CET4歷年真題及答案1

2008年6月大學(xué)英語四級試題及參考答案

PartIWriting（30minutes）

towriteALetterofApologyaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelow.

1.娛樂活動多種多樣

2.娛樂活動可能使人們受益，也可能有危害性

3.作為大學(xué)生，我的看法。

二.快速閱讀

MediaSelectionforAdvertisements

Afterdeterminingthetargetaudienceforaproductorservice,advertisingagenciesmustselectthe

appropriatemediafortheadvertisement.Wediscussherethemajortypesofmediausedin

advertising.Wefocusourattentiononseventypesofadvertising:television,newspapers,radio,

magazines,out-of-home.Internet,anddirectmail.

Television

Televisionisanattractivemediumforadvertisingbecauseitdeliversmassaudiencesto

advertisers.WhenyouconsiderthatnearlythreeoutoffourAmericanshaveseenthegameshow

WhoWantstoBeaMillionaire?youcanunderstandthepoweroftelevisiontocommunicatewith

alargeaudience.Whenadvertiserscreateabrand,forexample,theywanttoimpressconsumers

withthebrandanditsimage.Televisionprovidesanidealvehicleforthistypeof

communication.Buttelevisionisanexpensivemedium,andnotalladvertiserscanaffordtouseit.

Television'sinfluenceonadvertisingisfourfold.First,narrowcastingmeansthattelevision

channelsareseenbyanincreasinglynarrowsegmentoftheaudience.TheGolfChannel,for

instance.

iswatchedbypeoplewhoplaygolf.HomeandGardenTelevisionisseenbythoseinterestedin

householdimprovementprojects.Thus,audiencesaresmallerandmorehomogeneous（具有共同

特點的）thantheyhavebeeninthepast.Second,thereisanincreaseinthenumberoftelevision

channelsavailabletoviewers,andthus,advertisers.Thishasalsoresultedinanincreaseinthe

sheernumberofadvertisementstowhichaudiencesareexposed.Third,digitalrecordingdevices

allowaudiencemembersmorecontroloverwhichcommercialstheywatch.Fourth,controlover

programmingisbeingpassedfromthenetworkstolocalcableoperatorsandsatelliteprogrammers.

Newspaper?

Aftertelevision,themediumattractingthenextlargestannualadrevenueisnewspapers.TheNew

YorkTimes,whichreachesanationalaudience,accountsfor$1billioninadrevenueannually,ii

mincreaseditsnationalcirculation（發(fā)行量）by40%andisnowavailableforhomedeliveryin

ionciues.Locally,newspapersarethelargestadvertisingmedium.

Newspapersarealessexpensiveadvertisingmediumthantelevisionandprovideawayfor

advertiserstocommunicatealonger,moredetailedmessagetotheiraudiencethantheycan

through48hours,meaningnewspapersarealsoaquickwayofgettingthemassage

out.Newspapersareofenthemostimportantformofnewsforalocalcommunity,andthey

developahighdegreeofloyaltyfromlocalreader.

Radio

AdvertisingonradiocontinuestogrowRadioisoftenusedinconjunctionwithoutdoor

bill-boards（廣告牌）andiheInternettoreachevenmorecustomersthantelevision.Advertisers

arelikelytouseradiobecauseitisalessexpensivemediumthantelevision,whichmeans

advertiserscanaffordtorepealtheiradsoften.Internetcompaniesarealsoturning10radio

advertising.Radioprovidesawayforadvertiserstocommunicatewithaudiencemembersatall

timesoftheday.Consumerslistentoradioontheirwaytoschoolorwork,atwork,ontheway

home,andintheeveninghours.

Twomajorchanges—satelliteandInternetradio—willforceradioadvertiserstoadapttheir

methods.Bothoftheseradioformsallowlistenerstotuneinstationsthataremoredistantthanthe

localstationstheycouldreceiveinthepast.Asaresult,radiowillincreasinglyattracttarget

audienceswholivemanymilesapart.

