山東建筑大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院《357英語翻譯基礎(chǔ)》專業(yè)碩士歷年考研真題及詳解合集

目錄2015年山東建筑大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院357英語翻譯基礎(chǔ)考研真題及詳解2016年山東建筑大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院357英語翻譯基礎(chǔ)考研真題及詳解2017年山東建筑大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院357英語翻譯基礎(chǔ)考研真題及詳解2018年山東建筑大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院357英語翻譯基礎(chǔ)考研真題及詳解

2015年山東建筑大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院357英語翻譯基礎(chǔ)考研真題及詳解一、詞語翻譯（30分）1.漢譯英（15%）（1）意合【答案】parataxis（2）對等【答案】equivalence（3）信、達(dá)、雅【答案】faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance（4）音譯【答案】transliteration

（5）冗余【答案】redundancy（6）搭配【答案】collocation（7）生態(tài)學(xué)【答案】Ecology（8）詞類轉(zhuǎn)換【答案】wordclassshift（9）翻譯體【答案】translationbody（10）語境【答案】context（11）語序

【答案】wordorder（12）源出語【答案】thesourcelanguage（13）語義分析【答案】semanticanalysis（14）可譯性【答案】translatability（15）文化轉(zhuǎn)向【答案】culturalturn2.英譯漢（15%）(1)rewriting【答案】重寫；改寫

(2)coherence【答案】一致；連貫性(3)polysystem【答案】多元系統(tǒng)(4)intelligibility【答案】可懂度；可理解性(5)readability【答案】可讀性(6)ambiguity【答案】歧義(7)norm【答案】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；規(guī)范(8)domesticating

【答案】歸化(9)compoundsentence【答案】復(fù)合句(10)linguistics【答案】語言學(xué)(11)blankword【答案】虛詞(12)receptiontheory【答案】接受理論(13)relevance【答案】相關(guān)性(14)interdiscipline

【答案】跨學(xué)科；交叉學(xué)科(15)dialect【答案】方言；同源語二、英漢互譯（120分）1.英譯漢（60%）DuskNormanGortsbysatonaseatinthepark.HydeParkCorner,withitsnoiseoftraffic,layimmediatelytotheright.ItwasaboutthirtyminutespastsixonanearlyMarchevening,andduskhadfallenheavilyoverthescene,duskwithsomefaintmoonlightandmanystreetlamps.Therewasawideemptinessoverroadandpavement,andyetthereweremanyfiguresmovingsilentlythroughthehalf-light,orsittingonseatsandchairs.ThescenepleasedGortsbyandsuitedhismood.Dusk,inhisopinion,wasthehourofthedefeated.Menandwomen,whohadfoughtthebattleoflifeandlost,whohidtheirdeadhopesfromtheeyesofthecurious,cameoutinthishour,whentheiroldclothesandbentshouldersandunhappyeyesmightpassunnoticed.OntheseatbyGortsby’ssidesataratheroldgentlemanwithalookofdefiancethatwasprobablethelastsignofself-respectinamanwhohadstoppeddefyingsuccessfullyanybodyoranything.Asherosetogo,Gortsby

imaginedhimreturningtoahomewherehewasofnoimportance,ortosomeuncomfortablelodgingwherehisabilitytopayhisweeklyrentwasthebeginningandendoftheinterestwhichhecaused.【參考譯文】傍晚時(shí)分諾曼·戈茨比坐在公園的凳子上。充滿交通噪音的海德公園角就坐落在右邊。那是一個(gè)早春3月的傍晚，6點(diǎn)半鐘，太陽已經(jīng)下山了。街燈已亮，但天還不是太黑。路上十分空曠，但也有許多人孤獨(dú)地行走在暮色里，有的則坐在凳上或椅子上。這情景正合戈茨比的心情。他想，黃昏正是失敗者的時(shí)刻，是那些夢想未實(shí)現(xiàn)、奮斗未成功的男男女女的時(shí)刻。他們在暮色中出門，那時(shí)，他們雙眼里已經(jīng)死去的夢想、破舊的衣衫才不致太顯眼。坐在他旁邊的是一位老者。他帶著一種蔑視的表情，這可能是一個(gè)無法阻止任何人和任何事的人的一點(diǎn)最后的自尊。當(dāng)他站起來離開時(shí)，戈茨比想象他一定是回到哪兒一間他沒有任何存在感的屋子里去，或者是回到一個(gè)不舒服的住處去，那里他每個(gè)月要付的房租是唯一讓人感興趣的東西。2.漢譯英（60%）飄逸人生行路難，但人生之路誰都要走。有的人在趕路，心急切切，步急匆匆，眼中只有目標(biāo)卻忽略了風(fēng)景，可路迢迢不知哪是終點(diǎn)。有的人如游客，

