2024屆高考英語閱讀理解高頻詞匯超詳細(xì)梳理（災(zāi)難類）素材

高考英語閱讀理解高頻詞匯超詳細(xì)梳理（災(zāi)難類）單詞詳解：1.emerge(vi.)/??m??d?/浮現(xiàn),(由某種狀態(tài))脫出,(事實(shí))顯現(xiàn)出來例句:Rescueworkersemergedfromtherubblewithasurvivor.(救援人員帶著一名幸存者從廢墟中出來。)同義詞:appear,surface,comeout,rise反義詞:disappear,submerge搭配:emergefromsomething(從…中浮現(xiàn))拓展詞組:emergency(n.緊急情況),emergent(adj.緊急的)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意拼寫，不要與"immerge"(v.沉浸)混淆。例句辨析:Emerge:指從隱藏或被遮蔽的狀態(tài)中出現(xiàn)或變得可見。Appear:指變得可見或顯現(xiàn)出來，強(qiáng)調(diào)突然出現(xiàn)。Surface:指從水下或其他隱藏的地方浮出水面或出現(xiàn)。2.collapse(n.&vi.)/k??l?ps/崩潰,倒塌,暴跌,倒塌,崩潰,瓦解,折疊例句:Thebuildingcollapsedaftertheearthquake,trappingmanypeopleinside.(地震后，這座建筑倒塌了，許多人被困在里面。)同義詞:(n.)breakdown,downfall,(vi.)crumble,fallapart反義詞:(n.)rise,success,(vi.)build,strengthen搭配:collapseofabuilding(建筑物倒塌),economiccollapse(經(jīng)濟(jì)崩潰)拓展詞組:collapsible(adj.可折疊的),collapseinto(陷入)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意拼寫，不要與"collapse"(v.折疊)混淆。例句辨析:Collapse(n.):指突然的倒塌、崩潰或衰敗。Collapse(v.):指倒塌、崩潰或衰弱。Breakdown:指機(jī)器、系統(tǒng)或人的功能失效。Downfall:指從高位或成功狀態(tài)的墮落。3.infect(vt.)/?n?fekt/傳染,感染例句:Thevirusinfectedthousandsofpeople,causingaglobalpandemic.(這種病毒感染了成千上萬的人，引發(fā)了全球大流行。)同義詞:contaminate,pollute,poison反義詞:disinfect,sterilize搭配:infectsomeonewithsomething(使某人感染…)拓展詞組:infection(n.感染),infectious(adj.傳染性的)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意拼寫，不要與"affect"(v.影響)混淆。例句辨析:Infect:指將疾病或有害物質(zhì)傳播給他人或物體。Contaminate:指使事物變得不純凈或不安全。Pollute:指污染環(huán)境或使環(huán)境變得不潔凈。4.wreck(n.&vt.)/rek/失事,殘骸,破壞,健康受損的人,破壞,造成...失事例句:Thestormcausedashipwreck,leavingthesurvivorsstrandedonadesertedisland.(風(fēng)暴導(dǎo)致了一艘船失事，幸存者被困在一個(gè)荒島上。)同義詞:(n.)wreckage,ruins,(v.)destroy,damage反義詞:(v.)build,repair搭配:shipwreck(n.海難),carwreck(n.車禍)拓展詞組:wreckage(n.殘骸),wrecked(adj.失事的)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意拼寫，不要與"wrack"(n.海藻)混淆。例句辨析:Wreck(n.):指失事船只或其他交通工具的殘骸，或指被嚴(yán)重?fù)p壞的物體。Wreck(v.):指摧毀或嚴(yán)重?fù)p壞某物。Destroy:指徹底摧毀某物，使其無法修復(fù)。Damage:指對(duì)某物造成損害，但可能可以修復(fù)。5.spread(n.&v.)/spred/傳布,伸展,擴(kuò)延的,傳布,推廣,伸出例句:Thewildfirespreadrapidlythroughthedryforest,destroyingeverythinginitspath.(野火迅速蔓延到干燥的森林中，摧毀了沿途的一切。)同義詞:(n.)extent,range,(v.)distribute,disseminate反義詞:(v.)collect,gather搭配:spreadnews(傳播新聞),spreaddisease(傳播疾病)拓展詞組:widespread(adj.普遍的),spreadout(展開)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意"spread"作為名詞和動(dòng)詞的用法和含義。例句辨析:Spread(n.):指事物的范圍或延伸。Spread(v.):指展開、延伸或傳播。Distribute:指分發(fā)或散布。Disseminate:指?jìng)鞑バ畔⒒蛩枷搿?.claim(n.&vt.)/kle?m/要求,要求權(quán);主張,斷言,聲稱;要求物,要求,請(qǐng)求；主張,聲稱,斷言例句:Theearthquakeclaimedthelivesofthousandsofpeople.(地震奪走了成千上萬人的生命。)同義詞:(n.)demand,assertion,(vt.)assert,declare反義詞:(vt.)deny,refute搭配:claimresponsibility(聲稱負(fù)責(zé)),claimcompensation(要求賠償)拓展詞組:claimant(n.索賠人),claimtofame(成名原因)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意"claim"作為名詞和動(dòng)詞的用法和含義。例句辨析:Claim(n.):指要求、主張或斷言。Claim(vt.):指要求、主張或聲稱。Demand:指強(qiáng)烈的要求或堅(jiān)持。