Magazines

Newsweeklies,women'stitles,andbusinessmagazineshaveallseenincreasesinadvertising

becausetheyattractthehigh-endmarket,magazinesarepopularwithadvertisersbecauseofthe

narrowmarketthattheydeliver.Abroadcastmediumsuchasnetworktelevisionattractsalltypes

ofaudiencemembers,butmagazineaudiencesaremorehomogeneous,ifyoureadsports

illustrated,forexample,youhavemuchincommonwiththemagazine'sotherreaders.Advertisers

seemagazinesasanefficientwayofreachingtargetaudiencemembers.

Advertiserusingtheprintmedia-magazinesandnewspapers-willneedtoadapttotwomain

changes.First,theinternetwillbringlargeraudiencestolocalnewspapers,thesesecond.

Advertiserswillhavetounderstandhowtouseanincreasingnumberofmagazinesfortheirtarget

audiences.Althoughsomemagazineswillmaintainnationalaudiences,alargenumberof

magazineswillentertainnarroweraudiences.

Out-of-homeadvertising

Out-of-homeadvertising.Alsocalledplace-basedadvertising,hasbecomeanincreasingly

effectivewayofreachingconsumers,whoaremoreactivethaneverbefore.Manyconsumers

todaydonotsitathomeandwatchtelevision.Usingbillboards,newsstands,andbussheltersfor

advertisingisaneffectivewayofreachingtheseon-the-goconsumers.Moreconsumerstravel

longerdistancestoandfromwork,whichalsomakesout-of-homeadvertisingeffective,

technologyhaschangedthenatureofthebillboardbusiness,makingitamoreeffectivemedium

thaninthepast.

Usingdigitalprinting,billboardcompaniescanprintabillboardin2hours,comparedwith6days

previously.Thisallowsadvertisersmorevarietyinthetypesofmessagestheycreatebecausethey.

Canchangetheirmessagesmorequickly.

Internet

Asconsumersbecomemorecomfortablewithonlineshopping,advertiserswillseektoreachthis

marketAsconsumersgetmoreoftheirnewsandinformationfromtheInternet,theabilityof

televisionandradiotogetthewordouttoconsumerswilldecrease.ThechallengetoInternet

advertisersIstocreateadsthataudiencemembersremember.

Internetadvertisingwillplayamoreprominentroleinorganizations1advertisinginthenear

ftuture.Internetaudiencestendtobequitehomogeneous,butsmall.Advertiserswillhaveto

adjusttheirmethodstoreachtheseaudiencesandwillhavetoadapttheirpersuasivestrategiesto

theonlinemediumaswell.

Directmail

Afinaladvertisingmediumisdirectmail,whichusesmailingstoconsumerstocommunicatea

client'smessageDirectmailincludesnewsletters,postcardsandspecialpromotions.Directmailis

aneffectivewaytobuildrelationshipswithconsumers.Formanybusinesses.directmailisthe

mosteffectivefromofadvertising.

1.Televisionisanattractiveadvertisingmediuminthat.

A)ithaslargeaudiences

B)itappealstohousewives

C)ithelpsbuildupacompany'sreputation

D)itisaifordabletomostadvertiser

2.WiththeincreaseinthenumberofTVchannels.

A)thecostofTVadvertisinghasdecreased

B)thenuillberofTVviewershasincreased

C)advertisers*interestinothermediahasdecreased

D)thenumberofTVadspeoplecanseehasincreased

3.Comparedwithtelevision,newspapersasanadvertisingmedium.

A)earnalargerannualadrevenue

B)conveymoredetailedmessages

C)usemoreproductiontechniques

D)getmessagesoutmoreeffectively

4.Advertisingonradiocontinuestogrowbecause.

A)morelocalradiostationshavebeensetup

B)moderntechnologymakesitmoreentertaining

C)itprovideseasyaccesstoconsumers

D)ithasbeenrevolutionizedbyInternetradio.

5.Magazinesareseenbyadvertisersasanefficientwayto.

A)reachtargetaudiences

B)moderntechnologymakesitmoreentertainingC)appealtoeducatedpeople.

D)conveyallkindsofmessages

6.Oui-of-homeadvertisinghasbecomemoreeffectivebecause

A)billboardscanbereplacedwithintwohours

B)consumerstravelmorenoweverbefore

C)suchadshavebeenmademuchmoreattractive

D)thepaceofurbanlifeismuchfasternowadays

7.ThechallengetoInternetadvertisersistocreateadsthatare.

