山東大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院《621實(shí)踐英語》歷年考研真題及詳解合集

目錄2015年山東大學(xué)621實(shí)踐英語考研真題及詳解2016年山東大學(xué)621實(shí)踐英語考研真題及詳解2017年山東大學(xué)621實(shí)踐英語考研真題及詳解2018年山東大學(xué)621實(shí)踐英語考研真題及詳解

2015年山東大學(xué)621實(shí)踐英語考研真題及詳解Ⅰ.Multiplechoices(每題1分，共10分)Thereare10incompletesentencesinthissection.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChooseONEanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.1.Whenyou’redrivingonamotorway,youmustobeythesignstellingyoutogetintotheright_____.A.wayB.trackC.roadD.lane【答案】D【解析】句意：在高速公路上開車時(shí)必須遵循車道標(biāo)志。way指的是為了到達(dá)某個(gè)地點(diǎn)而要經(jīng)過的地方，比較籠統(tǒng)、抽象。track指“不平坦的小路”，還可以指鐵軌，比賽的跑道等。road指“大道，公路”，通行的道路。lane指的是“公路上用黃線或白線劃開的車道”。根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)該選D。2.The_____goalofthehookistohelpbridgethegapbetweenresearchandteaching,particularlythegapbetweenresearchersandteachers.

A.jointB.intensiveC.overallD.decisive【答案】C【解析】句意：這本書總的目的是幫助建立研究與教學(xué)之間，特別是研究人員與教師之間的聯(lián)系。overall意為“總的，全部的”，符合句意，因此正確答案為C。intensive深入細(xì)致的。concise簡明的。joint合辦的，共有的。3.Youmustn’tallowagoldenopportunityto_____throughyourfingersoryouwillregretlater.A.dropB.slipC.glideD.slide【答案】B【解析】句意：千萬別讓大好機(jī)會從指縫溜過，否則日后將追悔莫及。dropthrough“失敗，落空”，不符合句意。在此slip，glide，slide三者都由“滑過”的意思，但glide主要指有意的、持續(xù)的、平穩(wěn)的滑行。slide主要表示某物在另一物表面的滑動。slip多指無意的、急速的、短距離的滑動，常有因不小心或失去平穩(wěn)等造成之意。因而此處用slip表示“錯(cuò)失良機(jī)”的意思更為恰當(dāng)。

4.ThefirstpointtonoteisthatneithertheBankofEnglandnortheTreasurycandoanythingmuchto_____thepoundaslongastheeuroremainsontheropes.A.reserveB.restrainC.retainD.replace【答案】C【解析】句意：首先要注意的一點(diǎn)是，只要?dú)W元的地位岌岌可危，英國央行和財(cái)政部就都沒有辦法保持英鎊的穩(wěn)定。retain有“保持，穩(wěn)定”之意，符合句意。reserve儲備，保留。restrain控制，約束。replace代替。5.Thisisnotaneconomicalwaytogetmorewater;_____,itisveryexpensive.A.ontheotherhandB.onthecontraryC.inshortD.orelse【答案】B【解析】句意：這不是得到更多水的省錢方法，相反，它非常昂貴。onthecontrary表示“相反”，與句意符合，故本題選B。

6.Thesepilotsmustnowfacethe_____oftheiractionsandbebroughttotrial.A.consequenceB.aftermathC.resultsD.effect【答案】A【解析】句意：這些飛行員現(xiàn)在必須承擔(dān)自己行為的后果，接受審判。這組詞均含有“結(jié)果”的意思：consequence帶有貶義，一般表示一種不好的結(jié)局，常譯為“后果”，符合句意。aftermath指發(fā)生天災(zāi)人禍之后上隨之而來的不良的，甚至更嚴(yán)重的后果或余波。result是最普通的用詞，用途最廣，指很多效果、后果的綜合，帶有“最后結(jié)果”的意味。effect與cause（原因，起因）相對，強(qiáng)調(diào)由某種原因直接或立即產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，意為“效果，效力，作用，影響”。7.Manypeoplewereinfavoroftheproposalthataspecialcommittee_____toinvestigatetheincident.A.weresetupB.wassetupC.besetupD.setup【答案】C