不急不慌，走走停停，看花開花落，看云卷云舒。有時(shí)也在風(fēng)中走，雨中行，心卻像張開的網(wǎng)，放過焦躁苦惱。人生之路誰不走？只是走路時(shí)別忽略了一路的良辰美景。一個(gè)人工作的地方是小的，居住的家是小的，社交的圈子是小的，有的人就越來越不滿這缺乏變化的單調(diào)。有的人卻總是怡然自得，隨遇而安。世界浩渺，一個(gè)人只能居于一隅。比海洋大的是天空，比天空大的是心靈，因?yàn)檫@小小的心靈內(nèi)住著一只時(shí)起時(shí)落的想象鳥。大碗喝茶解渴，卻說不上是怎樣的好。心想得到的東西終于得到了，失去的卻很多很多，而失去的原來比得到的可能還要好。物化了的生命硬如巖石，而那些看似無價(jià)值的卻永葆著神韻和空靈。人生旅途上，有人背負(fù)著名利疾疾奔走，有人回歸自然，飄逸而行?！緟⒖甲g文】Togoonajourneyisoftenfullofhardships,butsolongasonelives,heproceedsonhislife‘sjourney.Differentpeoplegoalongdifferently.Sometakehastystepsinanxiety.Obsessedwithreachingthenextgoalintime,theysparenotimeforsightseeingalongtheway,nordotheyhaveaclearviewofwheretheirlongroadsend.Otherstravelleisurelyliketourists.Theywouldtaketimeoffnowandthenforalookatbloomingflowersorfallenpetals.Theywouldstoptoadmirecloudsgatheringanddispersing.Evenwhentheygoagainstthewindorarecaughtintherain,theynevergetannoyed,forworriesslipofftheirmindsasfromanopennet.Everyonegoeshiswayinlife.Whatmakesadifferenceis:doeshehaveapleasanttripenjoyingthelandscapealongtheway?

Crampedisone’sworkplace,narrowisone’sresidenceandsmallisthesocialcircleonemovesabout—suchlimitednessinspaceentailslackofvarietywhichisthesourceofsomepeople’scomplaint.Butothersarealwayscontendedandhappyforhecanadapthimselftodifferentcircumstances.Comparedwiththevastnessoftheuniverseitisonlyatinyspotoneoccupiesonearth.However,thoughlargerthantheoceanisthesky,evenlargeristhehumanmind,forinitimaginationcancomeandgoonthewingwithoutlimitation.Todrinkatagulpisaquickwaytoquenchthirst,butitgivesnotasteofthehighgradetea.Onemayeventuallywinwhathehassethismindto,onlytofindthathehaslostquitealot.Perhapswhathelosesiseverbetterthanwhathegains.Life,whenpetrifiedbymaterialdesires,isascallousasstone,whilethoseseeminglyworthlessthingsalwaysremainfreshandfullofspirit.Intheirjourneythroughlife,somepeoplehurryonwithaheavyheartinpursuitoffameandgain,whileothersgowithaneasy,grace,enjoyingthemselvesinharmonywithnature.

2016年山東建筑大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院357英語翻譯基礎(chǔ)考研真題及詳解一、詞語翻譯(30分)1.漢譯英(15%)(1)形合【答案】hypotaxis(2)忠實(shí)【答案】faithfulness(3)意譯【答案】freetranslation;liberaltranslation(4)洋化【答案】westernization(5)增詞

【答案】amplification(6)目的語【答案】targetlanguage(7)功能對等【答案】functionalequivalence(8)語用分析【答案】pragmaticanalysis(9)生態(tài)翻譯學(xué)【答案】Eco-translatology(10)交際理論【答案】communicativetheory(11)機(jī)器翻譯【答案】machinetranslation

(12)同聲傳譯【答案】simultaneousinterpretation(13)亞洲基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資銀行【答案】AsianInfrastructureInvestmentBank(14)一帶一路【答案】OneBeltandOneRoad(15)風(fēng)格【答案】style2.英譯漢(15%)(1)complexsentence【答案】復(fù)雜句(2)universal

【答案】普遍性(3)cohesion【答案】凝聚力(4)culturalinterpretation【答案】文化解讀；文化詮釋(5)compensation【答案】賠償金(6)CAT【答案】計(jì)算機(jī)輔助翻譯(ComputerAidedTranslation)(7)horizonofexpectation【答案】期待視野(8)SDR【答案】國際貨幣基金組織的特別提款權(quán)(SpecialDrawingRights)

(9)TPP【答案】跨太平洋伙伴關(guān)系協(xié)議(Trans-PacificPartnershipAgreement)(10)Sociology【答案】社會學(xué)(11)Stylistics【答案】文體學(xué)(12)wordplay【答案】文字游戲(13)discourse【答案】話語(14)translationese【答案】翻譯腔

(15)textanalysis【答案】文本分析二、英漢互譯(120分)1.英譯漢(60)SelectionoftheProjectManagerSelectionoftheprojectmanagerisoneofthetwoorthreemostimportantdecisionsconcerningtheproject.Inthissection,wewroteafewofthemanyskillstheprojectmanager(PM)shouldpossessinordertohaveareasonablechanceofsuccess.Thefollowingisalistofsomeofthemorepopularattributes,skills,andqualitiesthathavebeenusedintheselectionofprojectmanagers.AstrongtechnicalbackgroundAhard—nosed(精明而講求實(shí)際的)managerSomeonewhoiscurrentlyavailableApersonwhocankeeptheprojectteamhappyOnewhohasworkedinseveraldifferentdepartmentsApersonwhocanwalkon(orpart)thewatersThesereasonsarenotsomuchwrongastheyare“notright”.Theymissthe

