高考閱讀技巧-主旨概括

不少同學(xué)反映：“老師，做閱讀理解題時(shí)，我對(duì)文章的語句完全能看懂，可是選答案時(shí)卻總出錯(cuò),

您講一講閱讀技巧吧!”有些老師在讀過一篇文章后發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的判斷與答案有出入時(shí)，也深感技巧方

面出了故障，經(jīng)過歸納，大體有如下說法：要學(xué)會(huì)抓主旨大意；能夠略去不必要的信息；會(huì)掠讀、

跳讀、不必回讀：能夠根據(jù)題干及作者的意圖在文章中快速搜尋有關(guān)信息……

上述衰述，應(yīng)當(dāng)說沒有錯(cuò)誤，但學(xué)生們實(shí)踐后往往收效甚微。為什么?因?yàn)檫@些方法沒有抓住

中學(xué)生英語學(xué)習(xí)的現(xiàn)實(shí)和實(shí)質(zhì)。目前中學(xué)生的詞匯學(xué)習(xí)量不足2000詞（初中1200、高中750）,學(xué)生

真正掌握并能運(yùn)用的詞匯量則更少。教學(xué)大綱規(guī)定閱讀量至多20萬詞，然而目前高考英語試卷的

詞匯要求為3000~3500詞左右（含派生、轉(zhuǎn)化及合成）。以不足2000詞的詞匯量去讀3500詞為底線

的文章，肯定讀不深吃不透，在此基礎(chǔ)上用什么技巧和思路也只能是一個(gè)字--“猜自然無準(zhǔn)確

性可言了。

作為一名英語學(xué)習(xí)者，要想突破閱讀關(guān)，在高考中拿高分，要解決“三量”，即詞匯量--3500

詞；閱讀量一35萬詞，也即1000篇300余詞的短文；閱讀質(zhì)量--能本著信達(dá)雅的原則用中文說

出文意。

1.詞匯量

詞匯量的3500詞包括常見詞及詞組和日常會(huì)話中的單詞、詞組，最常見的涉及文化、科普、

政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)，甚至軍事的詞。同時(shí)還要會(huì)認(rèn)、會(huì)用派生，包括前綴和后綴。比如近年高考中就出現(xiàn)

過的inexpensive,unthinkable,computerize?要真正做到會(huì)認(rèn)、會(huì)用，就必須多讀文章，細(xì)讀文

章，在大量認(rèn)讀中逐步加深前后綴的印象，逐步積累生詞。平日學(xué)習(xí)新詞時(shí)，要善于運(yùn)用不同方法

加強(qiáng)記憶，擴(kuò)大詞匯量。比如可以采用摘葡萄法、歸納法、聯(lián)想法等。摘葡萄法就是把相互聯(lián)系的

詞串到一起，比如當(dāng)我們學(xué)習(xí)shoulder時(shí)，應(yīng)聯(lián)想到arm,elbow,wrist,fist,hand,palm,

finger,thumb,index,finger,middle,finger,ring,finger,little,finger,甚至foe?歸納法

則可把那些形相近意相遠(yuǎn)的詞聯(lián)系到一起，如medal,model,metal,mental：violet紫羅蘭，

violent,violate兇暴。聯(lián)想法是指在學(xué)習(xí)過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)詞聯(lián)想到與它相關(guān)的詞，比如當(dāng)我們見

到physicallabor時(shí)，可聯(lián)想到“腦力勞動(dòng)”，從而查找到mentallabor。具體可參見以前發(fā)過的詞匯

擴(kuò)展

2.閱讀量

閱讀量是指300余詞的短文，至少要讀1000篇?？紤]到高三現(xiàn)狀，讀小說有一定困難，讀短

文是個(gè)好辦法。一方面可選取閱讀理解書目上的文章，另一方面可讀21世紀(jì)報(bào)及21世紀(jì)報(bào)中學(xué)生

版上的文章。因?yàn)檫@些文章篇幅不長，緊密聯(lián)系生活實(shí)際，涵蓋社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)和天下大事，可讀性很強(qiáng)。

到高三的第二學(xué)期才動(dòng)手，也不算晚，那必須把閱讀量加大到每天五篇，這樣才能見成效。

3.閱讀質(zhì)量

閱讀質(zhì)量含五步。第一步讀文章做理解題。第二步是出聲朗讀其中的一段，而且必須注意語音、

語調(diào)、重讀、弱讀、連讀、失去爆破和清輔音濁化。目前中學(xué)生上高中后發(fā)聲朗讀訓(xùn)練的機(jī)會(huì)越來

越少，從上邊七項(xiàng)要求自己的機(jī)會(huì)則兒乎沒有，高考中的聽力自然得分不高。因?yàn)槁犃χ械膶?duì)話與

朗讀是依照前邊提到的七大要點(diǎn)錄制的。第三步是用筆劃一劃你認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)記住的詞、詞組、短語，