Assert:指自信地陳述或維護(hù)某事。7.survive(vt.&vi.)/s?r?va?v/比…活得長(zhǎng),幸免于難,艱難度過,活著,繼續(xù)存在例句:Onlyafewpeoplesurvivedtheplanecrash.(只有少數(shù)人從飛機(jī)失事中幸存下來。)同義詞:live,endure,outlast反義詞:die,perish搭配:surviveadisaster(在災(zāi)難中幸存),survivalskills(生存技能)拓展詞組:survivor(n.幸存者),survival(n.生存)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意拼寫，不要與"survive"(v.存活)混淆。例句辨析:Survive:指在危險(xiǎn)或困難的情況下存活下來。Live:指活著，強(qiáng)調(diào)生命的存在。Endure:指忍受或經(jīng)受住困難或痛苦。8.injure(v.)/??nd??r/傷害,使...受冤屈例句:Manypeoplewereinjuredintheexplosion.(許多人在爆炸中受傷。)同義詞:hurt,wound,damage反義詞:heal,cure搭配:injureoneself(受傷),beinjuredinanaccident(在事故中受傷)拓展詞組:injury(n.傷害),injurious(adj.有害的)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意拼寫，不要與"ensure"(v.確保)混淆。例句辨析:Injure:指對(duì)身體造成傷害或損害。Hurt:指造成身體或情感上的痛苦。Wound:指造成傷口或傷害。9.transmit(vt.&vi.)/tr?nz?m?t/傳輸,傳送,代代相傳,傳達(dá),(以無線電或有線電的方式)發(fā)送信號(hào)例句:Thediseaseistransmittedthroughcontaminatedwater.(這種疾病通過污染的水傳播。)同義詞:send,convey,communicate,broadcast反義詞:receive搭配:transmitinformation(傳遞信息),transmitadisease(傳播疾病)拓展詞組:transmission(n.傳播),transmitter(n.發(fā)射器)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意拼寫，不要與"transform"(v.改變)混淆。例句辨析:Transmit:指發(fā)送或傳遞信息、能量或疾病。Send:指將某物或某人從一個(gè)地方送到另一個(gè)地方。Convey:指?jìng)鬟f信息或思想。Communicate:指交流或傳遞信息。10.rescue(n.&vt.)/?reskju?/援救,解救,營(yíng)救隊(duì),援救,救出,營(yíng)救例句:Therescueteamworkedtirelesslytosavepeopletrappedinthecollapsedbuilding.(救援隊(duì)不知疲倦地工作，以拯救被困在倒塌建筑物中的人們。)同義詞:save,deliver,liberate反義詞:abandon,endanger搭配:rescuesomeonefromsomething(從…中救出某人)拓展詞組:rescuer(n.救援人員),rescuemission(救援任務(wù))易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意拼寫，不要與"research"(n.研究)混淆。例句辨析:Rescue:指從危險(xiǎn)或困境中拯救某人或某物。Save:指保護(hù)某人或某物免受傷害或危險(xiǎn)。Deliver:指從危險(xiǎn)或困境中解救某人或某物。Liberate:指使某人或某物獲得自由。11.donate(vt.&vi.)/?do?ne?t/捐贈(zèng),轉(zhuǎn)移(電子),捐款例句:Manypeopledonatedmoneyandsuppliestohelpthevictimsofthehurricane.(許多人捐款捐物，幫助颶風(fēng)的受害者。)同義詞:give,contribute,offer反義詞:receive,take搭配:donatetocharity(向慈善機(jī)構(gòu)捐款),donateblood(獻(xiàn)血)拓展詞組:donation(n.捐贈(zèng)),donor(n.捐贈(zèng)者)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意拼寫，不要與"denote"(v.表示)混淆。例句辨析:Donate:指無償給予或貢獻(xiàn)某物，通常用于慈善或公益事業(yè)。Give:指給予或提供某物，可以是有償或無償?shù)?。Contribute:指捐獻(xiàn)或貢獻(xiàn)，通常指為共同目標(biāo)或事業(yè)做出貢獻(xiàn)。12.accidental(adj.&n.)/??ks??dentl/意外的,偶然的,附屬的,偶然,不重要的東西,變調(diào)的臨時(shí)符號(hào)例句:Thefirewascausedbyanaccidentalelectricalfault.(火災(zāi)是由意外的電路故障引起的。)同義詞:unintentional,unplanned,unexpected反義詞:intentional,deliberate,planned搭配:accidentaldeath(意外死亡),byaccident(偶然地)拓展詞組:accident(n.事故),accidentally(adv.意外地)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意拼寫，不要與"incidental"(adj.附帶的)混淆。例句辨析:Accidental:指意外的、非故意的、偶然發(fā)生的。Unintentional:指非故意的、無意的。Unplanned:指沒有計(jì)劃的、意外的。Unexpected:指出乎意料的、未預(yù)料到的。13.miserable(adj.)/?m?z?r?bl/悲慘的,痛苦的,貧乏的例句:Therefugeeswerelivinginmiserableconditions,withlittlefoodorshelter.(難民們生活在悲慘的環(huán)境中，幾乎沒有食物或住所。)