keycriterion.Aboveall,thebestPMistheonewhocangetthejobdone!Asanyseniormanagerknows,hardworkersareeasytofind.Whatisrareistheindividualwhosefocusisonthecompletionofadifficultjob.OfallthecharacteristicsdesirableinaPM,thisdrivetocompletethetaskisthemostimportant.WecanconcludethattherearethreemajorcategoriesofskillsthatarerequiredofthePMandserveasthekeycriteriaforselection,giventhatthecandidatehasapowerfulbiastowardtaskcompletion.Also,itisnotsufficientforthePMsimplytopossesstheseskills:theymustalsobeperceivedbyothers.Thefactandtheperceptionareequallyimportant.CredibilityThePMneedstwokindsofcredibility.Firstistechnicalcredibility.ThePMmustbeperceivedbytheclient,seniorexecutives,thefunctionaldepartments,andtheprojectteamaspossessingsufficienttechnicalknowledgetodirecttheproject.ThePMdoesnothaveahighlevelofexpertise(專門技術(shù)),knowmorethananyindividualteammembers(orallofthem),orbeabletostandtoe-to-toeandintellectuallyslugitoutwithexpertsinthevariousfunctionalareas.Quitesimply,thePMhastohaveareasonableunderstandingofthebasetechnologiesonwhichtheprojectrests,mustbeabletoexplainprojecttechnologytoseniormanagement,andmustbeabletointerpretthetechnicalneedsandwantsoftheclient(andseniormanagement)toprojectteam.Second,thePMmustbeadministratively(管理上地)credible.ThePMhasseveralkeyadministrativeresponsibilitiesthatmustbeperformedwith

apparentlyeffortlessskill.Oneoftheseresponsibilitiesistotheclientandseniormanagementtokeeptheprojectonscheduleandwithinthecostandtomakesurethatprojectreportsareaccurateandtimely.Anotherresponsibilityistotheprojectteam-tomakesurethatmaterial,equipment,andmanpowerareavailablewhenneeded.Stillanotherresponsibilityistopresenttheinterestsofallpartiestotheproject(team,management,functionaldepartments,andclient)tooneanother.ThePMistrulythe“personinthemiddle.”Finally,thePMisresponsibleformakingthetoughtrade-offdecisionsfortheproject,andmustbeperceivedasapersonwhohasthematurejudgmentandcouragetodosoconsistently.SensitivityTheprecedingpagescontainmanyreferencestothePM’sneedforpoliticalsensitivity.Thereisnopointinbelaboringtheissuefurther.Inaddition,toagoodworkingsetofpoliticalantennae,thePMneedstosenseinterpersonalconflictontheprojectteamorbetweenteammembersandoutsiders.SuccessfulPMsarenotconflictavoiders.Quitetheopposite,theysenseconflictveryearlyandconfrontitbeforeitescalatesintointer/intradepartmentalwarfare.ThePMmustkeepprojectmembers“cool”.Thisisnoteasy.Aswithanygroupofhumans,rivalries,jealousies,friendships,andhostilitiesaresuretoexist.ThePMmustpersuadepeopletocooperateirrespectiveofpersonalfeelings,tosetasidepersonallikesanddislikes,andtofocusonachievingprojectgoals.Finally,thePMneedsasensitivesetoftechnicalsensors.Itiscommon,

unfortunately,forotherwisecompetent(有能力的)andhonestteammemberstotrytohidetheirfailures.Individualswhocannotworkunderstresswouldbewelladvisedtoavoidprojectorganizations.Inthepressure-cookerlifeoftheproject,failureisparticularlythreatening.Rememberthatwestaffedtheteamwithpeoplewhoaretask-oriented.Wenowhaveaconditionwhereteammembersmaynotbeabletotoleratetheirownfailures(thoughtheyarerarelyasintolerantoffailureinothers),andwillhidefailureratherthanadmittoit.ThePMmustbeabletosensewhenthingsarebeing“sweptundertherug”andarenotprogressingproperly.LeadershipLeadershiphasbeendefinedas“interpersonalinfluence,exercisedinsituationsanddirectedthroughthecommunicationprocess,towardtheattainment(目標(biāo)，目的)ofaspecifiedgoalorgoals”.Buthowisinterpersonalinfluencegenerated?Toalltheskillsandattributeswehavementioned,addenthusiasm,optimism,energy,tenacity(堅(jiān)強(qiáng)),courage,andpersonalmaturity.Itisdifficulttoexplainleadership.Wetendtorecognizeitafterthefact,ratherthanbefore.Wedefineitanecdotally(軼事地，非正式地)bysayingthatthispersonorthatoneactedlikealeader.ThePMmustcapitalize(利用)onpeople’sstrengths,covertheirweaknesses,knowwhentotakeoverandwhento“givetheteamitshead”,knowwhentopunishandwhentoreward,knowwhentocommunicateandwhentokeepsilent.Aboveall,thePMmustknowhowtogetotherstosharecommitment(義務(wù))totheproject.Inaword,thePMmustbealeader.【參考譯文】