較好的句子。認(rèn)真劃，劃得越多則說明讀者的心越細(xì)，隨著時(shí)間的推移，若劃的越來越少了，說明

水平也提高了。第四步是注意一下邊邊角角的知識(shí)，因?yàn)樗兄谀銓?duì)文章的理解，有助于短文寫

作中的應(yīng)用。比如2001年高考E篇文章的第七段中有Evenwhenamanissaidtobeabestfriend,the

twosharelittleabouttheirinnermostfeelings.Whereasawoman'sclosestfemalefriendmightbethefirst

totellhertoleaveafailingmarriage.根據(jù)句意我們知道，whereas=however,或but,這種關(guān)聯(lián)詞在文

章中常常起到承上啟下的作用。高中畢業(yè)生在高考的短文寫作中常出現(xiàn)這樣一種情況，單看每個(gè)句

子不存在問題，但就是上下連貫不到一起。這其中的重要毛病是不會(huì)使用像whereas這樣的詞及相

關(guān)短語。而這些技能的養(yǎng)成不是靠教師課堂上講的，也不是靠日常口頭說才會(huì)的，主要依靠平日閱

讀中細(xì)心理解，出聲朗讀，寫作中使用。第五步在前面已談到，讀過一篇文章后若能用中文講明白，

說明你懂了，若講不明白，則說明質(zhì)量沒過關(guān)。以2000年E篇的第一段為例，Excusedfromrecycling

(回收利用)becauseyouliveinahighrisewitharubbishchute(垃圾道)？Youwon'tbeforlong!兩句中

注出兩處中文，有一處課本中學(xué)過。由于考生不知句意，結(jié)果在這兩句基礎(chǔ)上的第68題的正答率

出奇得低，高分段同學(xué)的錯(cuò)誤率比低分段的同學(xué)還高。這說明了認(rèn)識(shí)的詞并不意味著懂句意，更說

明了“掠讀”、“跳讀”、“猜”的偏頗。如能按第三步的方式劃一劃，查一查，平日有積累，還愁不能

正確理解該句：“難道因?yàn)槟阕「邔咏ㄖ?，乂有垃圾道就可以不進(jìn)行分揀和回收了嗎?不用多久就應(yīng)

這樣做”。再比如高三課本(上)的第128頁中有這樣一段：Onhearingthis,Marlingotangryand

shouted,“Youwantmetotaketheplaceofamonkey?Takeitsplaceyourself!Youlookmorelikea

monkeythanIdo.”原意是：“馬林剛一聽到這里，就氣憤地吼道，你想讓我扮猴子嗎?你去扮好了，

你長得才像猴呢!”然而不少學(xué)生，甚至一部分教師都錯(cuò)解為“你長得比我更像猴!”這樣一來就鬧

出定位錯(cuò)誤的笑話了。從這個(gè)例子中我們也能看出這樣一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)，讀懂了句子，未必理解準(zhǔn)確到位，

換言之，表層意思與深層含義是不一樣的。要想達(dá)到翻譯上的信達(dá)雅，不加大量閱讀，不按照上述

五步的方法加強(qiáng)訓(xùn)練，解閱讀理解題的水平很難提高。

綜上所述，提高解閱讀理解題的水平?jīng)Q非一蹴而就，而應(yīng)經(jīng)過長時(shí)間的大量閱讀。由于不少英

語單詞和詞組是一詞多意，因此要在閱讀中逐步加深印象，拓寬詞匯量，這樣才能突破閱讀關(guān)。

同學(xué)們可能會(huì)問讀什么樣的文章好，應(yīng)該是兩類文章并進(jìn)。一種是21世紀(jì)報(bào)和21世紀(jì)報(bào)中學(xué)

