機(jī)械系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)研究中英文翻譯、外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、外文翻譯

附錄A(譯文)要進(jìn)行機(jī)械系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)研究，首先我們必須對它的概念有個(gè)明確的認(rèn)識(shí)，現(xiàn)代機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的概念是：任何機(jī)械產(chǎn)品都是由若干個(gè)零、部件及機(jī)構(gòu)組成的一個(gè)特定系統(tǒng)來實(shí)現(xiàn)某項(xiàng)功能，即是一個(gè)由確定的質(zhì)量、剛度和阻尼的若干物體組成、彼此間有機(jī)聯(lián)系并能完成特定功能的系統(tǒng)，我們稱之為機(jī)械系統(tǒng)。機(jī)械零件是組成機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的基本要素，而部件就是它的分系統(tǒng)。設(shè)計(jì)工作是一個(gè)反復(fù)進(jìn)行的過程。在這個(gè)過程中，我們要經(jīng)歷幾個(gè)階段，在對結(jié)果進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)后，在返回到前面的階段。因此，我們可以先綜合系統(tǒng)中的幾個(gè)零件，對它們進(jìn)行分析和優(yōu)化，然后再進(jìn)行綜合，看它們對系統(tǒng)其他部分有什么影響。分析和優(yōu)化都要求我們建立或者作出系統(tǒng)的抽象模型，以便對此進(jìn)行數(shù)學(xué)分析。我們將這些模型稱為數(shù)學(xué)模型。在建立數(shù)學(xué)模型時(shí)，我們希望能夠找到一個(gè)可以很好地模擬實(shí)際物理系統(tǒng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型。當(dāng)然，在機(jī)械系統(tǒng)總體方案的設(shè)計(jì)過程中，也應(yīng)遵循一些基本原則，以保證設(shè)計(jì)的質(zhì)量，杜絕不應(yīng)有的浪費(fèi)。以下幾點(diǎn)是作為一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)人員所必需遵守的：需求原則:產(chǎn)品的功能來源于需求，產(chǎn)品要滿足市場需求是一切設(shè)計(jì)最基本的出發(fā)點(diǎn)。不考慮客觀需要會(huì)造成產(chǎn)品的積壓和浪費(fèi)。效益原則：設(shè)計(jì)中必須處處、時(shí)時(shí)考慮效益，包括技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益。信息原則：設(shè)計(jì)過程中的信息主要有市場需求信息、科學(xué)技術(shù)信息、技術(shù)測量信息、加工工藝信息和同行信息等。設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)全面、充分、正確和可靠地掌握與設(shè)計(jì)有關(guān)的各種信息。利用這些信息來正確引導(dǎo)機(jī)械總體方案的設(shè)計(jì)。系統(tǒng)原則：既然每個(gè)機(jī)械產(chǎn)品都可以認(rèn)為是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，就應(yīng)該以系統(tǒng)工程的觀念來指導(dǎo)其設(shè)計(jì)。創(chuàng)新原則：創(chuàng)新是人類文明的源泉。設(shè)計(jì)人員的大膽創(chuàng)新，有利于沖破各種傳統(tǒng)觀念和慣例的束縛，創(chuàng)造發(fā)明出各種各樣原理獨(dú)特、結(jié)構(gòu)新穎的機(jī)械產(chǎn)品。在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)中，沒有新穎的構(gòu)思，設(shè)計(jì)出的產(chǎn)品一般就不具有市場競爭力。機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的總體方案設(shè)計(jì)是最便于充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造能力的設(shè)計(jì)階段。優(yōu)化的原則：由于機(jī)構(gòu)的類型多，傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)和原動(dòng)機(jī)的類型也多，組合的方式更多，因此，能滿足設(shè)計(jì)基本要求的可行性設(shè)計(jì)方案有許多，應(yīng)從這些方案中選擇最優(yōu)者。即用科學(xué)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和方法評(píng)價(jià)各種方案，評(píng)出價(jià)值最高者為優(yōu)選方案。簡化的原則：在確保產(chǎn)品功能的前提下，應(yīng)力求設(shè)計(jì)出的方案簡單化，以便在確保質(zhì)量的同時(shí)減低成本。理論和實(shí)踐相結(jié)合的原則：設(shè)計(jì)人員不僅要有理論知識(shí)，更應(yīng)注重工程實(shí)踐，力求作到理論和實(shí)踐相結(jié)合，才能設(shè)計(jì)出好產(chǎn)品。工程的原則：機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是工程設(shè)計(jì)，它既包括技術(shù)成分，又包括非技術(shù)成分。