選擇項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理選擇項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理是項(xiàng)目的兩三項(xiàng)最重要的決定之一。在本節(jié)中，我們談到了項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理（PM）以獲得合理的成功機(jī)會應(yīng)具備的許多技能。以下是在選擇項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理時(shí)選用的一些更受歡迎的屬性，技能和素質(zhì)的列表：技術(shù)背景強(qiáng)精明而講求實(shí)際的經(jīng)理目前可以被任用可以讓項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)開心的人曾在幾個(gè)不同部門工作的人可以經(jīng)受（或解決）困境的人這些原因既不全對也不全錯。他們忽略了關(guān)鍵的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。最重要的是，最好的項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理是可以完成工作的人！任何高級經(jīng)理都知道，勤奮的工作人員很容易找到。罕見的是把個(gè)人的重點(diǎn)放在完成艱難的工作上的人。在項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理所需的所有特征中，完成任務(wù)的這個(gè)驅(qū)動力是最重要的。我們可以得出結(jié)論，考慮到候選人對任務(wù)完成有強(qiáng)烈的偏見，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理還需要三個(gè)主要技能類別，并且這三個(gè)技能是作為選擇的關(guān)鍵標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。而且，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理光擁有這些技能是不夠的，他們也必須得到別人的認(rèn)可。事實(shí)和看法同樣重要。信譽(yù)

項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理需要兩種信譽(yù)。首先是技術(shù)信譽(yù)。項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理必須被客戶，高級管理人員，職能部門和項(xiàng)目組認(rèn)為具有足夠的技術(shù)知識來指導(dǎo)項(xiàng)目。項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理并不具備高水平的專業(yè)技術(shù)，也并不比任何一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)成員（或者所有人）都知道更多，也能夠和騰出手來和不同的功能領(lǐng)域的專家進(jìn)行智力上的對抗。很簡單，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理必須對項(xiàng)目所依賴的基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)有一個(gè)合理的了解，必須能夠向高級管理層解釋項(xiàng)目技術(shù)，并且必須能夠給項(xiàng)目組解釋客戶（和高級管理層）的技術(shù)需求。第二，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理在管理上必須是可信的。項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理擁有幾項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵的行政職責(zé)，必須用顯而易見的技能來執(zhí)行。其中一個(gè)職責(zé)是讓客戶和高級管理層按計(jì)劃和預(yù)算來進(jìn)行項(xiàng)目操作，確保項(xiàng)目報(bào)告準(zhǔn)確及時(shí)。項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)的另一個(gè)職責(zé)是確保在需要時(shí)有可用的材料，設(shè)備和人力。另一個(gè)責(zé)任就是將項(xiàng)目各方（團(tuán)隊(duì)，管理，職能部門和客戶）的利益相互交織在一起。項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理是真正的“中間人”。最后，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理負(fù)責(zé)為項(xiàng)目做出艱難的權(quán)衡決定，并且項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理必須被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)具有成熟的判斷力和勇氣的人。敏感度前面幾頁提到了很多關(guān)于項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理對黨派敏感性的需求。這里就不再贅述這個(gè)問題了。另外，為了做好黨派思想工作，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理需要知道項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)或團(tuán)隊(duì)成員和外部人員之間的人際沖突。成功項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理的不是沖突避免者。恰恰相反，他們很早就感受到?jīng)_突，并在它升級為部門間/部門間戰(zhàn)爭之前與之對抗。項(xiàng)目必須保持項(xiàng)目成員之間的良好關(guān)系。這不容易。與任何一群人類一樣，對抗，嫉妒，友誼和敵對肯定存在。項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理必須說服人們合作，拋開個(gè)人情感和偏好，專注于實(shí)現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)。最后，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理需要一套靈敏的技術(shù)傳感器。不幸的是，有能力的和誠

實(shí)的團(tuán)隊(duì)成員試圖隱藏他們的失敗。不能在壓力下工作的人員會被建議避免項(xiàng)目組織。在該項(xiàng)目的壓力鍋生命中，失敗特別恐怖。請記住，我們?yōu)閳F(tuán)隊(duì)配備了以任務(wù)為中心的人員。我們現(xiàn)在面臨這樣一個(gè)情況，即團(tuán)隊(duì)成員可能無法容忍自己的失?。ūM管他們很少不能容忍別人的失?。?，并且會隱藏失敗，而不是承認(rèn)失敗。項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理必須能夠感覺到團(tuán)隊(duì)成員避而不談而且不能正常進(jìn)行的事情的發(fā)生。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力被定義為“在情境中行使并通過溝通實(shí)現(xiàn)特定目標(biāo)的人際影響力”。但如何產(chǎn)生人際影響力？對于我們提到的所有技能和屬性，加上熱情，樂觀，精力，堅(jiān)強(qiáng)（堅(jiān)強(qiáng)），勇氣和個(gè)人成熟度，就可以產(chǎn)生人際影響力。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力是很難解釋的。我們總是在事實(shí)發(fā)生后而不是之前認(rèn)識到這一點(diǎn)。我們總是非正式地定義說這個(gè)人或那個(gè)人像一個(gè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理必須利用人們的優(yōu)勢來覆蓋他們的弱點(diǎn)，知道何時(shí)接手領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)，知道什么時(shí)候懲罰，什么時(shí)候獎勵，什么時(shí)候溝通以及什么時(shí)候保持沉默。最重要的是，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理必須知道如何讓別人共同承擔(dān)關(guān)于項(xiàng)目的義務(wù)?？偠灾?，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理必須是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。2.漢譯英(60)趵突泉公園簡介趵突泉公園，位于濟(jì)南市市中心。面積10.5公頃，是以泉水為主的文化公園。趵突泉聞名遐邇，譽(yù)滿天下，位居濟(jì)南七十二名泉之冠，是濟(jì)南的象征標(biāo)志，素有“游濟(jì)南不游趵突泉不成游”之說。園內(nèi)名泉眾多，趵突泉與

