歷考研英語(yǔ)二真題答案解析

2010

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumbered

blankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

TheoutbreakofswinefluthatwasfirstdetecctedinMexicowas

declaredaglobalepidemiconJune11,2009.Itisthefirstwotldwide

epidemic_1_bytheWorldHealthOrganizationin41years.

Theheightenedalert_2_anemergencymeetingwithfluexpertsin

GenevathatassembledafterasharppiseincasesinAustralia,andrising

_3_inBritain,japan,Chileandelsewhere.

Burtheepiemicis“_4_"inseverity.AccordingtoMargaretChan.

Theorganization,sdirectorgeneral,_5_theoverwhelmingmajortyof

patientsexperiencingonlymildsymptomsandfullrecovery.Oftenin

the_6_ofanymedicaltreatment.

Theourbreakcametogobal_7_inlafeApri12009.whenMexican

authoritiesnotedanunusuallylatgenumberofhospitalizationsand

deaths_8_healthyadults.AsmuchofMexicoCityShutdownattheheight

ofapanic,casesbeganto_9_inNewYorkCity,thesouthwesternUnited

Statesandatoundtheworld.

IntheUnitedStates,newcasesseemedtofade_10_warmerweather

arrived.ButinlateSeptember2009,officialsreportedtherewas_11_flu

activityinalmosteverystateandthatvirtuallyallthe_12_testedare

thenewswineflu.Alsoknownas(A)H1N1,notseasonalflu.IntheU.S.,It

has_13_morethanonemillionpeople,andcausedmonethan600deathsand

morethan6,000hospitalizations.

Federalhealthofficials___14___Tamifluforchildrenfromthe

nationalstockpileandbegan_15_ordersfromtheatatesforthenew

swinefluvaccine.Thenewvaccine,whichisdifferentfromtheannualflu

vaccine,is_16_aheadofexpectations.Morethanthreemilliondoseswere

tobemadeavailableinearlyOctober2009,thoughmostofthose

—17—doseswereoftheFluMistnasalspraytype,whichisnot_18_for

pregnantwomen,peopleover50orthosewithbreathingdifficulties,heart

diseaseorseveralother_19_.Butitwasstillpossibletovaccinate

peopleinotherhigh-riskgroups;healthcareworkers,people

—20_infantsandhealthyyoungpeople.

1.[A]criticized[B]appointed[C]commented[D]designated

2.[A]proceeded[B]activated[C]followed[D]prompted

3.[A]digits[B]numbers[C]amounts[D]sums

4.[A]Moderatre[B]normal[C]unusual[D]extreme

5.[A]With[B]in[C]from[D]by

6.[A]Progress[B]absence[C]presence[D]favor

7.[A]Reality[B]phenomenon[C]cincept[D]notice

8.[A]Over[B]for[C]among[D]to

9.[A]stayup[B]cropup[C]fillup[_D]coverup

10.[A]as[B]if[C]unless[D]until

11.[A]excessive[B]enormous[C]significant[D]magnificent

12.[A]categories[B]examples[C]patterns[D]samples

13.[A]imparted[B]immersed[C]injected[D]infected

14.[A]released[B]relayed[C]relieved[D]remained

15.[A]placing[B]delivering[C]taking[D]giving

16.[A]feasible[B]available[C]reliable[D]applicable

17.[A]prevalent[B]principal[C]innovative[D]initial

18.[A]presented[B]restricted[C]recommended[D]introduced

19.[A]problems[B]issues[C]agonies[D]sufferings

20.[A]involvedin[B]caringfor[C]concernedwith[D]warding

off

SectionIIReadingcomprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourpassages.Answerthequestionsbeloweach

passagebychoosingA,B,CandD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.

(40points)

Textl

Thelongestbullruninacenturyofart-markethistoryendedona

dramaticnotewithasaleof56worksbyDamienHirst,uBeautifulInside

MyHeadForeverv,atSotheby'sinLondononSeptember15th2008(see

picture).Allbuttwopiecessold,fetchingmorethan￡70m,arecordfor

asalebyasingleartist.Itwasalasthurrah.Astheauctioneercalled

outbids,inNewYorkoneoftheoldestbanksonWallStreet,Lehman

Brothers,filedforbankruptcy.

Theworldartmarkethadalreadybeenlosingmomentumforawhileafter

risingvertiginouslysince2003.Atitspeakin2007itwasworthsome

$65billion,reckonsClareMcAndrew,founderofArtsEconomics,aresearch

firm-doublethefigurefiveyearsearlier.Sincethenitmayhavecome

downto$50billion.Butthemarketgeneratesinterestfarbeyonditssize

becauseitbringstogethergreatwealth,enormousegos,greed,passion

andcontroversyinawaymatchedbyfewotherindustries.

IntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMrHirst'ssale,spendingof

anysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable,especiallyinNewYork,wherethe

bail-outofthebankscoincidedwiththelossofthousandsofjobsand

thefinancialdemiseofmanyart-buyinginvestors.Intheartworldthat

meantcollectorsstayedawayfromgalleriesandsalerooms.Salesof

contemporaryartfellbytwo-thirds,andinthemostoverheatedsector-for

Chinesecontemporaryart-theyweredownbynearly90%intheyearto

November2008.Withinweekstheworld?stwobiggestauctionhouses,

Sotheby'sandChristie,s,hadtopayoutnearly$200minguaranteesto

clientswhohadplacedworksforsalewiththem.

ThecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsincetheJapanese

stoppedbuyingImpressionistsattheendof1989,amovethatstartedthe

mostseriouscontractioninthemarketsincethesecondworldwar.This

timeexpertsreckonthatpricesareabout40%downontheirpeakonaverage,

thoughsomehavebeenfarmorevolatile.ButEdwardDolman,Christie7s

chiefexecutive,says:'Tmprettyconfidentwe'reatthebottom.,,

Whatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromthelast,hesays,isthatthere

arestillbuyersinthemarket,whereasintheearly1990s,wheninterest

rateswerehigh,therewasnodemandeventhoughmanycollectorswanted

tosell.Christie'srevenuesinthefirsthalfof2009werestillhigher

thaninthefirsthalfof2006.Almosteveryonewhowasinterviewedfor

thisspecialreportsaidthatthebiggestproblematthemomentisnot

alackofdemandbutalackofgoodworktosell.ThethreeDs-death,debt

anddivorce-stilldeliverworksofarttothemarket.Butanyonewhodoes

nothavetoselliskeepingaway,waitingforconfidencetoreturn.

21.Inthefirstparagraph,DamienHirst，ssalewasreferredtoas“alast

victory“because.

A.theartmarkethadwitnessedasuccessionofvictoryies

B.theauctioneerfinallygotthetwopiecesatthehighestbids

C.BeautifulInsideMyHeadForeverwonoverallmasterpieces

D.itwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworldfinancialcrisis

22.Bysaying“spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable”(Line

1-2,Para.3),theauthorsuggeststhat.

A?collectorswerenolongeractivelyinvolvedinart-marketauctions

B.peoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfrom

galleries

C.artcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreatextent

D.worksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenot

worthbuying

23.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTture?

A.Salesofcontemporaryartfelldramaticallyfrom2007to2008.

B.Theartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinmomentum.

C.Themarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousways.

D.Someartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestocome.

24.ThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraphare

A.auctionhouses'favorites

B.contemporarytrends

C.factorspromotingartworkcirculation

D.stylesrepresentingimpressionists

25.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextcouldbe__

A.FluctuationofArtPrices

B.Up-to-dateArtAuctions

C.ArtMarketinDecline

D.ShiftedInterestinArts

Text2

IwasaddressingasmallgatheringinasuburbanVirginialivingroom

--awomen，sgroupthathadinvitedmentojointhem.Throughoutthe

eveningonemanhadbeenparticularlytalkativefrequentlyofferingideas

andanecdoteswhilehiswifesatsilentlybesidehimonthecouch.Toward

theendoftheeveningIcommentedthatwomenfrequentlycomplainthat

theirhusbandsdon，ttalktothem.Thismanquicklyconcurred.Hegestured

towardhiswifeandsaid"She'sthetalkerinourfamily.，zTheroomburst

intolaughter;themanlookedpuzzledandhurt.strue"heexplained.

“WhenIcomehomefromworkIhavenothingtosay.Ifshedidn'tkeepthe

conversationgoingwe'dspendthewholeeveninginsilence.z/

ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmentend

totalkmorethanwomeninpublicsituationstheyoftentalklessathome.

Andthispatterniswreakinghavocwithmarriage.

ThepatternwasobservedbypoliticalscientistAndrewHackerinthe

late'70s.SociologistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbook

“DivorceTalk"thatmostofthewomensheinterviewed-butonlyafew

ofthemen一一gavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.

Giventhecurrentdivorcerateofnearly50percentthatamountsto

millionsofcasesintheUnitedStateseveryyear一一avirtualepidemic

offailedconversation.

Inmyownresearchcomplaintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmost

oftenfocusednotontangibleinequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechance

foracareertoaccompanyahusbandtohisordoingfarmorethantheir

shareofdailylife-supportworklikecleaningcookingsocial

arrangementsanderrands.Insteadtheyfocusedoncommunication:〃He

doesn，tlistentome〃”Hedoesn，ttalktome.〃IfoundasHackerobserved

yearsbeforethatmostwiveswanttheirhusbandstobefirstandforemost

conversationalpartnersbutfewhusbandssharethisexpectationoftheir

wives.

Inshorttheimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthe

stereotypicalcartoonsceneofamansittingatthebreakfasttablewith

anewspaperheldupinfrontofhisfacewhileawomanglaresattheback

ofitwantingtotalk.

26.Whatismostwives'mainexpectationoftheirhusbands?

A.Talkingtothem.

B.Trustingthem.

C.Supportingtheircareers.

D.Shsringhousework.

27.Judgingfromthecontext,thephrase"wreakinghavoc”(Line

3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans___.

Ageneratingmotivation.

B.exertinginfluence

C.causingdamage

D.creatingpressure

28.AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT_______

A.mentendtotalkmoreinpublictanwomen

B.nearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailed

conversation

C.womenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetweencouples

D.afemaletendstobemoretalkativeathomethanherspouse

29.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemianideaofthistext?

A.Themoraldecayingdeservesmoreresearchbysociologists.

B.Marriagebreak_upstemsfromsexinequalities.

C.Husbandandwofehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheirmarriage.

D.Conversationalpatternsbetweenmanandwifearedifferent.

30.Inthefollowingpartimmediatelyafterthistext,theauthorwillmost

probablyfocuson

A.avividaccountofthenewbookDivorceTalk

B.adetaileddescriptionofthestereotypicalcartoon

C.otherpossiblereasonsforahighdivorcerateintheU.S.

D.abriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrewHacker

Txet3

overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreating

automaticbehaviors-habits-amongconsumers.Thesehabitshavehelped

companiesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacks,apply

lotionsandwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponseto

acarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.

“Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likehandwashing

withsoap,thatremainkillersonlybecausewecan'tfigureouthowto

changepeople'shabits,"Dr.Curtissaid."Wewantedtolearnfrom

privateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.”

ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto-Procter&Gamble,

Colgate-PalmoliveandUnilever-hadinvestedhundredsofmillionsof

dollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers?livesthatcorporations

couldusetointroducenewroutines.

Ifyoulookhardenough,you'11findthatmanyoftheproductswe

useeveryday-chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,air

fresheners,waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,antiperspirants,colognes,

teethwhiteners,fabricsofteners,vitamins-areresultsofmanufactured

habits.Acenturyago,fewpeopleregularlybrushedtheirteethmultiple

timesaday.Today,becauseofcannyadvertisingandpublichealth

campaigns,manyAmericanshabituallygivetheirpearlywhitesa

cavity-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,Crestoroneof

theotherbrands.

Afewdecadesago,manypeopledidn'tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.

Thenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-off

springs,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledwateralldaylong.

Chewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnowfeatured

incommercialsasabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseaftera

meal.Skinmoisturizersareadvertisedaspartofmorningbeauty

rituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.

“Ourproductssucceedwhentheybecomepartofdailyorweekly

patterns,“saidCarolBerning,aconsumerpsychologistwhorecently

retiredfromProcter&Gamble,thecompanythatsold$76billionofTide,

Crestandotherproductslastyear.Creatingpositivehabitsisahuge

partofimprovingourconsumersJlives,andit'sessentialtomaking

newproductscommerciallyviable.”

Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.

Berninghavelearnedthatthereispowerintyingcertainbehaviorsto

habitualcuesthroughrelentlessadvertising.Asthisnewscienceofhabit

hasemerged,controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenused

tosellquestionablebeautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.

31.AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwithsoap.

[A]shouldbefurthercultivated

[B]shouldbechangedgradually

[C]aredeepiyrootedinhistory

[D]arebasicallyprivateconcerns

32.Bottledwater,chewinggunandskinmoisturizersarementionedin

Paragraph5soasto____

[A]revealtheirimpactonpeopleJhabits

[B]showtheurgentneedofdailynecessities

[C]indicatetheireffectonpeople'buyingpower

[D]manifestthesignificantroleofgoodhabits

33.whichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreate

people,shabits?