A)quicktoupdate

B)pleasanttolookat

C)easytoremember

D)convenienttoaccess

8.Internetadvertiserswillhavetoadjusttheirmethodstoreachaudiencesthattendto

be_____________

9.Directmailisaneffecitiveformofadvertisingforbusinessesto

develop__________________________

lO.Thispassagediscusseshowadvertisersselectforadvertisements.

三.聽力部分(10：00-10：35)

四.閱讀詞匯部分選詞閱讀及完型(10：35-11：25)

PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)

SectionA

SomeyearsagoIwasofferedawritingassignmentthatwouldrequirethreemonthsoftravel

throughEurope.Ihadbeenabroadacoupleoftimes,butIcouldhardly-47-toknowmyway

aroundthecontinent.Moreover,myknowledgeofforeignlanguageswas-48-toalittlecollege

French.Ihesitated.HowwouldI,unabletospeakthelanguage,-49-unfamiliarwithlocal

geographyortransportationsystems,setup-50-anddoresearch?Itseemedimpossible,andwith

considerable-51-Isatdowntowritealetterbeggingoff.Halfwaythrough,athoughtranthrough

mymind:youcan'tlearnifyoudon'ttry.SoIacceptedtheassignment.Thereweresomebad-52".

ButbythetimeIhadfinishedthetripIwasanexperiencedtraveler.Andeversince.Ihavenever

hesitatedtoheadforeventhemostremoteofplaces.Withoutguidesoreven-53-bookings.

ConfidentthatsomehowIwillmanage.Thepointisthatthenew,thedifferent,isalmostby

definition-54-.buteachtimeyoutrysomething.Youlearn.Andasthelearningpliesup.The

worldopenstoyou.oI'velearnedtoskiat40,andflownuptheRhineriverina-55-.AndIknow

DIgotodoingsuchthings.It'snotbecauseI'mbraverormoredaringthanothers.I'mnot.But

macceptanxietyasanothernameforchallengeandIbelieveIcan-56-wonders.

A.accomplishLmanufactureB.advancedJ.momentsC.balloonK.newsD.claimL.reduced

E.constantlyM.regretEdeclareN.scaryGinterviewsO.totallyH.limited

閱讀

PassageOne

Globalwarmingmayormaynotbethegreatenvironmentalcrisisofthe21stcentury,but-

regardlessofwhetheritisorisn*t-wewon'tdomuchaboutit.Wewillargueoveritandmayeven,

asanation,makesomefairlysolemn-soundingcommitmentstoavoidit.Butthemoredramatic

andmeaningfulthesecommitmentsseem,thelesslikelytheyaretobeobserved.A1Gorecalls

globalwarmingan"inconvenienttruth,"asifmerelyrecognizingitcouldputusonapathtoa

solution.Buttherealtruthisthatwedon'tknowenoughtorelieveglobalwanning,and-without

majortechnologicalbreakthroughs-wecan'tdomuchaboutit.From2003to2050,theworld's

populationisprojevtedtogrowfrom6.4billonto9.1billion,a42%increase.ifenergyuseper

personandtechnologyremaintesame,totalenergyuseandgreenhouse

gasemissions(mainly,CO2)willbe42%higherin2O5O.Butthat'stoolow,becausesocietiesthat

growricherusemoreenergy.Weneedeconmicgrowthunlesswecondemntheworld'spoorto

theirpresentoPovertyandfreezeeveryoneelse'slivingstandards.Withmodestgrowth,energyuse

andgreenhouseemissionsmorethendoubleby2050.Nogovernmentwilladoptrigidrestrictions

oneconomicgrowthandpersonalfreeom(limitsonelectricityusage,drivingand

travel)thatmightcutbackglobalwarming.Still,politicianswanttoshowthey*re"doing

somethinguConsidertheKyotoProloco(京都議定書).Italowedcountriesthatjoinedtopunish

thosethatdidn't.Butithasn'treducedCO2emissions(upabout25%since1990),andmany

signatories(簽字國)didn*tadopttoughenoughpoliciestohittheir2008-2012targets.