其附近的金線泉、漱玉泉、柳絮泉、馬跑泉、無憂泉等二十多處名泉組成趵突泉群，是“濟(jì)南四大泉群”之首。乾隆皇帝南巡時(shí)因趵突泉水泡茶味醇甘美，曾冊封趵突泉為“天下第一泉”。趵突泉公園名勝古跡眾多，文化底蘊(yùn)深厚。濼源堂、娥英祠、觀瀾亭、來鶴橋、蓬山舊跡、尚志堂、李清照紀(jì)念堂、易安舊居、白雪樓、萬竹園、滄園及諸多名泉、碑石形成了濟(jì)南泉文化的發(fā)源地。新建景區(qū)濼苑、百花園、“五·三”紀(jì)念園、船站，與老景區(qū)渾然一體，同映成輝。公園風(fēng)景秀美、古樸典雅，以泉品茗，賞戲購物為特色。園內(nèi)經(jīng)常舉辦書畫、盆景展、戲曲演唱、金秋菊展、迎春燈會等文化活動，豐富了公園的傳統(tǒng)文化內(nèi)涵。公園現(xiàn)為國家5A級景區(qū)、全國優(yōu)秀公園、十佳公園、全國精神文明建設(shè)先進(jìn)單位，是海內(nèi)外著名旅游勝地?！緟⒖甲g文】ABriefIntroductiontotheBaotuSpringParkLocatedinthecenterofJinan,theBaotuSpringParkwithanareaof10.5hectareshasbecomeafamousculturalparkforitssprings.Theworld-famousBaotuSpringranksthefirstamong72localfamoussprings,thusithasbecomethesymboloftheCityofSprings.Asthesayingalwaysgoes:“YourvisittoJinancannotmakeavisitwithoutvisitingBaotuSpring.”Therearemanyfamousspringsinthepark.BaotuSpringand20otherneighboringspringsincludingJinxianSpring,ShuyuSpring,LiuxuSpring,MapaoSpringandWuyouSpringformBaotuSpringGroup,whichisthebiggestamongthefourspringgroups.EmperorQianLongoftheQingDynastygrantedtothespringthegreattitleof“TheFirstSpringinHeaven”afterhetastedthe

delicatefragranceoftheteainfusedbyitonhissouthtour.Witharichculturalheritage,theBaotuSpringParkisabundantinhistoricinterestandscenicbeautysuchasLuoyuanHall,EYingShrine,GuanlanPavillion,LaiheBridge,PengshanArch,ShangzhiHall,WhiteSnowTower,WanzhuGarden,CangGarden,manyfamousspringsandstonetabletsaswell.AllthesemakeBaotuSpringParkbecomethecradleofspringcultureofJinan.ThenewlybuiltLuoyuanGarden,HundredFlowersGarden,“TheMay3rdMassacre”MemorialGarden,ShipStationareharmoniouswitholdscenicspots.Thegracefulandclassicparkisnotedforspring,tea,operaandshopping.IntheparkareoftenheldculturalactivitiessuchasshowsofChinesepaintingandcalligraphy,pottedlandscape,autumnchrysanthemum,SpringFestivalLanternsandoperas,whichhavegreatlyenrichedthetraditionalcultureofthepark.Thepark,rankedas4Aclassscenicspot,NationalExcellentPark,OneofTenTopParks,AdvancedUnitofNationalCulturalandEthicalProgress,hasbecomeatouristresortathomeandabroad.

2017年山東建筑大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院357英語翻譯基礎(chǔ)考研真題及詳解一、詞語翻譯（30分）1.英譯漢（15分）1.CAT【答案】計(jì)算機(jī)輔助翻譯2.APEC【答案】亞太經(jīng)貿(mào)合作組織3.NATO【答案】北大西洋公約組織4.AIIB【答案】亞洲基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資銀行5.CBD

【答案】中央商務(wù)區(qū)6.NuclearNon-proliferationTreaty【答案】不擴(kuò)散核武器條約7.UNSecurityCouncil【答案】聯(lián)合國安理會8.Reuters【答案】路透社9.Reciprocaltariffs【答案】互惠關(guān)稅10.tradeembargo【答案】貿(mào)易禁運(yùn)11.treasurybonds【答案】國庫債券

12.Dominoeffect【答案】多米諾效應(yīng)13.blacksheep【答案】害群之馬14.over-representation【答案】比例過高15.CulturalPreservation【答案】文化保護(hù)2.漢譯英（15分）1.信、達(dá)、雅【答案】faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance2.充分表達(dá)

【答案】fullexpression3.動態(tài)對等【答案】dynamicequivalence4.直譯【答案】literaltranslation5.意合【答案】parataxis6.歸化【答案】domesticationtranslation7.翻譯體【答案】translationese8.金磚四國【答案】BRIC

9.絲綢之路【答案】SilkRoad10.外匯儲備【答案】foreignexchangereserve11.世界文化遺產(chǎn)【答案】worldculturalheritage12.國民生產(chǎn)總值【答案】GNP(GrossNationalProduct)13.增值稅【答案】added-valuetax14.自貿(mào)區(qū)【答案】FTA(freetradearea)