【解析】句意：許多人同意他的提議，應(yīng)該成立一個(gè)特別委員會調(diào)查此事。proposal后面的同位語從句中的謂語動詞應(yīng)該用should+動詞原形形式的虛擬語氣。committee與setup之間為被動關(guān)系，故應(yīng)該選C。8.Nancy’sgonetoworkbuthercar’sstillthere.She_____bybus.A.musthavegoneB.shouldhavegoneC.oughttohavegoneD.couldhavegone【答案】A【解析】句意：南希已經(jīng)去上班了，但她的車還在那里。她肯定是坐公交車去的。musthavedone表示肯定的猜測。shouldhavedone和oughttohavedone都表示本應(yīng)做而沒做。couldhavedone表示不太確定的猜測。根據(jù)上一句的語境，可斷定是肯定的猜測，A項(xiàng)為正確選項(xiàng)。9.Thegovernmenthaspromisedtodo_____liesinitspowertoeasethehardshipsofthevictimsintheflood-strickenarea.A.howeverB.whicheverC.whateverD.wherever【答案】C

【解析】句意：政府已經(jīng)承諾會盡一切能力來減輕洪災(zāi)地區(qū)災(zāi)民的困難。這里do后面缺少賓語，liein前面缺少主語，whatever引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語從句做主句的賓語，并在從句中充當(dāng)主語，相當(dāng)于anythingthat，意為“政府能做的事”。10.Thereislittledoubt,however,_____thingswillimproveinthenottoodistantfuture.A.whyB.thatC.whetherD.when【答案】B【解析】句意：然而毋庸置疑的是，事情在不遠(yuǎn)的將來會有所改善。doubt后面接從句時(shí)若前面表示肯定意義則用連詞whether，若表示否定意義則接that，這里littledoubt表否定，意為“毫無疑問”，因此要用that。Ⅱ.ErrorCorrection(每題1分，共10分)CorrecttheONEerrorineachofthefollowingsentencesastheexampleshows.Example:Heisstudents.students→astudent1.Theyarereluctanttosharethemselves’experiencewithothers.

【答案】themselves’→their【解析】這里表示他們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，因此要用形容詞形的復(fù)數(shù)第三人稱的所有格形式their后接experience，而themselves則是復(fù)數(shù)第三人稱反身代詞。2.Iamnotdaretosayitisafaultyconceptofrightandwrong.【答案】amnot→not【解析】這里dare是助動詞，表示“敢”，可單獨(dú)充當(dāng)謂語動詞，因此前面不需要加系動詞am。3.Stayingwarmincoldweather,cold-bloodedanimalsmustexposethemselvestoasourceofwarmthsuchasdirectlight.【答案】Staying→Tostay【解析】結(jié)合句意，這里意為“為了保持溫暖”，所以要用不定式來表示目的。4.TheChineseGovernmentfirmlyopposestoandcracksdownontheproductionandsaleoffakedrugs.【答案】opposesto→opposes【解析】oppose做及物動詞后直接加名詞表示“反對”，后面不加to，不要與beopposedto混淆。5.Whilewethinkofrainbowsaslightofvariouscolor,infacttheyare

reallyjusttherefractionofsunlightthroughraindrop.【答案】color→colors【解析】這里表示各種各樣的顏色，因此要用color的復(fù)數(shù)形式colors。6.Thismayapplytoaparticularperiodoritmaybeconcerningchangesoveralongperiodoftime.【答案】beconcerning→concern【解析】may+bedoing表示推測正在做某事，而這里是對一般事實(shí)的推測，因此后接動詞原形。7.Likeallotherecologicalsystems,aforestconsistsinalivingenvironmentandanonlivingenvironment,thelattercomposedofair,rocks,soil,andwater.【答案】consistsin→consistsof【解析】consistin表示“存在于……中，以……為主要部分”，而consistof則表示“由……組成”，結(jié)合題干信息“森林由生物環(huán)境和非生物環(huán)境組成”，可知要用of。8.Thischapteranalyzesthecausetotheabove-mentioneddifferencesfromtheirpointofview.【答案】to→of【解析】causeto意為“導(dǎo)致，帶來”，causeof指“導(dǎo)致某事發(fā)生的原