在總體方案的設(shè)計(jì)中，既要應(yīng)用自然科學(xué)中的科學(xué)原理、科學(xué)技術(shù)，也要注意人文、社會(huì)科學(xué)、藝術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)等學(xué)科中的有關(guān)因數(shù)，考慮當(dāng)時(shí)當(dāng)?shù)氐淖匀画h(huán)境、社會(huì)環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境和技術(shù)環(huán)境。為了能夠從制造上保證設(shè)計(jì)的合理性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性，認(rèn)真考慮下列各項(xiàng)一般性規(guī)則—既要單獨(dú)考慮沒一項(xiàng)規(guī)則，又要對規(guī)則地進(jìn)行整體考慮—是非常重要的。對于不同的設(shè)計(jì)要求或者因數(shù)，每一項(xiàng)規(guī)則的重要程度可能會(huì)發(fā)生變化，但是這些規(guī)則的總體重要性將不會(huì)發(fā)生變化。表面粗糙度的大小與尺寸公差是決定設(shè)計(jì)是獲得成功還是脫離實(shí)際的關(guān)鍵因素。對于互換性原理的全面、深入地研究是充分理解和正確認(rèn)識(shí)低成本生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的基本因素?；Q性原理是保證任何數(shù)量的零件能夠順利生產(chǎn)的關(guān)鍵。應(yīng)該綜合考慮所有零件的細(xì)節(jié)，以保證不僅可以采用低成本的加工工藝，而且能實(shí)現(xiàn)快速和容易的裝配和維修。應(yīng)該牢記，每一種生產(chǎn)方法都對應(yīng)著一個(gè)在連續(xù)生產(chǎn)條件下不超過其基本成本的精度水平。經(jīng)濟(jì)的制造并不是自然而產(chǎn)生的。它是從設(shè)計(jì)階段開始的，要考慮機(jī)床，加工方法，公差和表面質(zhì)量的實(shí)際限度啊。尺寸公差與表面粗糙度都不應(yīng)該規(guī)定得比實(shí)際功率或者設(shè)計(jì)要求的精度極限更小。這樣做就能夠得到盡可能低的成本和盡可能快的生產(chǎn)速度。設(shè)計(jì)工程師并不需要知道如何操作一臺(tái)專門的機(jī)床去獲得所需要的表面粗糙度。但是他應(yīng)該清楚這些加工方法的某些情況。各種工序所獲得的表面粗糙度數(shù)值的大小啊，以及采用每一種工序來獲得光滑表面的經(jīng)濟(jì)性方面的知識(shí)都會(huì)幫助設(shè)計(jì)工程師決定采用何種表面粗糙度。設(shè)計(jì)工作還包括一個(gè)很重要的階段，那就是評(píng)價(jià)階段，評(píng)價(jià)是對一個(gè)成功設(shè)計(jì)的最后檢驗(yàn)，通常包括樣機(jī)的實(shí)驗(yàn)室實(shí)驗(yàn)。在此階段我們希望弄清楚設(shè)計(jì)能否真正滿足所有的要求。它是否可靠？在與類似的產(chǎn)品的競爭中它能否獲勝？制造和使用這種產(chǎn)品是否經(jīng)濟(jì)？它是否易于維護(hù)和調(diào)整？能否從它的銷售或使用中獲得利潤？與其他人就設(shè)計(jì)方案進(jìn)行交流和磋商是設(shè)計(jì)過程的最后和關(guān)鍵階段。毫無疑問，有許多偉大的設(shè)計(jì)、發(fā)明或創(chuàng)造之所以沒有為人類所利用，就是因?yàn)閯?chuàng)造者不善于或者不愿意向他人介紹自己的成果。提出方案是一種說服別人的工作。當(dāng)一個(gè)工程師向經(jīng)營、管理部門或者其主管人員提出自己的新方案時(shí)，就是希望向他們說明或者證明自己的方案是比較好的。只有成功地完成這項(xiàng)工作，為得出這個(gè)方案所花費(fèi)的大量時(shí)間和經(jīng)歷才不會(huì)被浪費(fèi)掉。網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的蓬勃發(fā)展，異地協(xié)同設(shè)計(jì)與制造，以及從用戶對產(chǎn)品的功能需求→設(shè)計(jì)→加工→裝配→成品這一并行工程的實(shí)現(xiàn)成為可能。但是，達(dá)到這些目標(biāo)的重要前提條件之一，就是實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)效果的三維可視化。為此，不僅三維圖形軟件、智能化設(shè)計(jì)軟件愈來愈多地應(yīng)用于產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)中，虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)以及多媒體、超媒體工具也在產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)中初露鋒芒。目前，德國等發(fā)達(dá)國家正著力于研究超媒體技術(shù)、產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)交換標(biāo)準(zhǔn)STEP，以及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)造型語言VRML(Interne上基于虛擬環(huán)境的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)交換格式)在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用。機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)正朝著計(jì)算機(jī)輔助實(shí)現(xiàn)、智能化設(shè)計(jì)和滿足異地協(xié)同設(shè)計(jì)制造需求的方向邁進(jìn)，由于產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)方法的研究起步較晚，目前還沒有成熟的、能夠達(dá)到上述目標(biāo)的方案設(shè)計(jì)工具軟件。作者認(rèn)為，綜合運(yùn)用文中四種類型設(shè)計(jì)方法是達(dá)到這一目標(biāo)有效途徑。