15.地緣政治【答案】geopolitics二、英漢互譯（120分）1.英譯漢（60分）TheNatureofPlanning—ConflictandDisputesLanduseplanning(規(guī)劃)isaprocessconcernedwiththedeterminationoflanduses,thegeneralobjectivesofwhicharesetoutinlegislationorinsomedocumentoflegaloracceptedstanding.Thenatureofthisprocesswilldependinpartontheobjectiveswhichitistoserve.ThebroadobjectiveoftheUKsystemistoregulatethedevelopmentanduseoflandinthepublicinterest.Politics,conflict,anddisputeareatthecentreoflanduseplanning.Conflictarisesbecauseofthecompetingdemandsfortheuseofland,becauseoftheexternalityeffectsthatarisewhentheuseoflandchanges,andbecauseoftheunevendistributionofcostsandbenefitswhichresultsfromdevelopment.Iftherewerenoconflicts,thereshouldbenoneedforplanning.Indeed,planningmightusefullybedefinedastheprocessbywhichgovernmentresolvesdisputesaboutlanduse.Alternativeariseateverylevelofplanning—fromthehighest(supranational)leveltothelowest(site)level.Theplanningsystemisthemachinerybywhichtheselevelsofchoicearemanaged—fromplan-makingto

developmentcontrol.Thoughplanningsystemsvaryamongcountries,theycanallbeanalyzedintheseterms.Theprocessesinvolvedencompassthedeterminationofobjectives,policy-making,consultationandparticipation,formaldisputeresolution,developmentcontrol,implementation,andtheevaluationofoutcomes.Theexplicitfunctionoftheprocessesistoensurethatawidevarietyofinterestsatstakeareconsideredandthatoutcomesareinthegeneral“publicinterest”.Inrealitythereareverymanyintereststhatmightbeserved.Fourmaingroupsofparticipantsarepoliticiansservingvariouslevelsofgovernment,thedevelopmentindustry,landowners,and“thepublic”.Thelatterishighlydiversegroupwhichisachievinganincreasedrole(notalwaysmeaningfully)bywayofpressuregroupandpublicinvolvement.Governmentsusuallyarguethatareasonablebalanceisbeingachievedbetweenthedifferentinterests.Criticsarguethatinterventionthroughlanduseplanningservestomaintainthedominanceofparticularinterests.Evaluationsofplanningsuggeststhatthosewithapropertyinterestaremoreinfluentialandgetmoreoutoftheplanningsystem,butorganizedinterestgroupsandevensomeindividualshavehadsuccessinindividualcases,sotheoutcomesarebynomeanscertain.Oneofthereasonsfortheincreasedimportanceattachedtoplanningprocess,andpublicinvolvementinthem(apartfromquestionsofdemocracy),liesinthebeliefthattheyareeffectiveinreducingthescopeforlaterconflict.Theclearerandfirmerthepolicy,andthewideritssupport,thelessroomthereisforarguingaboutitsapplicationandimplementation.Thusforthemanagersofthesystemefficiencyisincreased.Buttherearelimitstothis:thereisno

waythatconflictcanbeplanningaway.Acentralproblemfortheplanningsystemistodeviseameansforpredictinglikelyfuturechangesthatmayimpactonthesystem.Infact,thisisextremelydifficult,andpastattemptshavedemonstratedthatthereisaseverelimittoprediction.Thisisoneofthereasonswhydiscretion(慎重)hastobebuiltintotheprocesses:withoutthis,itisdifficulttotakeaccountofchangingcircumstances.Asecond,moreimmediatereasonfordiscretionistheimpossibilityofdevisingaprocesswhichcanbeappliedautomaticallytotheenormousvarietyofcircumstancesthatcometolightwhenactionisbeingtaken.Plansandotherpolicydocumentsprovideareferencepointforwhathasbeenagreedthroughtheplanningprocess,andagainstwhichproposalswillbemeasured.Professionalresearchandanalysis,togetherwithopportunitiesforconsultation,publicparticipation,andformalobjectionandadoptionbypoliticalrepresentatives,givesuchdocumentslegitimacy.Buttheycannotbeblueprints(設(shè)計(jì)圖).Theimplementationofaplanalwaysdiffersfromwhatisanticipated.【參考譯文】土地利用規(guī)劃就是確定土地用途的過程，其一般目標(biāo)載于法律或合法、公認(rèn)的文件中。土地利用規(guī)劃的性質(zhì)部分取決于其服務(wù)的目標(biāo)。英國土地利用規(guī)劃制度的廣泛目標(biāo)是規(guī)范土地的開發(fā)利用，維護(hù)社會公共利益。政治、沖突和爭端是土地利用規(guī)劃的核心問題。沖突產(chǎn)生自土地使用需求的競爭，土地使用發(fā)生變化造成的外部影響，以及發(fā)展帶來的成本和效益分配不均。如果沒有沖突，就沒有必要規(guī)劃。事實(shí)上，規(guī)劃可以有