生版，同學(xué)們可依上述五步每周閱讀一份報(bào)紙，一定能開闊視野，擴(kuò)大詞匯量，增加知識(shí)；另一?種

是有閱讀理解題的文章，他們能檢測你理解的程度，提高你高考時(shí)做閱讀理解題的分值。簡而言之，

要瘋狂，要持久。瘋狂閱讀指量，持久閱讀指質(zhì)。那么突破閱讀關(guān)的時(shí)間離你就越來越近了。

第一章主旨概括

第一課

一、試卷分析與展望

閱讀理解中非常重要的一個(gè)技巧就是在閱讀中迅速地抓住文章或段落的主旨大意，也就是中心

思想。文章或段落的中心思想猶如一支蠟燭的芯。這根芯看似無關(guān)緊要，但是如果沒有它，那么這

支蠟燭就不能再稱為蠟燭，而是一堆蠟。所以，一篇文章通常是圍繞一個(gè)中心思想展開的。要領(lǐng)悟

文章的主旨大意，這就需要考生具備歸納和概括等方面的能力。而這種歸納和概括能力又常常是考

試中被考查的重點(diǎn)。

卜'面，我們一起來回顧一下1996-2002年十年的全真試題，就可知道此項(xiàng)技能的重要性了。

1.Whatdoesthesecondparagraphmainlydiscuss?[NMET96(61)]

9.Themainpurposeofannouncingtheaboveeventsistogiveinformationabout__[NMET96

(66)]

10.Thisnewsstoryismainlyabout.[NMET97(51)]

11.Thetextismainlyabout.[NMET97(55)]

12.Thetextismainlyabout.[NMET98(51)]

13.Whatisthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?[NMET98(54)]

14.Thetextismainlyabout.[NMET98(57)]

15.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[NMET98(70)]

16.Thisarticlemainlytellsaboutthestoryof.[NMET99(51)]

17.Thewriter'spurposeinwritingthisstoryis.[NMET2000(54)]

18.Accordingtothewriterofthetext,imaginingthefuturewill.[NMET2000(66)]

19.Thepurposeinwritingthistextis.[NMET2000(67)]

從上述全真試題中，我們可以總結(jié)出，對(duì)于文章或段落的主旨大意設(shè)問的形式一般是：

1.Themainideaofthepassage(text)is.

2.Thetext(passage)ismainlyabout.

3.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss(dealwith)?

4.Whichofthefollowingsentencesbestexpressesthemainidea?

5.Themainpointofthepassageis.

6.Thebestheadlineforthisnewspaperarticlewouldbe.

7.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitletobegiventothearticle?

8.Whatisthetopicofthetext?

9.Themainpurposeofthestoryistotellus.

10.Theconclusionwecangetfromthestoryis.

大家只要記住，看到問題中使用mainly,main,title,headline,topic,conclusion等詞時(shí)，就得

仔細(xì)領(lǐng)會(huì)文章的主旨大意了。

當(dāng)然，除了上述通用的句型，還可用其它的形式設(shè)問，這就要求我們認(rèn)真理會(huì)題干的意思了。

例如92年的75題“Thewritertellsthisstoryto

以及93年的66題“Thewriterwrotethestoryinorderto.”

也是考查考生對(duì)主旨大意的理解

二、基本訓(xùn)練

Mikeisafreshman(新生)incollege.Heisalsotryingtoearnthemoneyheneedstoliveon.Asa

result,heworksfortyhoursaweekatagasolinestation.Butthisworkmustbedoneatnightbecause

Mikeisafull-timecollegestudent.Mikealsotriestomaketimeforthingsheenjoysdoingthatarenot

relatedtocollegeandwork.Helikestoskiinwinterandplayinsummer.However,heisfindinglessand

lesstimeforthesepleasures.

Question:Whichsentencebestexpressesthemainidea?

A.MikeisverybusyB.Afreshmanhastoworkmanyhoursallweek

C.MikehaspleasuresinhissparetimeD.Mikehasalotofhomework

Telephone,television,radio,andthetelegraphallhelppeoplecommunicatewitheachother.Because

ofthesedevices,ideasandnewsofeventsspreadquicklyallovertheworld.Forexample,withinseconds,

peoplecanknowtheresultsofanelectioninJapanorArgentina(阿根廷).Aninternationalsoccermatch

comesintothehomeofeveryonewithatelevisionset.Newsofdisastersuchasanearthquakeoraflood

canbringhelpfromdistantcountries.Withinhours,helpisontheway.Becauseofmoderntechnology

likethefourthousandsatellitesthattravelaroundtheworld,informationtravelsfast.

Question:Themainideaofthepassageisthat.

A.Newsofadisastertravelsquicklyandhelpcancomequicklyfromdistantcountries.

B.Electionresultscanbeknownalmostimmediately.

C.Communicationisgood.

D.Informationtravelsveryfastbecauseoftechnology.