因”，題干中意為“分析導(dǎo)致差異的原因”，因此要用介詞of。9.OnlyfewpeoplehavetheopportunitytocontactwithnativespeakersofEnglish.【答案】contactwith→contact【解析】contact既可做及物動詞又可做不及物動詞，單獨(dú)使用時(shí)，有“接觸到”的意思，后接with表示“和……保持聯(lián)系”，題句意為“很少有人能有機(jī)會接觸到母語為英語的人”，所以去掉with更合適。10.Someplantsproducepoisonsthateffectapersonevenifheorshemerelybrushesagainstthem.【答案】effect→affect【解析】effect一般做名詞，意為“影響，效果”，作動詞則有“產(chǎn)生”的意思，此處后接賓語aperson，因此要改為affect，意為“影響到，感染到”。Ⅲ.Blankfilling(每題1分，共10分)Fillineachoftheblankswithawordinitsproperformthatbestcompletesthesentence.Therelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersformanycenturies.Twoanthropologist-linguists,FranzBoasandEdwardSapir,(1)_____pioneersindescribingmanynativelanguagesofNorthandSouthAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.Weareobliged(2)_____thembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthe

peopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheir(3)_____languages.Otherlinguistsintheearlierpartofthiscentury,however,(4)_____werelesseagertodealwithbizarredatafrom“exotic”language,werenotalwayssograteful.Thenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewell-studiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsia(5)_____somescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.NativeAmericanlanguagesareindeeddifferent,somuchsoinfactthatNavajocouldbeusedbytheUSmilitaryasa(6)_____duringWorldWarIItosendsecretmessages.Sapir’spupil,BenjaminLeeWhorf,continuedthestudyofAmericanIndianlanguages.(7)_____interestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.Hereasonedthat(8)_____itiseasiertoformulatecertainconceptsandnotothersinagivenlanguage,thespeakersofthatlanguagethinkalongonetrackandnotalong(9)_____.Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhich,initsstrongestform,statesthatlanguageimprisonsthemind,andthatthegrammaticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefar-reachingconsequencesforthecultureofasociety.Later,thisideabecametobeknownastheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,butthistermissomewhatinappropriate.(10)_____bothSapirandWhorfemphasizedthediversityoflanguages,Sapirhimselfneverexplicitlysupportedthenotionoflinguisticdeterminism.【答案與解析】1.were（句意為：在描述北美和南美許多土著語言方面，二十世紀(jì)上半頁

博厄斯和薩丕爾是先驅(qū)。兩位人物充當(dāng)?shù)闹髡Z與表語先驅(qū)之間缺少系動詞，又因?yàn)橛刑囟〞r(shí)間限制二十世紀(jì)上半頁，所以用第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)過去式were。)2.to（beobligedtosb感激某人，為固定搭配。)3.native（nativelanguage“本族語”，結(jié)合語境：這些土著語言已經(jīng)不復(fù)存在，喪失了他們的本族語言。)4.who（看句子主干，可知已經(jīng)有謂語動詞，所以此處應(yīng)是一個(gè)主語從句，修飾主語otherlinguists，因此要用連接代詞who。)5.that（此處是固定搭配，so+形容詞或副詞+that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，意為“如此……以至于……”。)6.code（通過后面的tosendsecretmessages“發(fā)密碼電報(bào)”可知是被用作code“密碼”。)7.Being（非謂語動詞做狀語，表原因，伴隨，方式，因此要用beinterested的-ing形式。)8.because（通過語境可知此處為因果關(guān)系，because引導(dǎo)從句表原因。)