同義詞:unhappy,wretched,pitiful反義詞:happy,joyful,content搭配:miserablelife(悲慘的生活),feelmiserable(感到痛苦)拓展詞組:misery(n.痛苦),miserably(adv.悲慘地)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意拼寫，不要與"miserable"(adj.吝嗇的)混淆。例句辨析:Miserable:指非常不快樂、痛苦或悲慘的。Unhappy:指不快樂或不滿意的。Wretched:指極度痛苦或不幸的。Pitiful:指可憐的、值得同情的。14.fatal(adj.)/?fe?tl/致命的,毀滅性的,決定性的例句:Thecaraccidentprovedfatalforthedriver.(這起車禍對(duì)司機(jī)來說是致命的。)同義詞:deadly,lethal,mortal反義詞:nonfatal,harmless搭配:fatalinjury(致命傷),fatalerror(致命錯(cuò)誤)拓展詞組:fatality(n.死亡),fatally(adv.致命地)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意拼寫，不要與"fateful"(adj.決定命運(yùn)的)混淆。例句辨析:Fatal:指導(dǎo)致死亡或毀滅的。Deadly:指致命的、危險(xiǎn)的、足以致命的。Lethal:指致命的、足以致死的。Mortal:指會(huì)死的、終有一死的。15.vulnerable(adj.)/?v?ln?r?bl/易受傷害的,有弱點(diǎn)的例句:Thecoastalareasarevulnerabletofloodingduringhurricanes.(沿海地區(qū)在颶風(fēng)期間容易遭受洪水。)同義詞:susceptible,exposed,defenseless反義詞:invulnerable,protected,safe搭配:vulnerabletosomething(易受…傷害)拓展詞組:vulnerability(n.弱點(diǎn)),vulnerably(adv.易受傷害地)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意拼寫，不要與"valuable"(adj.貴重的)混淆。例句辨析:Vulnerable:指易受傷害、攻擊或批評(píng)的。Susceptible:指容易受到某種影響或感染的。Exposed:指暴露于危險(xiǎn)或傷害之中的。Defenseless:指沒有防御能力的、易受攻擊的。16.voluntary(adj.&n.)/?v?l?nt?ri/自愿的,志愿的,(教堂禮拜儀式前后或進(jìn)行期間的)樂器獨(dú)奏例句:Manyvolunteershelpedtocleanupthedamageaftertheflood.(許多志愿者幫助清理洪水過后的損壞。)同義詞:willing,intentional,deliberate,optional反義詞:involuntary,forced,compulsory搭配:voluntarywork(志愿工作),voluntaryorganization(志愿組織)拓展詞組:volunteer(n.志愿者),voluntarily(adv.自愿地)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意拼寫，不要與"involuntary"(adj.非自愿的)混淆。例句辨析:Voluntary:指自愿的、主動(dòng)的、非強(qiáng)迫的。Willing:指樂意的、愿意的、自愿的。Intentional:指故意的、有意的、有目的的。Deliberate:指深思熟慮的、故意的、有計(jì)劃的。17.disaster(n.)/d??zɑ?st?r/災(zāi)難例句:Theearthquakewasamajordisaster,causingwidespreaddestructionandlossoflife.(地震是一場(chǎng)重大災(zāi)難，造成了廣泛的破壞和人員傷亡。)同義詞:catastrophe,calamity,tragedy反義詞:fortune,blessing搭配:naturaldisaster(自然災(zāi)害),man-madedisaster(人為災(zāi)難)拓展詞組:disastrous(adj.災(zāi)難性的),disasterrelief(救災(zāi))易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意拼寫，不要與"dessert"(n.甜點(diǎn))混淆。例句辨析:Disaster:指造成重大破壞或痛苦的事件。Catastrophe:指巨大的災(zāi)難或不幸事件。Calamity:指嚴(yán)重的災(zāi)難或不幸事件。Tragedy:指悲慘的事件或戲劇。18.famine(n.)/?f?m?n/饑荒,極度缺乏例句:Thedroughtcausedaseverefamine,leavingmanypeoplestarving.(干旱導(dǎo)致了嚴(yán)重的饑荒，許多人挨餓。)同義詞:starvation,hunger,scarcity反義詞:abundance,plenty搭配:faminerelief(饑荒救濟(jì)),sufferfromfamine(遭受饑荒)拓展詞組:N/A易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意拼寫，不要與"feminine"(adj.女性的)混淆。例句辨析:Famine:指極度缺乏食物，導(dǎo)致widespreadhungeranddeath。Starvation:指因缺乏食物而導(dǎo)致的死亡或極度虛弱狀態(tài)。Hunger:指對(duì)食物的渴望或需求。Scarcity:指缺乏或不足。19.destruction(n.)/d??str?k??n/破壞,毀滅,破壞者例句:Thehurricaneleftatrailofdestructioninitswake.(颶風(fēng)過后留下一片狼藉。)同義詞:devastation,ruin,demolition反義詞:construction,creation搭配:causedestruction(造成破壞),massdestruction(大規(guī)模毀滅)拓展詞組:destructive(adj.破壞性的),destroy(v.摧毀)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意拼寫，不要與"instruction"(n.