三、高考實(shí)戰(zhàn)（90年高考閱讀題）

Awell-knownoldmanwasbeinginterviewed（采訪）andwasaskedifitwascorrectthathehadjust

celebratedhisninety-ninthbirthday.

"That'sright,"saidtheoldman."Ninety-nineyearsold,andIhaven'tanenemyintheworld.TheyYe

alldead.""Well,sir,"saidtheinterviewer,nIhopeverymuchtohavethehonourofinterviewingyouon

yourhundredthbirthday."

Theoldmanlookedattheyoungmanclosely,andsaid,HIcan*tseewhyyoushouldn't.Youlookfit

andhealthytome!"

1.Theoldmansaidhehadnotanenemyintheworld,whichshowsthathewasavery.

A.friendlyman—henevermadeanyenemies.

B.healthyman—helivedlongerthanallhisenemies.

C.luckyman—hisenemieshadalldied.

D.tenibleman-hehadgotridofallhisenemies.

2.Whentheinterviewersaidthathehopedverymuchtohavethehonourofinterviewingtheoldman

againthefollowingyear,

A.hewastryingtomaketheoldmanhappy.

B.hewishedhehimselfwouldliveanotheryear.

C.hedidnotbelievetheoldmanwouldlivetobeonehundred.

D.hedidnotbelievehewouldinterviewtheoldmanagain.

3.Whentheoldmansaid,'Ican'tseewhyyoushouldn't",whathemeantwas

A.MYoumusttrytoliveanotheryeartointerviewmeagainnextyear."

B."Ofcourseyoucanseemeagainsinceyou'resofitandhealthy.u

C."IfIlivetoahundredyears,youshouldinterviewmeagain.u

D."Unlessyouliveanotheryear,youwouldn'tbeabletointerviewmeagain."

4.Whatkindofmanwouldyousaytheoldmanwas?

A.Hewassilly.B.Hewasunpleasant.

C.Hewasveryproudandsureofhishealth.D.Hewasveryimpolitetoyoungpeople.

Annealing

Annealingisawayofmakingmetalsofterbyheatingitandthenlettingitcoolveryslowly.If

metalisheatedandthencooledveryquickly,forexamplebydipping（浸）itinwater,itwillbeveryhard

butalsoverybrittle（脆）一thatis,Itwillbreakeasily.Metalthathasbeenannealedissoftbutdoesnot

breakaseasily.Itispossibletomakemetalashardorassoftasiswished,byannealingit.Themetalis

heated,andallowedtocoolslowly,foracertainlengthoftime.Thelongertheheatedmetaltakestocool

slowly,thesofteritbecomes.Annealingcanalsobeusedonothermaterials,suchasglass.

5.Annealingcanmakemetal

A.hardandtough（韌）.B.hardbutbrittle.

C.softbuttough.D.softandbrittle.

6.Whydopeopleputhotmetalinwater?

A.Tomakeithard.B.Tomakeitsoft.

C.Tomakeitcool.D.Tomakeitbrittle.

7.Inannealing,therequiredhardnessofametaldependson

A.thequantityofwaterused.B.thetemperatureofthemetal.

C.thesoftnessofthemetal.D.thetimingoftheoperation.

8.Assuggestedbythetext,howcanglassbemadelessbrittle?

A.Itcanbeheatedandthencooledquickly.B.Itcanbecooledandthenheatedslowly.

C.Itcanbeheatedandthencooledslowly.D.Itcanbecooledandthenheatedquickly.

"Iwouldalmostratherseeyoudead,"RobertS.Cassatt,aleadingbanker（銀行家）ofPhiladelphia,

shoutedwhenhistwenty-year-oldeldestdaughterannouncedthatshewantedtobecomeanartist.Inthe

19thcentury,playingatdrawingorpaintingondisheswasallrightforayounglady,butseriousworkin

artwasnot.Andwhentheyounglady'sfamilyrankedamong（躋身于）thebestofPhiladelphia'ssocial（社

交界的）families,suchanideacouldnotevenbeconsidered.ThatwashowMaryCassatt,born1844,

beganherstruggleasanartist.Shedidnottremblebeforeherfather'sanger.Instead,sheopposed（抗

拒）himwithcourageandatlastmadehimchangehismind.

MaryCassattgaveuphersocialposition（和二會(huì)地位）andallthoughtofahusbandandafamily,which

inthosetimeswasunthinkableforayounglady.Intheend,afterlongyearsofhardworkand

perseverance（堅(jiān)持），shebecameAmerica'smostimportantwomanartistandtheinternationally

recognizedleadingwomanpainterofthetime.