9.another（alongonetrackandnotalonganother意為“沿著這一條道而不會沿著那一條道進(jìn)行”。這里有“這個(gè)，而非那一個(gè)”的意思，因而用one...another...。)10.Although（although引導(dǎo)從句表轉(zhuǎn)折，這里意為：雖然薩丕爾和沃爾夫都強(qiáng)調(diào)各種語言之間的差異性，但薩丕爾自己從來沒有明確地表示過支持語言決定論的觀念。)Ⅳ.ReadingComprehension(每題1分，共20分)Directions:Therearefourpassagesinthispart.Makethebestchoiceforeachquestionbasedonwhatyouread.PassageOneHarvardthrilledmiddle-classparentslastweekbycappingitstuitionforfamilieswithincomesofupto$180,000at10percentoftheirearnings.Themovesparkedhopesofadonationracethatcouldeasethesoaringcostsofcollege.Earlierthismonth,DukejoinedagroupofschoolsincludingHarvard,Princeton,andStanfordthatpromisefreeridestolow-incomestudents.Butmanypointoutthatthesegestureswillaffectonlyafewhundredluckystudents.Theoutlaysaresocomparativelysmallthattheyareunlikelytodivertpressureforreformsinthewayscollegesspendtheirmoney—especiallytheestimated$380billionofendowmentfundsstoredintax-freeaccounts.“It’sanimportantgesture,”CollegeParentsofAmericaPresident

JamesBoylesaysofHarvard.Butcollegesshoulddomorenowwiththemoneythey’vesockedawayforarainyday,hesays.Harvard’splanwillrequireittopull$22millionextraoutofitsendowment,whichgrew23percentlastyeartoalmost$35billion.Harvardisdrawingout$1.1billion—asmallpercentageoflastfiscalyear’s$6.7billioninannualinvestmentreturns—tofundaboutathirdofitsoperationsthisyear.Thenumbersaresmaller,butthestoryissimilaratothercolleges.Theaverageendowmenthasbeenreaping10percentayearoninvestmentssince2004.Butcollegesspentanaverageofjust4.6percentoftheirendowmentslastyearwhileraisingtuitionfasterthantherateofinflation.ThattroublesfolkslikeSen.ChuckGrassley,who’spushingCongresstorequirewealthycollegestospendatleast5percentoftheirendowmentseveryyear.“l(fā)ax-exemptorganizationsaresupposedtoprovidepublicbenefitinexchangefortheirspecialstatus,”hesaid.“Helpingthenextgenerationaffordcollegeisapublicbenefit.”Manycollegeofficials,ofcourse,arebattlingsuchrulechanges.WhileHarvard,Yale,andPrincetonallhavemorethan$1millionworthofendowmentperstudent,halfofallcollegeshavenomorethan$2,000perstudentsavedup.Evenhigh-earningschoolssaytheyalreadyarespendingasmuchastheyshould.ChrisBittman,chiefinvestmentofficeroftheUniversityofColoradoFoundation,rackedupalmost23percentinreturnslastfiscalyear,bringingtheschool’sendowmenttonearly$800million.Hesupportstheschool’spolicyofspending4.5percent.Recentbigprofitscan’tlastforever,hesays.Instead,endowmentsshouldplanonearningthelong-termaverageof10percent.