Thepracticalcodusionisthatifglobalwarmingisapotentialdisaster,theonlysolutionisnew

technology.Onlyanaggressiveresearchanddevelopmentprogrammiaghtfindwaysofbreaking

ourdependenceonfossilfuelsordealingwithit.

Thetroublewiththeglobalwarmingdebateisthatithasbecomeamoralproblewhenifsteally

anengineeringone.Theinconvenienttruthisthatifwedon'tsolvetheengineeringproblem,

we'rehelpless.

57.Whatissaidaboutglobalwarminginthefirstparagraph?

A)Itmaynotproveanenvironmentalcrisisatall.

B)Itisanissuerepuiringworldwidecommitments.

C)Seriousstepshavebeentakentoavoidorstopit.

D)Verylittlewillbedonetoblingitundetcontrol.

58.Accordingtotheauthor'sunderstanding,whatisA1Gore'sviewonglobalwarming?

A)Itisarealitybothpeopleandpoliticiansareunawreof.

B)Itisaphenomenonthatcausesusmanyinconveniences.

C)Itisaproblemthatcanbesolvedonceitisrecognized.

D)Itisanareaweactuallyhavelittleknowledgeabout.

59.Greenhouseemissionswillmorethandoubleby2050becauseof___.

A)economicgrowth

B)wastefuluseofenergy

C)thewideninggapbetweentherichandpoor

D)therapidadvancesofscienceandtechnology

6O.Theauthorbelievesthat,sincethesigningoftheKyotoProtocol,.

A)politicianshavestartedtodosomethingtobetterthesituation

B)fewnationshaveadoptedrealtoughmeasurestolimitenergyuse

C)reductionsinenergyconsumptionhavegreatlycutbackglobalwarming

D)internationalcooperationhascontributedtosolvingenvoronmentalproblems

61.Whatisthemessagetheauthorintendstoconvey?

A)Globalwarmingismoreofamoralissuethanapracticalone.

B)Theultimatesolutiontoglobalwarmingliesinnewtechnology.

C)Thedebateoverglobalwarmingwillleadtotechnologicalbreakthroughs.

D)Peoplehavetogiveupcertainmaterialcomfortstostopglobalwarming.

PassageTwo

Somedayasirangerwillreadyoure-mailwithoutyourpermissionorscantheWebsiteyou've

visited,Orperhapssomeonewillcasuallyglancethroughyourcreditcardpurchasesorcell

phonebillstofindoutyourshoppingpreferencesorcallinghabits.Infact,it*slikelysomeofthese

thingshavealreadyhappenedtoyou.Whowouldwatchyouwithoutyourpermisson?Itmightbe

aspous,agirlfreiend,amarketingcompany,aboss,acoporacriminal.Whoeveritis,theywill

seeyouinawayyouneverintendedtobeseen-the21stcenturyequivalentofbeingcaught

naked.Psychologiststellusboundariesarehealthy,thatit'simportanttorevealyourselftofriends,

familyandloversinstages,atappropriatetimes.Butfewboundariesremain.Thedigitalbread

crumbs(碎屑)youleaveeverywheremakeiteasyforstrangerstoreconstructwhoyouare,where

youareandwhatyoulike.Insomecases,asimpleGooglesearchcanrevealwhatyouthink.Like

itornot,increasinglyweliveinaworldwhereyousimplycannotkeepasecret.Thekeyquestion

is:Doesthatmatter?FormanyAmericans,theanswerapparentlyis"no."Whenopinionpollsask

Americansaboutprivacy,mostsaytheyareconcernedaboutlostingit.Asurveryfoundan

overwhelmingpessimismaboutprivacy,with60percentofrespondentssayingtheyfeeltheir

privacyis''slippingaway,andthatbothersme."Butpeoplesayonethinganddoanother.Onlya

tinyfractionofAmericanschangeanybehaviorsinanefforttopreservetheirprivacy.Fewpeople

turndownadiscountattollbooths(收費站)toavoidusingtheEZ-Passsystemthatcantrack

automobilemovements.Andfewturndonwsupermarketloyaltycards.PrivacyeconomistA

lessandroAcauistihasrunaseriesofteststhatrevealpeoplewillsurrenderpersonalinformation

likeSocailSecuritynumbersjusttogettheirhandsonapitiful50-cents-offcoupon(優(yōu)惠卷)。But

privacydoesmatter-atleastsometimes.It'slikehealth:Whenyouhaveit,youdon'tnoticeit.