9.HowdidMr.Cassattreact（反應(yīng)）whenhisdaughtermadeherannouncement?

A.Hefearedfbrherlife.B.Hewasveryangry.

C.Henearlykilledher.D.Hewarnedher.

10.WhatinfactwasMr.Cassatt'smainreasoninopposinghisdaughter'swish?

A.Drawingandpaintingwassimplyunthinkableamongladiesinthosedays.

B.Hedidnotbelievehisdaughterwantedtoworkseriouslyinart.

C.Hebelievedanartist'slifewouldbetoohardforhisdaughter.

D.Ladiesofgoodfamiliessimplydidnotbecomeartistsinthosetimes.

11.WhatmadeMaryCassatt's"struggle"tobecomearecognizedartistespeciallyhard?

A.Shewasawoman.B.Herfatheropposedher.

C.Shehadnosocialposition.D.Shedidnotcomefromanartistsfamily.

12.WhatdoweknowaboutMaryCassatt'smarriage（婚姻）？

A.Hermarriagefailedbecauseshenevergaveathoughttoherhusbandandfamily.

B.Shenevermarriedbecauseshedidnotwanttobejustawifeandmother.

C.Aftermarriageshedecidedtogiveupherhusbandratherthanhercareer（事業(yè)）.

D.Shedidnotmarrybecauseforaladyofhersocialpositiontomarrybelowherwasunthinkable.

13.WhatdoweknowaboutRobertCassatt'scharacterfromthetext?

A.Hewasacruelman.B.Hewasastubborn（固執(zhí)的）man.

C.Heknewnothingaboutart.D.Heknewlittleabouthisdaughter.

14.WhatdoweknowaboutMaryCassatt'scharacter?

A.Shewasbraveingoingagainstoldideas.B.Shegottiredofalwaysobeyingherfather.

C.Shehatedplayingatdrawingandpainting.D.Shedidnotmindbeingpooratall.

15.Aswecanlearnfromthetext,whichofthefollowingwasgenerallyconsideredthemost

importantinthelifeofawomanintheU.S.inMaryCassatt'stimes?

A.Money.B.Career.

C.Marriage.D.Courage.

Benin

BeninisoneofthesmallestAfricanstates.ItliesinWestAfricaontheGulf（海灣）ofGuinea,to

thesouthofBurkinaFasoandNiger,betweenTogoonthewestandNigeriaontheeast.Beninusedtobe

calledDahomeyandwascontrolledandruledbyFrancefrom1893to1960,whenitbecame

independent（獨(dú)立）.In1963thearmygeneralSoglooverthrew（推翻）thefirstpresidentMaga.Soglosetup

anarmygovernmentandcalledhimselfheadofstatein1965,butwasoverthrownandreplaced（取代）by

acivilian（非軍人）governmentin1967.InDecember1969Beninhadanotherchangeofpowerwiththe

armyagaintakingover（接管）.InMay1970,Magaandtwoothermensetupanewgovernment,with

eachofthemactingaspresidentinturnfortwoyears.However,halfayearafterMagaturnedoverpower

tothesecondmanAhomadegbe,thethree-mangovernmentwasoverthrownbythearmyoncemoreand

GeneralKerekoubecamepresident.InNovember1975Kerekouchangedthenameofthenationfrom

DahomeytoBenin,Beninbeingthenameofa17thcenturykingdomcoveringthesameplace.Kerekou

alsoannouncedthatBeninwouldbeaPeople'sRepublicbasedonMarxism-Leninism.

16.WhichofthefollowingmapsshowsrightlythepositionsofBeninanditsneighbouring

countries?（Bn=Benin;Tg=Togo;Nr=Niger;BF=BurkinaFaso;Na=Nigeria;GG=Gulfof

Guinea）

17.ForhowlongwasBeninunderFrance?

A.Foroveracentury.B.Forroughlyacentury.

C.Foroverhalfacentury.D.Underhalfacentury.

18.ForhowlongwasBeninanindependentstatebeforeitbecameaPeople'sRepublic?

A.15years.B.25years.C.20years.D.30years.

19.ChoosetherightorderinwhichthefollowingpeopleruledinBenin.

（Ah=Ahomadegbe;Ke=Kerekou;Ma=Maga;So=Soglo）

A.So,Ma,Ah,Ma,KeB.Ma,So,Ma,Ke,Ah

C.So,Ma,Ke,Ma,AhD.Ma,So,Ma,Ah,Ke

20.WhenandhowdidBeningetitstwonames—BeninandDahomey?