Still,pressureappearstobeforcingsomechanges.InJune,Stanfordannounceditwouldincreaseitsendowmentspendingto5.5percent,or$160millionayear.Ifeveryschoolfollowedsuit,thatwouldfreeupabout$4billionayear(or$200perstudent)toincreaseaidorkeeptuitionpricesdown.OrasRichardVedder,anOhioUniversityeconomist,says,“asmallstepformankind.”1.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,the“freerides”tofamousschoolswillprobably_____.A.affectmanystudentswithexcellentacademicrecordsB.promotethereformofendowmentspendinginuniversitiesC.resultinthetuitionraiseforotherstudentsD.putpressureonschooladministratorsonmoneypolicy2.Sen.ChuckGrassleysuggeststhattheschoolsshould_____.A.increasetheirendowmentstosuittheirparticularstatusB.abidebythelawonendowmentspendingC.usetheirtax-freefindstobringsocialbenefitsD.createlearningopportunitiesoutsideschoolforstudents3.AccordingtoParagraph5,ChrisBittmanbelievesthat_____.A.endowmentfundsshouldbeinvestedinbusinesstomakemoneyB.AmericancollegesshouldreformtheirendowmentspendingpoliciesC.school’sspendingpolicyreliesonitsprofitsofendowmentinvestmentD.thegapbetweenrichschoolsandpooronesstillremains4.Thephrase“asmallstepformankind”inParagraph6showsthattheincreasedendowmentspendingwill_____.A.encouragemorepublicspendingB.contributetosocialdevelopmentC.harmonizedifferentschoolsD.pavethewayforfreeeducation5.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A.Somerichuniversitiesfeelpressuretosharemoreoftheirwealth.B.Harvardisleadingthewayinpromotingtheevendistributionofwealth.C.Collegestudentswillbeexemptfromtuitionsoflearning.D.Lessendowmentspendingwillearnmorelong-termbenefits.【答案與解析】1.D通過第二段第一句可以排除A，freeride“減免學(xué)費(fèi)”只能惠及幾百個(gè)幸運(yùn)學(xué)生。通過第二句中的“theyareunlikelytodivertpressureforreformsinthewayscollegesspendtheirmoney”可以排除B。C項(xiàng)在文中沒有提起，也排除。從第二段最后一句“Butcollegesshoulddomorenowwiththemoneythey’vesockedawayforarainyday,hesays.”可知D是正確答案。2.C細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第四段后半部分可以找到Sen.ChuckGrassley，看本段倒數(shù)第二句話可以得知，他認(rèn)為高校應(yīng)該利用他們的免稅基金去

產(chǎn)生更多社會效益，因而C選項(xiàng)正確。3.C推理題。第五段倒數(shù)第三句提到“ChrisBittmansupportstheschool’spolicyofspending4.5percent.”在最后一句他又指出“Instead,endowmentsshouldplanonearningthelong-termaverageof10percent.”可見ChrisBittman認(rèn)為學(xué)校的支出政策依賴捐贈基金投資的利潤。4.A歸納題。從第六段第一句“Still,pressureappearstobeforcingsomechanges.”可知從斯坦福大學(xué)開始，更多學(xué)校也會逐漸開始采取增加開支的行動了。5.A概括題。從整篇文中可以概括出一些富有的大學(xué)在增加開支預(yù)算方面感覺有壓力。PassageTwoItusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.Nolonger.TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityin

AustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess;atleastforthepublicationofpapers.6.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses_____.

A.thebackgroundinformationofjournaleditingB.thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreportsC.therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishersD.thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication7.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?A.Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.B.Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.C.Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.D.Itbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.8.Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthat_____.A.itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresultsB.itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchersC.itemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledgeD.itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch9.Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredto_____.A.coverthecostofitspublicationB.subscribetothejournalpublishingitC.allowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreelyD.completethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission

10.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthetext?A.TheInteractisposingathreattopublishers.B.Anewmodeofpublicationisemerging.C.Authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.D.Publicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservice.【答案與解析】6.D歸納大意題。第一段主要介紹了傳統(tǒng)的期刊出版過程，研究者會將他們的研究成果發(fā)給期刊雜志，雜志編輯將作者名字和附件從論文上刪去再交給同領(lǐng)域的其他研究者進(jìn)行復(fù)審，編輯將根據(jù)得到的評價(jià)決定是發(fā)表論文還是退回稿件，版權(quán)歸雜志發(fā)行人所有。因此D是正確答案。7.C通過第二段“whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit”可知批評的不是政府資助的研究，而是那些期刊，因此A選項(xiàng)不符合題意。B選項(xiàng)和D選項(xiàng)在報(bào)告中沒有體現(xiàn)，因而也排除。第二段倒數(shù)第三句提到“Thereportmakesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.”該報(bào)告將那些目前為止獲益頗豐的出版商感到心情沉重。因此C項(xiàng)是正確答案。8.A推理題。通過文章最后一段第二句提到“AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.”（根據(jù)OECD的報(bào)告，現(xiàn)在差不多有75%的學(xué)術(shù)期刊可在線查閱），可知在線期刊讓人們更容易接觸到科研成果。9.A最后一段第三句話“Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobe

published”第二種是開放式出版模型，這種方式的典型特點(diǎn)就是要求作者（或其雇主）付錢發(fā)表文章，顯然A選項(xiàng)是正確答案。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都與對應(yīng)信息無關(guān)。10.B概括主旨題。總覽全文可知文章主要介紹了新型的出版方式的出現(xiàn)，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。PassageThree“Historyiswrittenbythevictors.”Thisfamousphrasereverberatesthroughoutofthehallsofthehistory,constantlyremindsustotakeallthatwelearnwithagrainofsalt,knowingthattheinformationprovidedforourdisseminationwasprovided,shapedandinfluencedbythoselefttoopenthepen-thatrecordit.Inthatrespect,oneoftheworstcrimesagainsthistoryistherevisionofit,thealteringofrecordofthepastsoastoreflecttheviewpointofabiasedgroupwhostandtobenefitfromthealteredversion.Byrevisingthelensbywhichhistoryisjudged,valuableinformationislost,tothedetrimentofbothstudentsofthefieldaswellastheawarenessthatcomesfromexperience.Withoutanaccuratelyrecordedaccounttoserveasaguidinglight,nationsandsocietiesarelefttostumbletheirwayabouttheiraffairs,ignorantofwhathasandhasn’tworkedbefore,andunawareofwhatpasteventsshapedanddeterminedtheirpresentsituation.Suchdismalemergefromsimplepride,aswellasthedesireoftherevisioniststodepictthemselvesinabetterlighttoposterityortocoverupanembarrassinglegacy,nomatterthecosttothefuture.RecentattemptsbynationsinvolvedintheSecondWorldWartominimizeorerasealtogethercertainshamefulincidentsfromtheirhistory

textbookshasbeenmetwithinternationaloutrageandprotest,andrightlyso.Byallowingfuturegenerationstoforgetorneverevenlearnabouthowtheirancestorsstumbledonthepathtoprogress,theexperiencesofthosewhosufferedasaresultofthosemistakesaretrivializedandmadetobeinvain.Also,afalsesenseofnationalidentityemerges,inconsistentandinaccurateinitsformation.Bothareheinousresultsforbothnationalsofthatparticularnationaswellasthoseoftheinternationalcommunity,whosestoryintertwinedtoformthelargerpicture.Whenasinglestringinthetapestryofworldhistoryisunraveledbyrevision,theentirepiecebecomesaweakerone,subjecttoadditionalmodificationatthewhimofthosewhowouldliketousehistoryasatoolfortheirownpurposes,evenifitmeansfundamentallychangingit.Thisoutcomemustbeavoidedatallcosts,firstlybynotallowingaprecedenttobeestablishedthatmakesitacceptable,eveninasinglecase,tocommittherevision.Otherwise,humansasracewillfallpreytoyetanotheroft-quotedphrase:“History,ifforgotten,isdoomedtoberepeated.”11.Whatdoesthefirstsentenceofthetextimply?A.Allhistoricalaccountsareinvariablywrittenbythewinners.B.Winnershavethemoralobligationtoaccuratelyrecordevents.C.Powerfulpeoplewilloftenrecordexperiencebythemselves.D.Losershavelittleornosayinthedocumentationoftheirstruggle.12.Theauthorviewstherevisionofhistoryas_____.A.generallyharmfulwhendonesotofavoronesideB.agoodthinginsomeexceptionalsituationsC.alwaysmotivatedbythedesiretoportraythereviserinabetterlightD.renderingtherevisedhistoryuselessforthepurposeofanalysis13.Whichofthefollowingistrueofhistoricalrevision?A.RevisionofWorldWarⅡeventhasproventhatsuchactionsareright.B.Historicalrevisionhasgreatimpactonfuturegenerations.C.Revisinghistoryhaslittleeffectbeyondthebordersofanyonecountry.D.Suchrevisionresultsinanundeservedsenseofnationalpride.14.Whatdoestheunderlinedpartinthelastparagraphprobablymean?A.Aslighttossofreliabilitymakestheentirehistoricalrecordsuspect.B.Historyisanintertwinedseriesofeventscomingtogethertoformalargerpicture.C.Onceonepieceofhistoryisrevised,thewholeworldwillbecomeweak.D.Iftheintegrityofhistoryisbreached,itcansoonbefullyrecovered.15.Whatdoesthetextintendtotellus?A.Therevisionofhistorymayleadtolossofvitallessons.B.Historicalrevisionisaninternationalproblem.C.RevisinghistorymustbeavoidedinallsituationsatallcostD.Therevisionofhistoryisforthebenefitofrevisers.