[A]Tide

[B]Crest

[C]Colgate

[D]Unilver

34.Fromthetextwekonwthatsomeofconsumer?shabitsaredevelopeddue

to

[A]perfectedartofproducts

[B]automaticbehaviorcreation

[C]commercialpromotions

[D]scientificexperiments

35.theauthor?sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementon

people'shabitsis

[A]indifferent

[B]negative

[Cjpositive

[D]biased

Text4

ManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionof

crucialdemocraticvalues,includingtheprinciplesthatallcitizenswho

meetminimalqualificationsofageandliteracyareequallycompetentto

serveonjuries;thatjurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfroma

representativecrosssectionofthecommunity;thatnocitizenshouldbe

deniedtherighttoserveonajuryonaccountofrace,religion,sex,

ornationalorigin;thatdefendantsareentitledtotrialbytheirpeers;

andthatverdictsshouldrepresenttheconscienceofthecommunityand

notjusttheletterofthelaw.Thejuryisalsosaidtobethebest

survivingexampleofdirectratherthanrepresentativedemocracy.Ina

directdemocracy,citizenstaketurnsgoverningthemselves,ratherthan

electingrepresentativestogovernforthem.

Butasrecentlyasin1986,juryselectionproceduresconflictedwith

thesedemocraticideals.Insomestates,forexample,jurydutywas

limitedtopersonsofsupposedlysuperiorintelligence,education,and

moralcharacter.AlthoughtheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshad

prohibitedintentionalracialdiscriminationinjuryselectionasearly

asthe1880caseofstrauderv.WestVirginia,thepracticeofselecting

so-calledeliteorblue-ribbonjuriesprovidedaconvenientwayaround

thisandotherantidiscriminationlaws.

Thesystemalsofailedtoregularlyincludewomenonjuriesuntilthe

mid-20thcentury.AlthoughwomenfirstservedonstatejuriesinUtahin

1898,itwasnotuntilthe1940sthatamajorityofstatesmadewomen

eligibleforjuryduty.Eventhenseveralstatesautomaticallyexempted

womenfromjurydutyunlesstheypersonllyaskedtohavetheirnames

includedonthejurylist.Thispracticewasjustifiedbytheclaimthat

womenwereneededathome,anditkeptjuriesunrepresentativeofwomen

throughthe1960s.

In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelection

andServiceAct,usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformsforthe

jury.Thislawabolishedspecialeducationalrequirementsforfederal

jurorsandrequiredthemtobeselectedatrandomfromacrosssection

oftheentirecommunity.Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorv.Louisiana,

theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthatjuriesberepresentative

ofallpartsofthecommunitytothestatelevel.TheTaylordecisionalso

declaredsexdiscriminationinjuryselectiontobeunconstitutionaland

orderedstatestousethesameproceduresforselectingmaleandfemale

jurors.

36.FromtheprinciplesoftheUSjurysystem,welearnthat

[A]bothliterateandilliteratepeoplecanserveonjuries

[B]defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirpeers

[C]noagelimitshouldbeimposedforjuryservice

[D]judgmentshouldconsidertheopinionofthepublic

37.Thepracticeofselectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968

showed

[A]theinadequavyofantidiscriminationlaws

[B]theprevalentdiscriminationagainstcertainraces

[C]theconflictingidealsinjuryselectionprocedures

38.Eveninthe1960s,womenwereseldomonthejurylistinsomestates

because

[A]theywereautomaticallybannedbystatelaws

[B]theyfellfarshortoftherequiredqualifications

[C]theyweresupposedtoperformdomesticduties

[D]theytendedtoevadepublicengagement

39.AftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwaspassed.__

[A]sexdiscriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutionalandhad

tobeabolished

[B]educationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidintheselectionof

federaljurors

[C]jurorsatthestateleveloughttoberepresentativeoftheentire

community

[D]statesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejury

system

40.indiscussingtheUSjurysystem,thetextcenterson

[A]itsnatureandproblems

[B]itscharacteristicsandtradition

[C]itsproblemsandtheirsolutions

[D]itstraditionanddevelopment

PartB

Directions

Readthefollowingtextanddecidewhethereachofthestatementsis

trueorfalse.ChooseTifthestatementistrueorFitthestatement

isnottrue.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

CopyingBirdsMaySaveAircraftFuel

BothBoeingandAirbushavetrumpetedtheefficiencyoftheirnewest

aircraft.The787and350respectively.Theircleverdesignsand

lightweightcompositescertainlymakeadifference.Butagroupof

researchersatStanfordUniversity,ledbyIlanKroo,hassuggestedthat

airlinescouldtakeamorenaturalisticapproachtocuttingjet-fueluse

anditwouldnotrequirethemtobuynewaircraft.