指令)混淆。例句辨析:Destruction:指對(duì)某物造成嚴(yán)重?fù)p害或使其無法修復(fù)的行為或過程。Devastation:指大范圍的破壞或毀滅。Ruin:指使某物或某人毀滅或衰敗的狀態(tài)。Demolition:指拆除建筑物或其他結(jié)構(gòu)的行為。20.refugee(n.)/?refju?d?i?/難民,流亡者例句:Millionsofrefugeesfledtheirhomesduetothewar.(由于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，數(shù)百萬難民逃離家園。)同義詞:exile,displacedperson,asylumseeker反義詞:citizen,resident搭配:refugeecamp(難民營(yíng)),seekrefuge(尋求庇護(hù))拓展詞組:N/A易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意拼寫，不要與"refuge"(n.避難所)混淆。例句辨析:Refugee:指因戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、迫害或自然災(zāi)害而被迫逃離家園的人。Exile:指被流放或被迫離開祖國的人。Displacedperson:指因沖突或?yàn)?zāi)難而流離失所的人。Asylumseeker:指尋求庇護(hù)的人，即尋求在另一個(gè)國家獲得保護(hù)的人。21.strap(n.&vt.)/str?p/繩,皮帶,鐐銬,皮鞭,用繩索捆扎,系住,鞭笞,磨快例句:Rescueworkersusedstrapstosecuretheinjuredpersontoastretcher.(救援人員用帶子將傷者固定在擔(dān)架上。)同義詞:(n.)belt,band,(vt.)fasten,bind反義詞:(vt.)unfasten,loosen搭配:leatherstrap(皮帶),shoulderstrap(肩帶)拓展詞組:N/A易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意拼寫，不要與"scrap"(n.碎片)混淆。例句辨析:Strap(n.):指用于捆綁或固定物體的帶子或條帶。Strap(vt.):指用帶子或條帶捆綁或固定某物。Belt:指系在腰部的帶子，通常用于支撐褲子或裙子。Band:指環(huán)繞或捆綁某物的帶子或條帶。22.foundation(n.)/fa?n?de???n/基礎(chǔ)；地基；基金會(huì)；根據(jù)；創(chuàng)立例句:Theearthquakedamagedthefoundationsofmanybuildings.(地震損壞了許多建筑物的地基。)同義詞:base,basis,groundwork反義詞:N/A搭配:laythefoundation(奠定基礎(chǔ)),charitablefoundation(慈善基金會(huì))拓展詞組:found(v.建立),founder(n.創(chuàng)始人)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意拼寫，不要與"fountain"(n.噴泉)混淆。例句辨析:Foundation:指建筑物或其他結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)或地基，也可以指組織或機(jī)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。Base:指事物的底部或支撐部分。Basis:指事物的基礎(chǔ)或根本。Groundwork:指為某事做準(zhǔn)備或奠定基礎(chǔ)的工作。23.welfare(n.&adj.)/?welfe?r/福利,社會(huì)保障,幸福,福利的例句:Thegovernmentprovideswelfareassistancetothoseinneed.(政府向有需要的人提供福利援助。)同義詞:well-being,prosperity,happiness,socialsecurity反義詞:misfortune,hardship搭配:childwelfare(兒童福利),socialwelfare(社會(huì)福利)拓展詞組:N/A易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意拼寫，不要與"farewell"(n.告別)混淆。例句辨析:Welfare:指健康、幸福和繁榮的狀態(tài)，也指政府提供的社會(huì)福利。Well-being:指身體、精神和社會(huì)方面的健康和幸福狀態(tài)。Prosperity:指繁榮、昌盛或成功的狀態(tài)。Happiness:指快樂、幸?；驖M足的狀態(tài)。24.flame(n.,vi.&vt.)/fle?m/火焰,火舌,鮮紅色,光輝,戀人,懷念,辱罵信息,焚燒,爆發(fā),面紅,發(fā)辱罵信息,用煙火發(fā)信號(hào),用火對(duì)待,發(fā)辱罵信息例句:Thefirefightersbattledtheflamesforhoursbeforebringingtheblazeundercontrol.(消防隊(duì)員與火焰搏斗了幾個(gè)小時(shí)，才控制住火勢(shì)。)同義詞:(n.)fire,blaze,(vi.)burn,blaze反義詞:(vi.)extinguish,quench搭配:burstintoflames(著火),flamesofpassion(激情的火焰)拓展詞組:flamethrower(n.噴火器),flammable(adj.易燃的)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意"flame"作為名詞和動(dòng)詞的用法和含義。例句辨析:Flame(n.):指燃燒產(chǎn)生的可見氣體，通常呈現(xiàn)紅色、橙色或黃色。Flame(v.):指燃燒或著火。Fire:指燃燒的物質(zhì)或過程。Blaze:指大的、明亮的火焰。25.drought(n.)/dra?t/干旱例句:Thedroughtcausedcropstowitheranddie.(干旱導(dǎo)致莊稼枯萎死亡。)