【答案與解析】11.D第一段第一句“Historyiswrittenbythevictors.”歷史是由勝利者書寫的，這暗含了失敗者的努力很少或沒有被記錄。注意題干中的imply“暗示，暗含”，因此D項(xiàng)最符合題意。12.C選項(xiàng)A和選項(xiàng)D過于籠統(tǒng)和絕對，選項(xiàng)B在文中沒有體現(xiàn)。由第二段最后一句“Suchdismalemergefromsimplepride,aswellasthedesireoftherevisioniststodepictthemselvesinabetterlighttoposterityortocoverupanembarrassinglegacy,nomatterthecosttothefuture.”可知篡改歷史的行為源于篡改者粉飾自我、諱言丑事的心理，所以選項(xiàng)C是正確答案。13.B第三段第一句中提到一些二戰(zhàn)參戰(zhàn)國試圖篡改歷史的行為遭到了國際社會的憤慨和抗議，因此A選項(xiàng)不正確。第三段最后一句話可以看出這種行為會對整個(gè)國際社會產(chǎn)生惡劣影響，因此排除C選項(xiàng)。D選項(xiàng)比較有迷惑性，文中提到afalsesenseofnationalidentity“錯(cuò)誤的民族認(rèn)同感”而非undeservedsenseofnationalpride“不當(dāng)?shù)拿褡遄院栏小薄Ｍㄟ^第三段第二句，可知篡改歷史對后代會產(chǎn)生消極影響，所以B項(xiàng)正確。14.A劃線句子“在世界歷史的織錦上，一旦有某一根線因篡改而被拆掉，整幅織錦就會變得脆弱”，可知一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的變更都會使整個(gè)歷史的可信度遭到懷疑，因此A項(xiàng)正確。15.C概括主旨題。從全文最后一段“Thisoutcomemustbeavoidedatallcosts,firstlybynotallowingaprecedenttobeestablishedthatmakesitacceptable,eveninasinglecase,tocommittherevision.”可知作者主張堅(jiān)決不能對歷史進(jìn)行任何篡改，因此C選項(xiàng)是正確答案。