A.Dahomeywasitsoldestname,butithasbeenreplacedbyBenin.

B.Beninwasitsoldestname.ThenameDahomeywasusedlater,buthasbeenreplacedbyBenin

again.

C.Dahomeywasitsoldestname.ThenameBeninwasusedlater,buthasbeenreplaced

byDahomeyagain.

D.Beninwasitsoldestname,butithasbeenreplacedbyDahomey.

四、能力測試

Itdoesn*tmatterwhenorhowmuchapersonsleeps,buteveryoneneedssomeresttostayalive.

That'swhatalldoctorsthought,untiltheyheardaboutAlHerpin.AlHerpin,itwassaid,neverslept.

Couldthisbetrue?Thedoctorsdecidedtoseethisstrangemanthemselves.

AlHerpinwas90yearsoldwhenthedoctorscametohishomeinNewJersey.Theythoughtfor

surethathegotsomesleepofsomekind.Sotheystayedwithhimandwatchedeverymovementhemade.

Buttheyweresurprised.Thoughtheywatchedhimhourafterhouranddayafterday,theyneversaw

Herpinsleeping.Infact,hedidnotevenownabed.Heneverneededone.

TheonlyrestthatHerpinsometimesgotwassittinginacomfortablechairandreadingnewspapers.

Thedoctorswerepuzzledbythisstrangecontinuoussleeplessness.Theyaskedhimmanyquestions,

hopingtofindananswer.Theyfoundonlyoneanswerthatmightexplainhiscondition.Herpin

rememberedsometalkabouthismotherhavingbeeninjuredseveraldaysbeforehewasborn.Butthat

wasall.Wasthistherealreason?Noonecouldbesure.

Herpindiedattheageof94.

1.Themainideaofthispassageisthat.

A.largenumbersofpeopledonotneedsleep

B.apersonwhoactuallydidn'tneedanysleepwasfound

C.everyoneneedssomesleeptostayalive

D.peoplecanlivelongerbytryingnottosleep

2.ThedoctorscametovisitHeipin,expecting.

A.tocurehimofhissleeplessness

B.tofindthathissleeplessnesswasnotreallytrue

C.tofindoutwhysomeoldpeopledidn'tneedanysleep

D.tofindawaytofreepeoplefromtheneedofsleeping

3.Afterwatchinghimclosely,thedoctorscametobelievethatAlHerpin.

A.neededsomekindofsleepB.wastoooldtoneedanysleep

C.needednosleepatallD.oftensleptinachair

4.OnereasonthatmightexplainHerpin*ssleeplessnesswas.

A.hismother'sinjurybeforehewasbornB.thathehadgraduallygotridofthesleepinghabit

C.hismagnificentphysicalconditionD.thathehadn*tgotabed

5.AlHerpin'sconditioncouldberegardedas.

A.acommononeB.onethatcouldbecured

C.veryhealthyD.arareone

第二課

一、技巧解疑

文章（或段落）的構(gòu)成有其內(nèi)在的規(guī)律性，其中心思想往往是通過主題句來體現(xiàn)的。因此考生

對(duì)以下四種結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)首先有所了解，然后通過一系列有意識(shí)的訓(xùn)練進(jìn)而掌握它們。

1.主題句在篇（段）首的結(jié)構(gòu)

這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常用演繹法撰寫，遵循從?般到個(gè)別（特殊）的步驟，即先概述，然后用細(xì)節(jié)加以

說明。請(qǐng)看91年的PassageC:

JaneClark,fair-haired,blue-eyedandtoughassteel,hasjustwonthemostdifficultraceintheworld.

Inseventeendaysshedroveadogteamandsledge（雪橇）across1,050milesoftheArcticCircle

andthroughsomeofthemostdifficultlandintheworld.Inbitter（刺骨的）windsandsnow-stormsshe

droveherdogsalongtheArctictrack,intemperaturesthatreached-38℃.WhenJanewasaskedhowshe

feltaboutbeingthefirstwomanevertowintheraceshesaid,"Istillcan'tbelieveit.*'Shethenwentover

toinspectherthirteenwild-eyeddogs.DavidWilson,whocamesecond,said,HItsurehurtswhenayoung

womanisaheadofyou.Butitdoesn'thurtforlong.Shewasagoodwinner.”

76.Whichofthefollowingbestgivesthemainideaofthisnewspaperarticle?