效地定義為政府解決土地使用糾紛的過程。從最高（超國家）級到最低（現(xiàn)場）級的每一個(gè)規(guī)劃級別都有備選方案。規(guī)劃系統(tǒng)是管理這些選擇方案的機(jī)制——從計(jì)劃制定到開發(fā)控制。雖然各國的規(guī)劃制度各不相同，但都可以用這些術(shù)語來分析。所涉及的過程包括確定目標(biāo)、制定政策、協(xié)商與參與、正式解決糾紛、發(fā)展控制、執(zhí)行及效果評估。這些程序的明確功能是確?？紤]到各種利害關(guān)系，并確保結(jié)果符合普遍的“公共利益”。在現(xiàn)實(shí)中，有許多利益可能得到滿足。參與者主要包括各級政府官員、發(fā)展產(chǎn)業(yè)、土地所有者和“公眾”。后者是高度多樣化的群體，通過壓力集團(tuán)和公眾參與，正發(fā)揮更大的作用（但不一定有意義）。政府通常聲稱，土地利用規(guī)劃能使不同的利益之間取得合理的平衡。批評人士則認(rèn)為，通過土地利用規(guī)劃進(jìn)行干預(yù)是為了保持特定利益集團(tuán)的主導(dǎo)地位。對規(guī)劃的評估表明，擁有地產(chǎn)權(quán)益的人更具影響力，從規(guī)劃體系中獲益更多，但有組織的利益集團(tuán)甚至一些個(gè)人也在個(gè)別案例中取得了成功，所以評估結(jié)果不是確定的。規(guī)劃過程及其公眾參與（除民主問題外）越來越受重視的原因之一，在于人們相信規(guī)劃過程能夠有效地減少沖突發(fā)生的可能性。政策越明確、越堅(jiān)定，越有廣泛的支持，就越?jīng)]有爭論其適用和實(shí)施的空間。從而為管理者提高了系統(tǒng)效率。但也存在局限性：再怎么規(guī)劃也還是會有沖突。規(guī)劃系統(tǒng)的中心問題是設(shè)計(jì)一種方法來預(yù)測可能對系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生影響的未來變化。其實(shí)這很困難，過去的嘗試表明，預(yù)測存在嚴(yán)重的局限性。這就是規(guī)劃程序必須慎重的原因之一：沒有這一點(diǎn)，就很難考慮不斷變化的環(huán)境。第二，慎重的更直接原因是不可能設(shè)計(jì)出一種程序，能自動適用

于采取行動時(shí)出現(xiàn)的各種各樣的狀況。計(jì)劃和其他政策文件為規(guī)劃過程中達(dá)成的協(xié)議提供了參考點(diǎn)，并以此作為衡量提案的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。專業(yè)的研究分析，以及咨詢、公眾參與、政治代表正式反對和通過，賦予了這些文件合法性。但它們不是設(shè)計(jì)圖。計(jì)劃的執(zhí)行總是不同于預(yù)期。2.漢譯英（60分）我的生命大概不會很長久罷。然而在短促的過去的回顧中卻有一盞明燈，照徹了我的靈魂的黑暗，使我的生存有一點(diǎn)光彩。這盞燈就是友情。我應(yīng)該感謝它，因?yàn)榭苛怂也拍軌蚧畹浆F(xiàn)在；而且把舊家庭給我留下的陰影掃除了的也正是它。世間有不少的人為了家庭拋棄朋友，至少也會在家庭和朋友之間畫一個(gè)界限，把家庭看得比朋友重過若干倍，這似乎是很自然的事情。我也曾親眼看見一些人結(jié)婚以后就離開朋友，離開事業(yè)?！笥咽菚簳r(shí)的，家庭是永久的。在好些人的行為里我發(fā)現(xiàn)了這個(gè)信條。這個(gè)信條在我實(shí)在是不可理解的。對于我，要是沒有朋友，我現(xiàn)在會變成怎樣可憐的東西，我自己也不知道。然而朋友們把我救了。他們給了我家庭所不能給的東西，他們的友愛，他們的幫助，他們的鼓勵，幾次把我從深淵的邊沿救回來。他們對我表示了無限的慷慨。我的生活曾經(jīng)是悲苦的，黑暗的，然而朋友們把多量的同情，多量的愛，多量的歡樂，多量的眼淚分給了我，這些東西都是生存所必需的。這些不要報(bào)答的慷慨的施舍，使我的生活里也有了溫暖，有了幸福。我默默地接受了他們。我并不曾說過一句感激的話，我也沒有做過一件報(bào)

答的行為。但是朋友們卻不把自私的形容詞加到我的身上，對于我，他們太慷慨了?！緟⒖甲g文】Thelengthofmydayswillnotbeunlimited.However,wheneverIlookbackonbriefpastlife,Ifindabeaconilluminatingmysoulandtherebylendingalittlebrightnesstomybeing.Thatbeaconisfriendship.Ishouldbegratefultoitbecauseithashelpedmekeepaliveuptonowandclearawaytheshadowleftonmebymyoldfamily.Manypeopleforsaketheirfriendsinfavoroftheirownfamilies,oratleastdrawalineofdemarcationbetweenfamiliesandfriends,consideringtheformertobemanytimesmoreimportantthanthelatter.Thatseemstobeamatterofcourse.Ihavealsoseenwithmyowneyeshowsomepeopleabandontheirfriendsaswellastheirowncareerssoonaftertheygetmarried…Friendsaretransientwhereasfamilyarelasting—thatisthetenet,asIknow,guidingthebehaviorofmanypeople.Tome,thatisutterlyinconceivable.Withoutfriends,IwouldhavebeenreducedtoIdon’tknowwhatamiserablecreature.Friendsaremysaviors.Theygivemethingswhichitisbeyondmyfamilytogiveme.Thankstotheirfraternallove,assistanceandencouragement,Ihavetimeandagainbeensavedfromfallingintoanabysswhileonitsverge.Theyhavebeenenormouslygeneroustowardsme.Therewasatimewhenmylifewasmiserableandgloomy.Myfriendsthen

gavemeinlargequantitiessympathy,love,joyandtears—thingsessentialforexistence.ItisduetotheirbountifulfreegiftsthatIalsohavemyshareofwarmthandhappinessinmylife.Iacceptedtheirkindnessesquietlywithouteversayingawordofthanksandwithouteverdoinganythinginreturn.Inspiteofthat,myfriendsneverusedtheepithet“self-centered”whenreferredtome.Theyareonlytoogeneroustowardsme.