同義詞:aridity,dryness,watershortage反義詞:flood,downpour搭配:severedrought(嚴(yán)重干旱),drought-strickenarea(受旱災(zāi)地區(qū))拓展詞組:N/A易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:注意拼寫，不要與"draught"(n.氣流)混淆。例句辨析:Drought:指長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的干旱或缺水。Aridity:指氣候干燥或土地貧瘠。Dryness:指缺乏水分或濕氣的狀態(tài)。25.collision(k??l???n)-名詞-碰撞，沖突例句:Thecaraccidentwascausedbyahead-oncollisionbetweentwovehicles.(這起車禍?zhǔn)怯蓛绍囉嫦嘧苍斐傻摹?Therewasacollisionofopinionsbetweenthetwogroups,leadingtoaheateddebate.(兩組之間意見不合，導(dǎo)致了激烈的辯論。)同義詞:crash,impact,clash反義詞:agreement,harmony搭配:collisionwith:與...碰撞avoidacollision:避免碰撞causeacollision:造成碰撞拓展詞組:mid-aircollision:空中相撞collisioncourse:碰撞的路線，不可避免的沖突易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:collision通常指兩個(gè)或多個(gè)物體之間的物理碰撞，也可用于比喻意見或想法的沖突。近似單詞辨析:crash:指突然而猛烈的碰撞，常伴隨著巨大的聲響和破壞。impact:指碰撞的瞬間或碰撞產(chǎn)生的影響。clash:指意見、利益或文化等方面的沖突。幫助串記的例句:Thecollisionofthetwocarsresultedinaloudcrashandasignificantimpactontraffic.(兩輛車的碰撞導(dǎo)致了巨大的聲響和對(duì)交通的嚴(yán)重影響。)Theclashofculturesledtoacollisionofvaluesandbeliefs.(文化沖突導(dǎo)致了價(jià)值觀和信仰的沖突。)26.charity(?t??r?ti)-名詞-慈善，慈善機(jī)構(gòu)例句:Shedonatedalargesumofmoneytoacharitythathelpshomelesspeople.(她向一個(gè)幫助無家可歸者的慈善機(jī)構(gòu)捐贈(zèng)了一大筆錢。)Theorganizationreliesonthecharityofotherstocontinueitswork.(該組織依靠他人的慈善事業(yè)來繼續(xù)其工作。)同義詞:philanthropy,benevolence,generosity反義詞:selfishness,greed搭配:charityorganization:慈善機(jī)構(gòu)givetocharity:捐贈(zèng)給慈善機(jī)構(gòu)docharitywork:做慈善工作拓展詞組:charityevent:慈善活動(dòng)charityshop:慈善商店易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:charity既可以指抽象的慈善行為，也可以指具體的慈善機(jī)構(gòu)。近似單詞辨析:philanthropy:指對(duì)人類福祉的熱愛和慷慨捐贈(zèng)，通常規(guī)模較大。benevolence:指善意和樂于助人的品質(zhì)。generosity:指慷慨大方，樂于給予。幫助串記的例句:Hisactofcharitydemonstratedhisbenevolenceandgenerosity.(他的慈善行為體現(xiàn)了他的善意和慷慨。)Sheisawell-knownphilanthropistwhohassupportedmanycharityorganizations.(她是一位著名的慈善家，曾支持過許多慈善機(jī)構(gòu)。)27.shelter(??elt?r)-名詞/動(dòng)詞-庇護(hù)所，避難所；庇護(hù)，保護(hù)例句:Thehomelesspeoplefoundshelterfromthestorminanabandonedbuilding.(無家可歸的人們?cè)谝粭潖U棄的建筑物中找到了躲避風(fēng)暴的庇護(hù)所。)Thetreesshelteredthehousefromthestrongwinds.(樹木為房屋遮擋了強(qiáng)風(fēng)。)同義詞:(名詞)refuge,haven,sanctuary;(動(dòng)詞)protect,shield反義詞:(動(dòng)詞)expose搭配:seekshelter:尋求庇護(hù)provideshelter:提供庇護(hù)takeshelter:躲避拓展詞組:animalshelter:動(dòng)物收容所bombshelter:防空洞易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:shelter既可以指提供庇護(hù)的地方，也可以指庇護(hù)的行為。近似單詞辨析:refuge:指為逃避危險(xiǎn)或不愉快的事情而尋求庇護(hù)的地方。haven:指安全而平和的地方。sanctuary:指神圣不可侵犯的地方，如教堂或寺廟。幫助串記的例句:Thechurchprovidedsanctuaryforthoseseekingrefugefromthewar.(教堂為那些逃離戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的人們提供了庇護(hù)。)Theislandwasapeacefulhavenwheretheycouldfindshelterfromthestormsoflife.(這個(gè)島嶼是一個(gè)寧靜的港灣，在那里他們可以找到躲避生活風(fēng)暴的庇護(hù)所。)28.hazard(?h?z?rd)-名詞/動(dòng)詞-危險(xiǎn)，危害;冒險(xiǎn)例句:Smokingisaserioushazardtoyourhealth.(吸煙是對(duì)健康的一個(gè)嚴(yán)重危害。)Hehazardedaguessattheanswer.(他冒險(xiǎn)猜了一下答案。)