyear,orderstoblockwebsitesissuedbycourtsinIndiatalliedoverninehundredwebsitesacrossthecountry.Oneofthereasonsprovidedfortheorderswastheenhancementofcybersecurity.Theoverallnumberofwebsitesblockedbetween2015and2022intheSouthAsiandemocracyamountedto55,580.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;2015to2022;*MinistryofElectronicsandInformationTechnology.ReadmoreSource(s):SFLC.in;estimatesNumberofillegaloffshorebettingsitesfoundandblockedbythegovernmentofIndiain2023DisposalofillegaloffshorebettingsitesbygovernmentIndia2023160140138120100806040200114FoundBlocked19Description:In2023,thegovernmentofIndiafoundabout114illegaloffshorebettingandgamblingsitesoperatinginthecountrythroughdomainfarming.Thatsameyear,justunder140suchsitesandappswereblockedbyorderoftheMinistryofElectronicsandInformationTechnologyofIndia.Overthepastcoupleofyears,severalwebsitesandplatforms,especiallythosewithallegedlinkstoChina,havebeenshutdownbytheIndiangovernment.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;2023Source(s):TheEconomicTimesAppslinkedtoChinablockedbythegovernmentinIndiabetween2021and2023,bytypeChineseappsblockedbygovernmentIndia2021-2023,bytype45040040035030025020015010050138940Gaming,photoediting,webbrowser,etc.GamblingandbettingQuick-loanprovidingapps20Description:Between2021and2023,theIndiangovernmentblockedabout400Chineseappsthatincludedgames,photoeditors,andwebbrowsers.Another200orsoappswithallegedlinkstoChinawerealsoblockedin2023,amajorityofwhichwereoffshoregamblingandbettingplatforms.Thiswasattributedtothecountry'sdeterioratingrelationswithChinaovertheborderconflictandabanimposedbythegovernmentonChineseproductsandservicesin2020.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;2021to2023Source(s):TheEconomicTimesNumberofgovernmentandcourtrequestsforcontentremovalfromGoogleIndiafrom1sthalfof2010to1sthalfof2023GovernmentrequestsforcontentremovalfromGoogleIndia2010-20232,5002,0001,5002,3112,2902,1912,1151,3321,2841,1901,0749901,0005000906890H1760H2466H1332H2295H1243H1227H18430H1H1H2H1H2H1H2H1H2H1H2H12010

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202321Description:TheIndiangovernmentmadeabout2.2thousandcontentremovalrequestsfromGoogleduringthesecondhalfoftheyear2023,anincreasecomparedtothesameperiodinthepreviousyear.Themostcommonlycitedreasonsforthiswereimpersonationfollowedbydefamation.Inthepastcoupleofyears,thenumberofcontentremovalrequestsaddressedbyIndiatoGooglehavespiked.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;H12010toH12023Source(s):GoogleReasonsforgovernmentandcourtrequestsforcontentremovalfromGoogleIndiafromJanuarytoJune2023ReasonsforcontentremovalrequestsbygovernmentfromGoogleIndiaH12023Shareofreasonsforcontentremovalrequests10%

15%0%5%20%25%30%ImpersonationDefamation27%16%Fraud9%Other7%NationalsecurityHatespeech6%6%Bullying/harassmentGeographicaldisputeCopyright5%5%5%Obscenity/nudityPrivacyandsecurityTrademark4%4%2%ViolenceReligiousoffenseGovernmentcriticism1%1%1%22Description:Withinthefirstsemesterof2023,impersonationwastheleadingreasonformostcontentremovalrequestsmadebytheIndiangovernmenttothesearchgiant,Google.Itaccountedfor27percent.Defamationmadeupthesecondleadingreasonduringthesametimeperiod.Moreover,anincreaseintheshareofrequestsrelatedtofraudwasalsonotedcomparedtothefirsthalfof2022,makingitthethirdleadingreason.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;JanuarytoJune2023Source(s):GoogleCHAPTER