PassageFourItmaynotbeobvious,buthearingtwolanguagesregularlyduringpregnancyputsinfantsontheroadtobilingualismbybirth.AccordingtonewfindingsinPsychologicalScience,infantsborntobilingualmothers(whospokebothlanguagesregularlyduringpregnancy)exhibitdifferentlanguagepreferencesthaninfantsborntomothersspeakingonlyonelanguage.PsychologicalscientistsKristaByers-HeinleinandJanetF.WerkerfromtheUniversityofBritishColumbiaalongwithTraceyBurnsoftheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentinFrancewantedtoinvestigatelanguagepreferenceanddiscriminationinnewborns.Twogroupsofnewbornsweretestedintheseexperiments:Englishmonolinguals(whosemothersspokeonlyEnglishduringpregnancy)andTagalog-Englishbilinguals(whosemothersspokebothTagalog,alanguagespokeninthePhilippines,andEnglishregularlyduringpregnancy).Theresearchersemployedamethodknownas“high-amplitudesucking-preferenceprocedure”tostudytheinfants’languagepreferences.Thismethodcapitalizesonthenewborns’suckingreflex—increasedsuckingindicatesinterestinastimulus.Inthefirstexperiment,infantsheard10minutesofspeech,witheveryminutealternatingbetweenEnglishandTagalog.ResultsshowedthatEnglishmonolingualinfantsweremoreinterestedinEnglishthanTagalog—theyexhibitedincreasedsuckingbehaviorwhentheyheardEnglishthanwhentheyheardTagalogbeingspoken.However,bilingualinfantshadanequalpreferenceforbothEnglishandTagalog.Theseresultssuggestthatprenatalbilingualexposuremayaffectinfants’languagepreferences,preparingbilingualinfantstolistentoandlearnaboutbothof

theirnativelanguages.Tolearntwolanguages,bilingualnewbornsmustalsobeabletokeeptheirlanguagesapart.Totestifbilingualinfantsareabletodiscriminatebetweentheirtwolanguages,infantslistenedtosentencesbeingspokeninoneofthelanguagesuntiltheylostinterest.Then,theyeitherheardsentencesintheotherlanguageorheardsentencesinthesamelanguage,butspokenbyadifferentperson.Infantsexhibitedincreasedsuckingwhentheyheardtheotherlanguagebeingspoken.Theirsuckingdidnotincreaseiftheyheardadditionalsentencesinthesamelanguage.Theseresultssuggestthatbilingualinfants,alongwithmonolingualinfants,areabletodiscriminatebetweenthetwolanguages,providingamechanismfromthefirstmomentsoflifethathelpsensurebilingualinfantsdonotconfusetheirtwolanguages.Theresearchersobservethat,“Monolingualnewborns’preferencefortheirsinglenativelanguagedirectslisteningattentiontothatlanguage”andthat,“Bilingualnewborns’interestinbothlanguageshelpsensureattentionto,andhencefurtherlearningabout,eachoftheirlanguages.”Discriminationofthetwolanguageshelpspreventconfusion.Theresultsofthesestudiesdemonstratethattherootsofbilingualismrundeeperthanpreviouslyimagined,extendingeventotheprenatalperiod.16.ThepurposeoftheexperimentsinParagraph2istofindout_____.A.infants’suckingreactionstolanguagestimulusB.languagelikingsanddiscerningabilityofinfantsC.children’sabilitytoalternatebetweentwolanguagesD.infants’suckingpreferencebetweendifferentlanguages

17.Inthe“high-amplitudesucking-preferenceprocedure”,strongerlanguagepreferenceisshownby_____.A.moresuckingbehaviorsB.greaterspeechattentivenessC.moreexposuretothatlanguageD.longersuckingtime18.AccordingtoParagraph3,languagelearningofaninfant_____.A.beginsbeforeitcomesintotheworldB.isdecidedbyitsmother’slanguagepreferenceC.isinfluencedbyitslingualenvironmentbeforebirthD.dependsonitslanguagepreferencebeforebirth19.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofbilingualnewborns?A.Theyhaveapreferencebetweenthetwolanguages.B.Theyonlynoticeanewlanguage.C.Theyhavemoreadvantagethanmonolingualnewborns.D.Theycandistinguishbetweenthetwolanguages,20.Bilingualnewborns’interestinbothlanguagesishelpfulbecauseitenablesthemto_____.A