同義詞:(名詞)danger,risk,threat;(動(dòng)詞)risk,gamble反義詞:(名詞)safety搭配:hazardtohealth:對(duì)健康的危害environmentalhazards:環(huán)境危害hazardaguess:冒險(xiǎn)猜測(cè)拓展詞組:healthhazard:健康危害firehazard:火災(zāi)隱患易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:hazard既可以指潛在的危險(xiǎn)，也可以指冒險(xiǎn)的行為。近似單詞辨析:danger:指可能造成傷害或損失的直接威脅。risk:指潛在的損失或傷害的可能性。threat:指明示或暗示的傷害或損失的可能性。幫助串記的例句:Thedangerofthesituationwasobvious,buthedecidedtotaketheriskanyway.(情況的危險(xiǎn)顯而易見，但他還是決定冒險(xiǎn)。)Thestormposedaseriousthreattothecoastaltowns,causingsignificanthazardsforresidents.(風(fēng)暴對(duì)沿海城鎮(zhèn)構(gòu)成了嚴(yán)重威脅，給居民帶來了重大危害。)練習(xí)：一、語法填空(10題):Manypeoplewereleft_____(home)afterthedevastatingearthquake.Therescueworkersaretryingtheirbestto_____(rescue)thetrappedminers.Thevirusquickly_____(spread)throughoutthecommunity.Thestorm_____(wreck)severalboatsintheharbor.Theaccident_____(injure)severalpassengersonthetrain.Thegovernmentisprovidingfoodand_____(shelter)forthefloodvictims.Theorganizationiscollecting_____(donate)tohelpthoseaffectedbythedisaster.Hewasluckyto_____(survive)thecaraccident.Thewarcausedwidespread_____(destroy)anddisplacement.Theriskofwildfiresincreasesduringperiodsof_____(drought).二、完成句子(5題):Thetwoplanescollidedinmid-air,resultinginatragic_____.(碰撞)Therefugeesfledtheirhomestoescapethe_____ofwar.(災(zāi)難)Aftertheflood,manypeoplewereforcedtoseek_____intemporaryshelters.(庇護(hù))Thegovernmentissuedawarningaboutthepotential_____ofthechemicalspill.(危害)Thecharityorganizationisdedicatedtoalleviatingthesufferingcausedby_____.(饑荒)三、近義詞辨析(5題):Choosethewordthatbestcompletesthesentence:The_____ofthehurricanecausedwidespreaddamage.(A)impact(B)collision(C)crashChoosethewordthatisclosestinmeaningto"hazard":(A)safety(B)risk(C)charityChoosethewordthatisclosestinmeaningto"famine":(A)drought(B)flood(C)starvationChoosethewordthatisoppositeinmeaningto"vulnerable":(A)resistant(B)accidental(C)fatalChoosethewordthatisoppositeinmeaningto"donate":(A)receive(B)claim(C)transmit四、翻譯句子(5題):由于干旱，農(nóng)作物歉收。救援人員正在搜尋幸存者。這場(chǎng)風(fēng)暴給沿海城鎮(zhèn)帶來了嚴(yán)重破壞。這個(gè)慈善機(jī)構(gòu)為無家可歸者提供食物和住所。我們必須采取措施減少自然災(zāi)害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。五、閱讀理解（一）The2010Haitiearthquakewasacatastrophicmagnitude7.0Mwearthquake,withanepicenternearthetownofLéogane,approximately25kilometers(16miles)westofPort-au-Prince,Haiti'scapital.Theearthquakeoccurredat16:53localtime(21:53UTC)onTuesday,12January2010.By24January,atleast52aftershocksmeasuring4.5orgreaterhadbeenrecorded.Anestimatedthreemillionpeoplewereaffectedbythequake.Deathtollestimatesrangefrom100,000toabout316,000,althoughthesefiguresaredisputed.ThegovernmentofHaitiestimatedthat250,000residencesand30,000commercialbuildingshadcollapsedorwereseverelydamaged.Thenation'shistoryofnationaldebt,prejudicialtradepoliciesbyothercountries,andforeigninterventionintonationalaffairscontributedtotheexistingpovertyandpoorhousingconditionsthatincreasedthedeathtollfromthedisaster.TheearthquakecausedmajordamageinPort-au-Prince,Jacmelandothercitiesintheregion.Notablelandmarkbuildingsweresignificantlydamagedordestroyed,includingthePresidentialPalace,theNationalAssemblybuilding,thePort-au-PrinceCathedral,andthemainjail.AmongthosekilledwereArchbishopofPort-au-PrinceJosephSergeMiot,andoppositionleaderMichaGaillard.TheheadquartersoftheUnitedNationsStabilizationMissioninHaiti(MINUSTAH),locatedinthecapital,collapsed,killingmany,includingtheMission'sChief,HédiAnnabi.1.Whatwasthemagnitudeofthe2010Haitiearthquake?(A)4.5(B)5.2(C)7.0(D)25.02.Wherewastheepicenteroftheearthquakelocated?(A)Port-au-Prince(B)Jacmel(C)Léogane(D)UnitedStates3.Whatfactorexacerbatedtheimpactoftheearthquake?(A)Haiti'swealthandstronginfrastructure(B)Haiti'shistoryofdebtandpoverty(C)Haiti'slocationinaseismicallyinactivezone(D)Haiti'seffectivedisasterpreparednessplan4.Whatwasoneoftheconsequencesoftheearthquake?(A)ThecollapseofthePresidentialPalace(B)ThestrengtheningofHaiti'seconomy(C)Thedecreaseinaftershocks(D)Theimprovementofhousingconditions5.Whatorganizationsufferedsignificantlossesintheearthquake?(A)TheWorldBank(B)TheRedCross(C)TheUnitedNations(D)TheEuropeanUnion（二）The2004IndianOceanearthquakeandtsunamioccurredat00:58:53UTCon26December,withanepicenteroffthewestcoastofSumatra,Indonesia.TheearthquakewascausedbysubductionandtriggeredaseriesofdevastatingtsunamisalongthecoastsofmostlandmassesborderingtheIndianOcean,killingover230,000peopleinfourteencountries,andinundatingcoastalcommunitieswithwavesupto30meters(100ft)high.Itwasoneofthedeadliestnaturaldisastersinrecordedhistory.Indonesiawasthehardest-hitcountry,followedbySriLanka,India,andThailand.Thedirectresultscausedmajordisruptionstolivingconditionsandcommerceincoastalprovincesofsurroundingcountries,includingAceh(Indonesia),SriLanka,TamilNadu(India),andKhaoLak(Thailand).Theearthquakewasthethird-largesteverrecordedonaseismographandhadthelongestdurationoffaultingeverobserved,betweeneightandtenminutes.Itcausedtheplanettovibrateasmuchas1centimeter(0.4inches)andtriggeredotherearthquakesasfarawayasAlaska.Theplightoftheaffectedpeopleandcountriespromptedaworldwidehumanitarianresponse.Inall,theworldwidecommunitydonatedmorethan$14billion(2004US$)inhumanitarianaid.TheeventisknownbythescientificcommunityastheSumatra–Andamanearthquake.1.Whatcausedthe2004IndianOceantsunami?(A)Avolcaniceruption(B)Ahurricane(C)Alandslide(D)Anearthquake2.Whatcountriesweremostaffectedbythetsunami?(A)Indonesia,SriLanka,India,andThailand(B)Japan,China,andKorea(C)AustraliaandNewZealand(D)UnitedStatesandCanada3.Whatwastheimpactofthetsunamiontheaffectedregions?(A)Improvedinfrastructure(B)Economicgrowth(C)Disruptionstolivingconditionsandcommerce(D)Increasedtourism4.Howdidtheinternationalcommunityrespondtothedisaster?(A)Withindifference(B)Withmilitaryintervention(C)Withhumanitarianaid(D)Withtradesanctions5.Whatwasuniqueaboutthe2004earthquake?(A)Itwasthesmallestearthquakeeverrecorded.(B)Ithadtheshortestdurationoffaultingeverobserved.