Theanswer,saysDrKroo,lieswithbirds.Since1914,scientists

haveknownthatbirdsflyinginformatior)-aV-shape-expendlessenergy.

Theairflowingoverabird'swingscurlsupwardsbehindthewingtips.

aphenomenonknownasupwash.Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperience

reduceddrag,andspendlessenergypropellingthemselves.PeterLissaman,

anaeronauticsexpertwhowasformerlyatCaltechandtheUniversityof

SouthernCalifornia,hassuggestedthataformationof25birdsmight

enjoyarangeincreaseof71%.

Whenappliedtoaircraft,theprinciplesarenotsubstantially

different.DrKrooandhisteammodeledwhatwouldhappenifthree

passengerjetsdepartingfromLosAngeles,SanFranciscoandIasVegas

weretoassembleoverUtah,assumeaninvertedV-formationoccasionally

changeplacessoallcouldhaveaturninthemostfavourablepositions,

andproceedtoLondon.Theyfoundthattheaircraftconsumedasmuchas

15%lessfuel(coupledwithareductionincarbon-dioxideoutput).

Nitrogen-oxideemissionsduringthecruisingportionsoftheflightfell

byaroundaquarter.

Thereare,ofcourse,knotstobeworkedout.Oneconsideration

issafety,oratleasttheperceptionofit.Wouldpassengersfeel

comfortabletravellingincompanion?DrKroopointsoutthattheaircraft

couldbeseparatedbyseveralnauticalmiles,andwouldnotbeinthe

intimategroupingsfavouredbydisplayteamsliketheRedArrows,A

passengerpeeringoutofthewindowmightnotevenseetheotherplanes.

Whethertheseparationdistancesinvolvedwouldsatisfy

air-traffic-controlregulationsisanothermatter,althoughaworking

groupattheInternationalCivilAviationOrganisationhasincludedthe

possibilityofformationflyinginablueprintfornewoperational

guidelines.

Itremainstobeseenhowweatherconditionsaffecttheairflowsthat

makeformationflightmoreefficient.Inzonesofincreasedturbulence,

theplanes'wakeswilldecaymorequicklyandtheeffectwilldiminish.

DrKroosaysthisisoneoftheareashisteamwillinvestigatefurther.

Itmightalsobehardforairlinestoco-ordinatethedeparturetimesand

destinationsofpassengeraircraftinawaythatwouldallowthemtogain

fromformationflight.Cargoaircraft,incontrast,mightbeeasierto

reschedule,asmightroutinemilitaryflight.

Asithappens,America'sarmedforcesareontheoncasealready.

Earlierthisyearthecountry?sDefenceAdvancedResearchProjects

AgencyannouncedplanstopayBoeingtoinvestigateformationflight,

thoughtheprogrammehasyettobegin.Therearereportsthatsome

militaryaircraftflewinformationwhentheywerelowonfuelduringthe

SecondWorldWar,butDrLissamansaystheyareunsubstantiated."My

fatherwasanRAFpilotandmycousintheskipperofaLancasterlostover

Berlin,“headds.Soheshouldknow.

41.FindingsoftheStanfordUniversityresearcherswillpromotethesales

ofnewBoeingandAirbusaircraft.

42.Theupwashexperiencemaysavepropellingenergyaswellasreducing

resistance.

43.Formationflightismorecomfortablebecausepassengerscannotsee

theotherplans.

44.Therolethatweatherplaysinformationflighthasnotyetbeen

clearlydefined.

45.IthasbeendocumentedthatduringWorldWarII,America'sarmed

forcesoncetriedformationflighttosavefuel.

SectionIIITranslation

46.Directions:

InthissectionthereisatextinEnglish.TranslateitintoChinese.

WriteyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)

“Suatainability”hasbecomeapopularwordthesedays,buttoTed

Ning,theconceptwillalwayshavepersonalmeaning.Havingendured

apainfulperiodofunsustainabilityinhisownlifemadeitcleartohim

thatsustainability-orientedvaluesmustbeexpressedthougheveryday-

actionandchoice.

Ningrecallsspendingaconfusingyearinthelate1990sselling

insurance.He'dbeenthoughthedot-comboomandburstand,desperatefor

ajob,signedonwithaBoulderagency.

Itdidin,tgowell."Itwasareallyhadmovebecausethat'snot

mypassion,“saysNing,whosedilemmaaboutthejobtr