Onlywhenit*sgonedoyouwishyou'ddonemoretoprotectit.

62.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying"the21stcenturyequivalentofbeingcaughtnaked"

(Lines3-4,Para.2)?

A)People'spersonalinformationiseasilyaccessedwithouttheirknowledge.

B)Inthe21stcenturypeopletryeverymeanstolookintoothers*secrets.

C)Peopletendtobemorefrankwitheachotherintheinformationage.

D)Criminalsareeasilycaughtonthespotwithadvancedtechnology.

63.Whatwouldpsychologistsadviseontherelationshipsbetweenfriends?

A)Friendsshouldopentheirheartstoeachother.

B)Friendsshouldalwaysbefaithfultoeachother.

C)Thereshouldbeadistanceevenbetweenfriends.

D)Thereshouldbefewerdisputesbetweenfriends.

64.Whydoestheauthorsay"weliveinaworldwhereyousimplycannotkeepasecret1'

(Line5,para.3)

A)Modemsocietyhasfinallyevolvedintoanopensociety.

B)Peopleleavetracesaroundwhenusingmoderntechnology.

C)Therearealwayspeoplewhoarecuriousaboutothers*affairs.

D)Manysearchenginesprofitbyrevealingpeople'sidentities.

65.WhatdomostAmericansdowithregardtoprivacyprotection?

A)Theychangebehaviorsthatmightdisclosetheiridentity.

B)Theyusevariousloyaltycardsforbusinesstransactions.

C)Theyrelymostandmoreonelectronicdevices.

D)Theytalkalotbuthardlydoanythingaboutit.

66.Accordingtothepassage,privacyislikehealthinthat_.

A)peoplewillmakeeveryefforttokeepit.

B)itsimportanceisrarelyunderstood

C)isissomethingthatcaneasilybelost

D)peopledon'tcherishituntiltheyloseit

PartVCloze(15minutes)

Universitiesareinstitutionsthatteachawidevarietyofsubjectsatadvancedlevels.Theyalso

carryoutresearchworkaimed-67-extendingman'sknowledgeofthesesubjects.Theemphasis

giventoeachofthesefunctions-68-fromuniversitytouniversity,accordingtotheviewsofthe

peoplein-69-andaccordingtotheresourcesavailable.Thesmallerandneweruniversitiesdono

-70-thestafforequipmenttocarryoutthe-71-researchprojectspossibleinlargerinstitutions.

-72-mostexpertsagreethatsomeresearchactivityis-73-tokeepthestaffandtheirstudentsin

-74-withthelastestdevelopmentsintheirsubjects.Moststudentsattendauniversitymainlyto

-75-theknowledgeneededfortheirchosen-76-.Educationistsbelievethatthisaimshouldnotbe

the-77-one.Universitieshavealwaysaimedtoproducemenandwomen-78-judgmentand

wisdomasweelasknowledge.Forthisreason,they-79-studendstomeetotherswithdiffering

-80-andtoreadwidelyto-81-theirunderstandinginmanyfieldsofstudy.-82-asecondary

schoolcourse,astudentshouldbeinterestedenoughtinasubjecttoenjoygainiingknowledgefor

itsown-83-.Heshouldbepreparedto-84-sacrificestostudyhischosen-85-indepth.Heshould

haveanambitiontomakesome-86-contributiontoman'sknowledge.