(C)Itcausedtheplanettoshrink.(D)Ithadthelongestdurationoffaultingeverobserved.（三）TheChernobyldisasterwasanuclearaccidentthatoccurredon26April1986attheNo.4reactorintheChernobylNuclearPowerPlant,nearthecityofPripyatinthenorthoftheUkrainianSSRintheSovietUnion.Itisconsideredtheworstnucleardisasterinhistorybothincostandcasualties.Thedisasterbeganduringasystemstestatlowpower,whichsimulatedastationblackoutpower-failure,inthecourseofwhichbothemergencysafetyandpower-regulatingsystemswereintentionallyturnedoff.Acombinationofinherentreactordesignflawsandthereactoroperatorsarrangingthecoreinamannercontrarytothechecklistforthetest,eventuallyresultedinuncontrolledreactionconditions.Waterflashedintosteamgeneratingadestructivesteamexplosionandasubsequentopen-airgraphitefire.Thefiresentaplumeofhighlyradioactivefalloutintotheatmosphereandoveranextensivegeographicalarea,includingPripyat.TheplumedriftedoverlargepartsofthewesternSovietUnionandEurope.Accordingtoofficialpost-Sovietdata,about60%oftheradioactivefalloutlandedinBelarus.Thedisastercausedthedeathsof31peopleintheimmediateaftermathandforcedtheevacuationof116,000peoplefromthesurroundingareas,creatinga30km(19mi)exclusionzonearoundtheplant.Long-termeffectssuchascancersarestillbeinginvestigatedanddebated.1.WhatcausedtheChernobyldisaster?(A)Anaturaldisasterlikeanearthquake(B)Anuclearaccident(C)Aterroristattack(D)Aplanecrash2.WheredidtheChernobyldisasteroccur?(A)Russia(B)Ukraine(C)Belarus(D)Poland3.Whatweretheimmediateconsequencesofthedisaster?(A)Economicgrowthintheregion(B)Deaths,evacuations,andradioactivefallout(C)Anincreaseintourism(D)Improvedenvironmentalconditions4.Whatisstillbeinginvestigated?(A)Thecauseoftheaccident(B)Thelocationofthepowerplant(C)Theshort-termeffectsofthedisaster(D)Thelong-termhealtheffectsofthedisaster5.WhatwastheChernobyldisasterconsidered?(A)Aminorincidentwithnolastingconsequences(B)Theworstnucleardisasterinhistory(C)Apositiveeventthatledtoadvancementsinnucleartechnology(D)Afictionaleventportrayedinmoviesandbooks參考答案：一、語法填空homeless-形容詞，意為“無家可歸的”。rescue-動(dòng)詞，意為“營(yíng)救，救援”。spread-動(dòng)詞，意為“傳播，蔓延”。wrecked-動(dòng)詞過去式，意為“破壞，使失事”。injured-動(dòng)詞過去式，意為“傷害”。shelter-名詞，意為“庇護(hù)所，住所”。donations-名詞復(fù)數(shù)，意為“捐贈(zèng)，捐款”。survive-動(dòng)詞，意為“幸存，存活下來”。destruction-名詞，意為“破壞，毀滅”。drought-名詞，意為“干旱”。二、完成句子collision-名詞，意為“碰撞”。disaster-名詞，意為“災(zāi)難”。shelter-名詞，意為“庇護(hù)，保護(hù)”。hazards-名詞復(fù)數(shù)，意為“危險(xiǎn)，危害”。famine-名詞，意為“饑荒”。三、近義詞辨析(A)impact-impact指碰撞產(chǎn)生的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)后果。(B)risk-hazard和risk都有“危險(xiǎn)”的意思，但hazard更強(qiáng)調(diào)潛在的危險(xiǎn)性，risk則強(qiáng)調(diào)可能遭受損失的可能性。(C)starvation-famine和starvation都有“饑荒”的意思，但famine更強(qiáng)調(diào)食物的極度缺乏，starvation則強(qiáng)調(diào)因饑餓而死亡的狀態(tài)。(A)resistant-vulnerable指“易受傷害的”，resistant指“抵抗力強(qiáng)的，不易受傷害的”。(A)receive-donate指“捐贈(zèng)”，receive指“接收”。四、翻譯句子Thedroughtcausedacropfailure.Therescuersaresearchingforsurvivors.Thestormcausedseveredamageto