A.Womanwinstheworld'stoughestrace!

B.Womanfightsbitterwindsandsnow-storms!

C.Womanwinsasledgeraceintheworld!

D.WomandrivesadogteamacrosstheArctic!

這篇文章的首句就是主題句，其后的句子或是具體說明“世界上最困難的比賽”，或是從側(cè)面

說明贏得這場比賽的不易。本篇的終結(jié)句進(jìn)?步呼應(yīng)了主題句。所以答案是A。

2.主題句在末尾的結(jié)構(gòu)

尾句是主題句的結(jié)構(gòu)通常是用歸納法撰寫的，其步驟是先表述細(xì)節(jié)或交代論據(jù)，最后做出概括

性的結(jié)論，以總結(jié)性的句子收尾。這種寫作方法的特點(diǎn)是從個(gè)別到一般，由特殊性到共性。請(qǐng)看

98年P(guān)assageA的最后一段：

OnthenightofthepartyMerlinrolledintotheroomplayinghisviolin.Everyonewasastonished

toseehim.Therewasjustoneproblem.Merlinhadnowaytostophisrollerskates.Herolledonandon.

Suddenly,heranintoahugemirrorthatwashangingonthewall.Downfellthemirror,breakingtopieces.

NobodyforgotMerlin*sgrandentranceforalongtime!

54.Whatisthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?

A.Therollerskatesneededfurtherimprovement.

B.ThepartygueststookMerlinforafool.

C.Merlinsucceededbeyondexpectation.

D.Merlingothimselfintotrouble.

這段文字從Merlin入場的細(xì)節(jié)敘述，最后一句做了歸納總結(jié)：“很長?段時(shí)間大家都沒有忘記

Merlin不同凡響的入場。”可見Merlin取得了意想不到的成功。答案當(dāng)然是C了。

二、基本訓(xùn)練

Americansusemorewaterthananyotherpeopleintheworld.Ifwecontinuetousewateratthe

ratewedonow,wewillsoonnothaveenoughtomeetourneeds.In1900,40billiongallons（力口侖）were

usedeachdayintheUnitedStates.In1980,700billiongallonswereused.TheaverageAmericanuses

almost90gallonsofwateradayforpersonaluse.Andmuchmorewaterisneededtomakethethings

Americanpeopleliketohave.Forexample,ittakesthousandsofgallonsofwatertomakeonepoundof

beefforthedinnertable.Ittakesmorethan100,000gallonsofwatertomakeacar.Ifweincludethese

usesofwater,theaverageAmericanusesabout2000gallonsofwateraday.

QuestionThebesttitleforthepassageis.

A.WaterUseintheUnitedStatesB.TheProblemofWaterUse

C.WaterUseintheWorldD.WaterUseintheTwentiethCentury

HalloweenisanautumnholidaythatAmericanscelebrateeveryyear.Itmeans“holyevening",and

itcomeseveryOctober31,theeveningbeforeAll-SaintsDay.However,it'snotreallyachurchholiday;

it'saholidayforchildren.

Everyautumn,whenthevegetablesarereadytoeat,childrenpicklargeorangepumpkins.Thenthey

cutfacesinthepumpkinsandputlightsinside.Itlookslikethereisapersonlookingoutofthepumpkin!

Thechildrenalsoputonstrangemasks（面具）andfrighteningclotheseveryHalloween.Some

childrenpainttheirfacestolooklikemonsters（怪物）.Thentheycarryboxesorbagsfromhousetohouse.

Everytimetheycometoanewhouse,theysay,

"Trickortreat!Moneyoreat!"Theadults（成年人）putatreat-moneyorcandy-intheirbags.

SomechildrenthinkofotherpeopleonHalloween.TheycarryboxesforUNICEF（TheUnitedNations

InternationalChildren'sEmergencyFund）.Theyaskformoneytohelppoorchildrenallaroundtheworld.

Ofcourse,everytimetheyhelpUNICEF,theyusuallyreceiveatreatforthemselves,too.

Thebesttitleforthepassageprobablyis.