67.A)atB)byC)toD)in

68.A)turnsB)rangesC)movesD)varies

69.A)prospectB)placeC)controlD)favor

70.A)occupyB)possessC)involveD)spare

71.A)maximumB)mediumC)virtualD)vast

72.A)ButB)AsC)WhileD)For

73.A)naturalB)essentialC)functionalD)optional

74.A)coordinationB)accordanceC)touchD)grasp

75.A)acquireB)acceptC)endureD)ensure

76.A)processionB)professionC)possessionD)preference

77.A)typicalB)trueC)mereD)only

78.A)withB)underC)onD)through

79.A)promptB)provokeC)encourageD)anticipate

80.A)historiesB)expressionsC)interestsD)curiosities

81.A)broadenB)lengthenC)enforceD)specify

82.A)AmidB)OverC)AfterD)Upon

83.A)objectB)effectC)courseD)sake

84.A)takeB)sufferC)makeD)pay

85.A)fieldB)targetC)scopeD)goal

86.A)radicalB)meaningfulC)truthfulD)initial

PartVITranslation(5minutes)

87.Oureffortswillpayoffiftheresultsoftheresearch.(能應(yīng)用于新技術(shù)的開發(fā))

88.Ican'tbootmycomputernow.Something(——定出了毛病)withitsoperating

system.

89.Leavingone'sjob,(無論是什么工作),isadifficultchange,

evenforthosewholookforwardtoretiring.

90.(與我成長的地方相比)，thistownismoreprosperousandexciting.

91.(直到他完成使命)didherealizethathewasseriouslyill

2007年12月大學(xué)英語四級試題及參考答案

PartIWriting(30minutes)

Whatelectivestochoose

1.各大學(xué)開設(shè)了各種各樣的選修課

2.學(xué)生因為各種原因選擇了不同的選修課

3.以你自己為例……

PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)

UniversitiesBranchOut

Asneverbeforeintheirlonghistory,universitieshavebecomeinstrumentsofnational

competitionaswellasinstrumentsofpeace.Theyaretheplaceofthescientificdiscoveriesthat

moveeconomiesforward,andtheprimarymeansofeducatingthetalentrequiredtoobtainand

maintaincompetitiveadvantage.Butatthesametime,theopeningofnationalborderstotheflow

ofgoods,services,informationandespeciallypeoplehasmadeuniversitiesapowerfulforcefor

globalintegration,mutualunderstandingandgeopoliticalstability.

Inresponsetothesameforcesthathavedriventheworldeconomy,universitieshavebecome

moreself-consciouslyglobal:seekingstudentsformaroundtheworldwhorepresenttheentire

rangeofculturesandvalues,sendingtheirownstudentsabroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers,

offeringcoursesofstudythataddressthechallengesofaninterconnectedworldandcollaborative

(合作的)researchprogramstoadvancescienceforthebenefitofallhumanity.

Oftheforcesshapinghighereducationnoneismoresweepingthanthemovementacrossborders.

Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhas

grownatanannualrateof3.9percent,from800,000in1975to2.5millionin2004.Mosttravel

fromonedevelopednationtoanother,buttheflowfromdevelopingtodevelopedcountriesis

growingrapidly.Thereverseflow,fromdevelopedtodevelopingcountries,isontherise,too.

Todayforeignstudentsearn30percentofthedoctoraldegreesawardedintheUnitedStatesand

38percentofthoseintheUnitedKingdom.Andthenumbercrossingbordersforundergraduate

studyisgrowingaswell,to8percentoftheundergraduatesatAmerica'sbestinstitutionsand10

percentofallundergraduatesintheU.K.IntheUnitedStates,20percentofthenewlyhired

professorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born,andinChinamanynewlyhiredfaculty

membersatthetopresearchuniversitiesreceivedtheirgraduateeducationabroad.

Universitiesarealsoencouragingstudentstospendsomeoftheirundergraduateyearsinanother

country.InEurope,morethan140,000studentsparticipateintheErasmusprogrameachyear,

takingcoursesforcreditinoneof2,200participatinginstitutionsacrossthecontinent.Andinthe

UnitedStates,institutionsarehelpingplacestudentsinsummerinternships(實習(xí))abroadto

preparethemforglobalcareers.YaleandHarvardhaveledtheway,offeringeveryundergraduate

atleastoneinternationalstudyorinternshipopportunity-andprovidingthefinancialresourcesto

makeitpossible.