2018年山東建筑大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院357英語翻譯基礎(chǔ)考研真題及詳解一、詞語翻譯（30分）1.英譯漢（15分）(1)parataxis【答案】意合(2)domesticating【答案】歸化(3)dynamicequivalence【答案】動態(tài)對等(4)skopostheory【答案】目的論(5)geopolitics

【答案】地緣政治(6)Brics【答案】金磚五國(7)grossnationalproduct【答案】國民生產(chǎn)總值(8)supplysidereform【答案】供給側(cè)改革(9)translationese【答案】翻譯腔；翻譯體(10)tradeembargo【答案】貿(mào)易禁運(yùn)(11)taxi-hailingapp【答案】打車軟件

(12)targetedpovertyreduction【答案】精準(zhǔn)扶貧(13)blacksheep【答案】害群之馬(14)communityofsharedinterests【答案】利益共同體(15)two-dimensionalbarcodepayment【答案】二維碼支付2.漢譯英（15分）（1）信、達(dá)、雅【答案】faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance（2）形合

【答案】hypotaxis（3）異化【答案】foreignizationtranslation（4）意譯【答案】freetranslation（5）計(jì)算機(jī)輔助翻譯【答案】CAT(computeraidedtranslation)（6）多米諾效應(yīng)【答案】dominoeffect（7）亞投行【答案】AIIB(AsianInfrastructureInvestmentBank)（8）北約【答案】NATO(NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization)

（9）聯(lián)合國安理會【答案】UNSecurityCouncil（10）一帶一路【答案】theBeltandRoadInitiative（11）“雙一流”【答案】DoubleFirst-Classinitiative（12）工匠精神【答案】craftsmanshipspirit（13）新常態(tài)【答案】newnormal（14）京津冀一體化【答案】Beijing-Tianjin-HebeiIntegration

（15）人工智能【答案】artificialintelligence二、英漢互譯（120分）1.英譯漢（60分）High-risebuildingsarecloselyrelatedtothecity;theyareanaturalresponsetodensepopulationconcentration,scarcityofland,andhighlandcosts.Themassingofthehigh-risebuildingevolvesoutofthedesigner’sinterpretationoftheenvironmentalcontextandhisresponsetothepurposeofthebuilding.Ahigh-risebuildingmaybefreestanding—thatis,verticalandslenderorhorizontalandbulky—oritmaybeplaceddirectlyadjacenttoothertallbuildings,thusformingasolidbuildingblock.Inbothapproachesthebuildingisbasicallyanisolatedobject.Howeverthetallbuildingofthefuturemayverywellbeanintegralpartofonelargebuildingorganism,thecity,wherethebuildingsoractivitycellsareinterconnectedbymultilevelmovementsystems.High-risebuildingsrangeinheightfrombelow10tomorethan100stories.Arathercomplexplanningprocessisnecessarytodeterminetheheightofabuilding.Someofthefactorstobeconsideredaretheclient’sneedsversusthelandavailableandthelocationofthelandasrelatedtothefacetsoftheenvironmentalcontext,forexamplenecessaryservicestosupportthebuildinganditsinhabitantsortheecologicalimpactofthebuildingorthesceniccharacteristicofthelandscape.

Thedevelopmentofthehigh-risebuildingsfollowscloselythegrowthofthecity.Theprocessofurbanizationwhichstartedwiththeageofindustrializationisstillinprogressinmanypartsoftheworld.IntheUnitedStatesthisprocessbeganinthenineteenthcentury;peoplemigratedfromruraltourbanareas,therebyforcinganincreaseinthedensityofcities.Technologyrespondedtothispressurewiththelightweightsteelcagestructure(輕鋼骨架結(jié)構(gòu)),theelevator,andtheenergysupplysystemsnecessitatedbythehighdensityverticalcity.Atthebeginningofthiscenturybuildingblocksabout20storieshighweresetoppositeeachother,separatedonlybydarknarrowstreets,formingurbancanyons.Primaryconcernwastheplacementofmaximumnumberofpeopleonaminimumareaofland.Theresultingcongestion(擁擠)anditsimpactonpeopleandthecityasanorganicinteractionsystemwashardlyadesignconsideration.Theneedsforlight,air,andopengroundlevelforpublicactivityspacesledtotheevolutionofthefree-standingskyscraper.Itismuchtaller,sinceitmustprovideadensityatleastequivalenttothebuildingblockitisreplacing.Presenttechnologyisfarenoughadvancedtoallowconstructionofthesingleskyscraperataneconomicallyfeasiblecost.Fromatechnologicalormaterialspacepointofview,thedesignoftallbuildingsisrelativelywellunderstood;howeverconsiderationofthebehavioralspace,thatis,identificationofhumanneedsandspaceadaptability,isstillinan