A.AnAutumnHolidayB.AChurchHolidayC.AHolidayforChildrenD.All-Saints

三、高考實(shí)戰(zhàn)（1991年高考試題）

O.HenrywasapennameusedbyanAmericanwriterofshortstories.Hisrealnamewas

WilliamSydneyPorter.HewasborninNorthCarolinain1862.Asayoungboyhelivedanexciting

life.Hedidnotgotoschoolforverylong,buthemanagedtoteachhimselfeverythingheneededto

know.Whenhewasabout20yearsold,O.HenrywenttoTexas,wherehetrieddifferentjobs.Hefirst

workedonanewspaper,andthenhadajobinabank.Whensomemoneywentmissingfromthebank,

O.Henrywasbelievedtohavestolenit.Becauseofthat,hewassenttoprison.Duringthethreeyears

inprison,helearnedtowriteshortstories.Afterhegotoutofprison,hewenttoNewYorkand

continuedwriting.HewrotemostlyaboutNewYorkandthelifeofthepoorthere.Peoplelikedhis

stories,becausesimpleasthetaleswere,theywouldfinishwithasuddenchangeattheend,tothe

readers'surprise.

66.InwhichorderdidO.Henrydothefollowingthings?

a.LivedinNewYorkb.Workedinabankc.TravelledtoTexas

d.Wasputinprisone.Hadanewspaperjobf.Learnedtowritestories

A.e,c,f,b,d,aB.c,e,b,d,f,aC.e,b,d,c,a,fD.c,b,e,d,a,f

67.PeopleenjoyedreadingO.Henry*sstoriesbecause

A.theyhadsurpriseendings.B.theywereeasytounderstand.

C.theyshowedhisloveforthepoor.D.theywereaboutNewYorkCity.

68.O.Henrywenttoprisonbecause

A.peoplethoughthehadstolenmoneyfromthenewspaper.

B.hebrokethelawbynotusinghisownname.

C.hewantedtowritestoriesaboutprisoners.

D.peoplethoughthehadtakenmoneythatwasnothis.

69.WhatdoweknowaboutO.Henrybeforehebeganwriting?

A.Hewaswell-educated.B.Hewasnotseriousabouthiswork.

C.Hewasdevotedtothepoor.D.Hewasverygoodatlearning.

70.WheredidO.Henrygetmostmaterialforhisshortstories?

A.Hislifeinsidetheprison.B.Thenewspaperarticleshewrote.

C.ThecityandpeopleofNewYork.D.Hisexcitingearlylifeasaboy.

IndianapolisisthecapitalandlargestcityofIndiana,U.S.A.Withapopulationof744,000,itis

oneofthelargestcitiesintheworldthatcannotbereachedbywater.However,Indianapolisisacity

throughwhichmanyrailways,roads,busesandplanespass.Therearemanyfactorieswhichmake

trucks,farmtools,andelectricalthings.Thesefactoriescauselittlepollutionforthecity.Butler

University,well-knownforengineering,andthelawandmedicalschoolsofIndianaUniversity,arein

thecitycentre.NearbyistheIndianapolisracecourse,wherethenation'smostfamouscarraceisheld

eachyearonMay30th.

IfyouvisitedIndianapolisyouwouldbeabletofindyourwayaroundeasilybecausemostofthe

streetscrosseachotherlikeachessboard（棋盤）.Inthecentreofthecity,calledtheCircle,standsthe

Soldiers*andSailors'Monument,100metreshigh.Alsointhecentretherearemanybuildingsmadeof

thefamousIndianastone,whichmakesthemwhiteincolour.

71.WhatisIndianapolisbestknownfor?

A.Itsyearlymotorrace.B.Itsschoolsandlibraries.

C.Itsuniversitiesandmedicalschools.D.ItsSoldiers'andSailors'Monument.

72.YoucanNOTtraveltoIndianapolisby

A.boat.B.train.C.car.D.bike.

73.Fromthetext,whatdowelearnaboutthesizeofIndianapolis?

A.ItisthelargestcityintheU.S.A.B.Ithasapopulationofoveramillion.

C.Ithasapopulationofunderamillion.D.Itisoneofthelargestcitiesintheworld.

74.Itiseasyforastrangertogoaboutinthecitybecause

A.mostofthebuildingsareinthecentreofthecity.

B.therearemanydifferentwaysoftravellingthere.

C.thebuildingsareveryclosetoeachother.

D.thecityisplannedinsquares.

75.ManybuildingsinIndianapolisarewhitebecause

A.theyarepaintedwhiteeveryyear.B.theIndianapeoplekeepthemclean.

C.theyaremadeofaspecialstone.D.thereislittlepollutionfromfactories

Moscow,Russia（spacenews）一“Thecomputerisabetterchessplayer,"insistedViktorProzorov,

theloser.uItseemedasifitwerelaughingaftereverygoodmove.IknowIshouldhavebeatenitforthe

sakeofmankind（為人類著想）,butIjustcould