Globalizationisalsoreshapingthewayresearchisdone.Onenewtrendinvolvessourcing

portionsofaresearchprogramtoanothercountry.YaleprofessorandHowardHughesMedical

InstituteinvestigatorTianXudirectsaresearchcenterfocusedonthegeneticsofhumandiseaseat

Shanghai'sFudanUniversity,incollaborationwithfacultycolleaguesfrombothschools.The

Shanghaicenterhas95employeesandgraduatestudentsworkingina4,300-square-meter

laboratoryfacility.Yalefaculty,postdoctorsandgraduatestudentsvisitregularlyandattend

videoconferenceseminarswithscientistsfrombothcampuses.Thearrangementbenefitsboth

countries;Xu'sYalelabismoreproductive,thankstothelowercostsofconductingresearchin

china,andChinesegraduatestudents,postdoctorsandfacultygeton-the-jobtrainingfroma

world-classscientistandhisU.S.team.

Asaresultofitsstrengthinscience,theUnitedStateshasconsistentlyledtheworldinthe

commercializationofmajornewtechnologies,fromthemainframecomputerandtheintegrated

circuitofthe1960stotheInternetinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)andapplicationssoftwareofthe

1990s.Thelinkbetweenuniversity-basedscienceandindustrialapplicationisoftenindirectbut

sometimeshighlyvisible:SiliconValleywasintentionallycreatedbyStanfordUniversity,and

Route128outsideBostonhaslonghousedcompaniesspunofffromMITandHarvard.Around

theworld,governmentshaveencouragedcopyingofthismodel,perhapsmostsuccessfullyin

Cambridge,England,whereMicrosoftandscoresofotherleadingsoftwareandbiotechnology

companieshavesetupshoparoundtheuniversity.

Forallitssuccess,theUnitedStatesremainsdeeplyhesitantaboutsustainingthe

research-universitymodel.Mostpoliticianrecognizethelinkbetweeninvestmentinscienceand

nationaleconomicstrength,butsupportforresearchfundinghasbeenunsteady.Thebudgetofthe

NationalInstitutesofHealthdoubledbetween1998and2003,buthasrisenmoreslowlythan

inflationsincethen.Supportforthephysicalsciencesandengineeringbarelykeptpacewith

inflationduringthatsameperiod.Theattempttomakeuplostgroundiswelcome,butthenation

wouldbebetterservedbysteady,predictableincreasesinsciencefundingattherateoflong-term

GDPgrowth,whichisontheorderofinflationplus3percentperyear.

Americanpoliticianshavegreatdifficultyrecognizingthatadmittingmoreforeignstudentscan

greatlypromotethenationalinterestbyincreasinginternationalunderstanding.Adjustedfor

inflation,publicfundingforinternationalexchangesandforeign-languagestudyiswellbelowthe

levelsof40yearsago.InthewakeofSeptember11,changesinthevisaprocesscausedadramatic

declineinthenumberofforeignstudentsseekingadmissiontoU.S.Universities,anda

correspondingsurgeinenrollmentsinAustralia,SingaporeandtheU.K.Objectionsfrom

Americanuniversityandbusinessleadersledtoimprovementsintheprocessandareversalofthe

decline,buttheUnitedStatesisstillseenbymanyasunwelcomingtointernationalstudents.

MostAmericansrecognizethatuniversitiescontributetothenation?swell-beingthroughtheir

scientificresearch,butmanyfearthatforeignstudentsthreatenAmericancompetitivenessby

takingtheirknowledgeandskillsbackhome.Theyfailtograspthatwelcomingforeignstudents

totheUnitedStateshastwoimportantpositiveeffects:first,theverybestofthemstayinthe

Statesand-likeimmigrantsthroughouthistory-strengthenthenation;andsecond,foreignstudents

whostudyintheUnitedStatesbecomeambassadorsformanyofitsmostcherished(珍視)values

whentheyreturnhome.Oratleasttheyunderstandthembetter.InAmericaaselsewhere,few

instrumentsofforeignpolicyareaseffectiveinpromotingpeaceandstabilityaswelcoming

internationaluniversitystudents.

1.Fromthefirstparagraphweknowthatpresent-dayuniversiti