04AdvertisingDistributionofadvertisingcomplaintsprocessedinIndiain2023,bysourceShareofadvertisingcomplaintsaddressedinIndia2023,bysource10087.990807060504030201009.11.80.70.5Suomoto(ASCI)GeneralpublicIndustryConsumerorganisationGovernment24Description:In2023,nearly88percentofadvertisingcomplaintsinIndiawasaddressedsuomoto,thatisbytheASCIitself.Thegeneralpublicwasthenextmajorsourceofcomplaintslodgedthatyear.Asmanyas8,951complaintswereregisteredin2023withover7,000havingbeenprocessed.ReadmoreNote(s):India;May2023;7,928adsSource(s):AdvertisingStandardsCouncilofIndiaDistributionofadvertisingviolationsinIndiain2023,bymediaShareofadviolationsIndia2023,bymedia80%75%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%21%3%TV1%DigitalPrintOthers25Description:AcrossallmediachannelsandplatformsinIndia,digitalmediasawthehighestshareofadvertisementsinviolationofASCIguidelinesat75percentin2023.Printmediafollowedwiththenextlargestshareofsuchads.TheAdvertisingStandardsCouncilofIndiaisaself-regulatorybodythatgovernsadvertisementsacrossallmediatypesandformatswhileworkingtowardsconsumerprotection.ReadmoreNote(s):India;May2023;7,928adsSource(s):AdvertisingStandardsCouncilofIndiaDistributionofdigitalmediaadvertisementsinviolationofASCIguidelinesinIndiain2023,byplatformDigitalmediaadsinviolationofASCIguidelinesIndia2023,byplatform35%33%31%30%25%20%15%10%5%22%12%2%0%InstagramFacebookWebsiteYouTubeOther26Description:Amongthevariousdigitalplatforms,InstagramsawthehighestshareofdigitalmediaadvertisementsinviolationofASCIguidelinesinIndiain2023at33percent.ItwasfollowedbyFacebook.Digitalmediaaccountedfor75percentofallviolativeadsacrossmediaformatsinIndiathatyear.ReadmoreNote(s):India;May2023;7928adsSource(s):AdvertisingStandardsCouncilofIndiaComplaintsagainstinfluencersinIndiain2023,bycategoryInfluenceradsinviolationofASCIguidelinesIndia2023,bycategory40%35.56%35%30%25%20%14.57%14.22%15%10%5%7.9%4.27%0%PersonalcareFoodandbeveragesFashionandlifestyleE-commerceServices27Description:In2023,personalcarewastheleadingcategorytoregistercomplaintsagainstinfluencerswhoviolatedASCIguidelinesinIndia,thatamountedtoover35percent.Food,beverages,fashion,andlifestylefollowedwiththesecondhighestshareofinfluencerviolations.Over2,000complaintswerefiledagainstinfluencersthatyearwhichcontributedto26percentoftheoveralladvertisingcomplaintslodgedin2023.ReadmoreNote(s):India;May2023;7,928ads;complaintsprocessedagainstinfluencerswere2039Source(s):AdvertisingStandardsCouncilofIndiaCHAPTER

05FilmandnewsmediaNumberoffilmscertifiedbytheCentralBoardofFilmCertification(CBFC)inIndiafromfiscalyear2019to2023NumberofCBFCcertificationsgrantedIndiaFY2019-202325,00022,57020,59320,00018,07015,00010,0005,000012,7198,299FY2019FY2020FY2021FY2022FY202329Description:Morethan18thousandmovieswerecertifiedbytheCentralBoardofFilmCertification(CBFC)inIndiaduringthefinancialyear2023.Itreflectedthegrowingtrendinfilmcertificationswithinthecountrythatresurgedsincehavingdippeddrasticallyinthefinancialyear2021.WhiletheCBFCattributedthedeclinetotheoutbreakofthecoronaviruspandemic,thereductioninthenumberoffilmcertificationsgrantedcouldbetracedbacktofiscalyear2020.ReadmoreNote(s):India;FY2019toFY2023Source(s):CBFC(India);TimesofIndiaFilmscertifiedbytheCentralBoardofFilmCertification(CBFC)aftermakingeditsinIndiafromfiscalyear2020to2023CBFCcertificationsgrantedaftereditingIndiaFY2020-2023Column1Column23,0002,5002,0001,5001,0005002018161412108278517.7715.02191113.5211.131475105664200FY2020FY2021FY2022FY2023*30Description:LeadinguptoSeptember2022inthefiscalyear2023,overathousandfilmswererequiredtoadoptmodificationsorcutsadvisedbytheCentralBoard.Thisaccountedforover11percentofroughlyninethousandfilmscertifiedbetweenAprilandSeptember2022.Thiswasrelativelylessthantheshareoffilmsmodifiedinthefiscalyear2021thatamountedtonearly18percent,thehighestinafour-yearspanbetweenfinancialyear2020and2023.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;FY2020toFY2023;*Forfiscalyear2023,theCBFCprovideddataonlyforfilmscertifiedbetweenApril1andSeptember30,2022,whichamountedto9,484films.Note:India'sfinancialyearbeginsinAprilandendsinMarch.For[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):CBFC(India);TimesofIndiaAnnualnumberofmediarightsviolationcasesinIndiafrom2016to2023NumberofmediarightsviolationsIndia2016-202370626050394030201003735242315720162017201820192020202120222023*31Description:Bytheendofthefirsttrimesterof2023,Indiahadrecordedsevencasesofmediarightsviolations.TheoverallnumberofmediarightsviolationsintheSouthAsiandemocracysince2016amountedto242.ThedegreeofpressfreedominIndiahassteadilydeclinedsince2014.CriticismoftheModi-ledgovernmentbynewsorganizationswasoftenmetwithattacksonthesemediainstitutionsaswellasjournalists.ReadmoreNote(s):India;2016to2023;*Datarecordeduntil30April2023.ReadmoreSource(s):IFJMediarightsviolationcasesinIndiabetween2022and2023,byjournalistsafetyindicatorNumberofmediarightsviolationsIndia2022-2023,byJSINumberofviolations6024810121416OtherthreatstojournalistsNon-fatalattacksonjournalistsAttacksonmediainstitutionsKillingsofjournalists1432232Description:BetweenMay2022andApril2023,themostnumberofmediarightsviolationscarriedoutinIndiawerecategorizedunder"Otherthreatstojournalists"tallying14cases.Thiswasfollowedbynon-fatalattacksonjournalists.ThedegreeofpressfreedominIndiahassteadilydeclinedsince2014.CriticismoftheModi-ledgovernmentbynewsorganizationswasoftenmetwithretaliationintheformofraids,arrests,andphysicalattacks.ReadmoreNote(s):India;May1,2022toApril30,2023Source(s):IFJMediarightsviolationcasesinIndiabetween2022and2023,byIFJindicatorNumberofmediarightsviolationsIndia2022-2023,byIFJindicatorNumberofviolations201345678Attacks/threatsonrural,regionalorminorityjournalists7Arrests/jailingLegalcases533Legislation/governmentcontrolsAttacks/threatsagainstfreelancersDefamationattacks/threats1133Description:BetweenMay2022andApril2023,sevencasesofattacksonrural,regional,orminorityjournalistsinIndiawerereported.ThenextleadingIFJindicatorofmediarightsviolationswasthejailingofjournalists.ThedegreeofpressfreedominIndiahassteadilydeclinedsince2014.CriticismoftheModi-ledgovernmentbynewsorganizationswasoftenmetwithretaliationintheformofraids,arrests,andphysicalattacks.ReadmoreNote(s):India;May1,2022toApril30,2023Source(s):IFJReportsofjournalistsimprisonedinIndiabetween1992and2022,bychargeImprisonmentofjournalistsIndia1992-2022,bycharge20181614121086420Anti-stateRetaliatoryUndisclosedchargeEthnicorreligiousinsult34Description:Inthe30yearspanbetween1992and2022,about25journalistsweresentencedtoprisoninIndia.Themajorityofjournalists,amountingto18,werearrestedonanti-statecharges.Thiswasfollowedbythegroupofjournalistsimprisonedunderretaliatorycharges.PressfreedominIndiahasincreasinglybeencurtailedwiththecountryranking150thontheWorldPressIndexin2022.ReadmoreNote(s):India;1992to2022Source(s):CPJPublicperceptionofpartisanshipinnewsmediacoverageinIndiain2022OpiniononbiasinnewsmediacoverageIndia2022ToofavorableToounfavorableUnbiasedNoresponse120%100%80%60%40%20%0%22%30%22%19%14%37%11%45%MediaportrayalofModigovernmentMediaportrayalofOpposition35Description:Inasurveyconductedin2022,45percentofrespondentsstatedthatnewsmediaoutletsinIndiareportedontheBJP-ledgovernmentveryfavorably.Simultaneously,37percentofrespondentsalsoreportedthatnewsorganizationscoveredtheoppositionpartytoounfavorably.Thus,newsconsumersinIndiawereacutelyawareofthenewsmediainIndiabeingbiasedintheirreporting.ReadmoreNote(s):India;January2022;7463respondents;15yearsandolder;citizensfromacross19statesandunionterritoriesofIndiaSource(s):CentrefortheStudyofDevelopingSocieties(CSDS);Konrad-Adenauer-StiftungCHAPTER

06NeedforregulationNumberofcybercrimesreportedacrossIndiafrom2012to2021NumberofcybercrimesreportedinIndia2012-202160,00052,97450,03550,00040,00030,00020,00010,000044,54627,24821,79612,317201611,59220159,62220145,69320133,47720122017201820192020202137/statistics/309435/india-cyber-crime-it-actIndiasawasignificantjumpincybercrimesreportedin2021fromthepreviousyear.Thatyear,over52thousandcybercrimeincidentswereregistered.KarnatakaandUttarPradeshaccountedforthehighestshareduringthemeasuredtimeperiod.ReadmoreNote(s):India;2012to2021Source(s):NCRB(India)NumberofcybercrimeswithpiracyasthemotivereportedacrossIndiain2021,byleadingstatePiracyasmotiveforcybercrimesIndia2021,byleadingstateNumberofincidentsrecorded1005152025TamilNaduUttarPradeshPunjab23149UttarakhandManipur866AndhraPradeshHaryana22DelhiGujarat1111JammuandKashmirKeralaHimachalPradesh38Description:In2021,thesouthernstateofTamilNaduinIndiahadthehighestnumberofcybercrimesrelatedtopiracy,with23casesregisteredwiththeauthorities.Thecountryrecorded74casesofcybercrimeoffencesthatwerecommittedwiththeintentofsellingortransmittingpiratedcontentthatyear.ThesecrimescameunderthepurviewofnumeroussectionsoftheIndianPenalCodeunderInformationTechnologyAct(Cybercrimes).ReadmoreNote(s):India;2021Source(s):NCRB(India)NumberoffakenewspropagationoffencesreportedacrossIndiain2021,byleadingstateFakenewspropagationoffencesreportedinIndia2021,byleadingstateNumberofincidentsrecorded20

250510153035404550WestBengalTelanganaUttarPradeshTamilNaduMaharashtraAndhraPradeshRajasthan4334242315147MadhyaPradeshAssam65Bihar3Gujarat2ChhattisgarhMizoram111Manipur39Description:In2021,thestateofWestBengalinIndiahadthehighestnumberoffakenewspropagationincidentscomparedtotherestofthecountry,withapproximately43casesregisteredwiththeauthorities.Thecountryrecordedatotalofaround179suchincidentsthatyear.ThiscategoryofcrimefellwithinthescopeoftheInformationTechnologyAct,whichcameunderthepurviewofthesection505oftheIndianPenalCode(IPC)andspecialandlocallaws(SL