雖然這些方法的綜合運(yùn)用涉及的領(lǐng)域較多，不僅與機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的領(lǐng)域知識(shí)有關(guān)，而且還涉及到系統(tǒng)工程理論、人工智能理論、計(jì)算機(jī)軟硬件工程、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)等各方面的領(lǐng)域知識(shí)，但仍然是產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)必須努力的方向。國外在這方面的研究已初見成效，我國設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者也已意識(shí)到CAD技術(shù)與國際交流合作的重要性，及其應(yīng)當(dāng)采取的措施。此外，在機(jī)械系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)過程中，對系統(tǒng)零件的選擇也是一個(gè)很重要的環(huán)節(jié)。設(shè)計(jì)任何機(jī)械零件的理想情況為，工程師可以利用大量的他所選用的這種材料的強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)。這些試驗(yàn)應(yīng)該采用與零件有著相同的熱處理，表面光潔度和尺寸大小的試件進(jìn)行，而且試驗(yàn)應(yīng)該在與零件使用過程中承受的載荷完全相同的情況下進(jìn)行。這表明，如果零件將要承受彎曲載荷，那么就應(yīng)該進(jìn)行彎曲載荷的試驗(yàn)。如果零件將要承受彎曲和扭轉(zhuǎn)的復(fù)合載荷，那么就應(yīng)該進(jìn)行彎曲和扭轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)合載荷的試驗(yàn)。這些種類的試驗(yàn)可以提供非常有用和精確的數(shù)據(jù)。它們可以告訴工程師應(yīng)該使用的安全系數(shù)和對于給定使用壽命時(shí)的可靠性。在設(shè)計(jì)過程中，只要能夠獲得這種數(shù)據(jù)，工程師就可以盡可能好地進(jìn)行工程設(shè)計(jì)工作。附錄B（原文）Designofmechanicalsystem,wemustfirstofallistheconceptofmodernmechanicalsystemhaveaclearunderstandingoftheconceptofit:anymechanicalproductsarecomposedofseveralcomponents,thecomponentsandmechanismofaspecificsystemtorealizeafunctionisabythedeterminationofthemass,stiffnessanddampingofseveralobjects,eachotherbetweentheorganicconnectionandcancompletethespecificfunctionsofthesystem,wecallformechanicalsystem.Themechanicalpartsarethebasicelementsofthemechanicalsystem,andthepartsareitssubsystems.Thedesignworkisacoursecarriedonrepeatedly.Inthiscourse,wewanttogothroughseveralstages,afterappraisingtotheresult,returningtoprecedingstage.So,wemayanalyzeandoptimizethemaheadofseveralpartsintheintegratedsystem,goon,synthesize,seetheytosystemwhatinfluenceotherpartshave.Analyzeandoptimizeandallrequireustosetupormaketheabstractmodelofthesystem,inordertocarryonmathematicsanalysistothis.Wecallthesemodelsmathematicalmodel.Whilesettingupmathematicalmodel,wehopetofindamathematicalmodelthatcanwellimitatetherealphysicalsystem.Inordertostudythemechanicalsystemdesign,firstweshouldbeclearaboutitsconcept.Themodernmechanicalsystemconceptis:Anymechanicalproductisaspecificsystemwhichiscomposedwithseveralcomponents,thecertainpartequipment,withthedefinitequality,therigidityandthedampingcertainobjectswhichhaverelationswitheachother,thissystemcancompletethespecificfunctionthesystem,thereforecallsitthemechanicalsystem.Themachinepartsarecomposethemechanicalsystemthebasicessentialfactor,thepartareitssubsystem。Thedesignworkisaprocesswhichrelapsecarrieson.Inthisprocess,wemustexperienceseveralstages,incarriesontheappraisalaftertheresult,inreturnstothefrontstage.Therefore,wemayfirstinthesystemensembleseveralcomponents,carryontheanalysisandtheoptimizationtothem,thencarriesonthesynthesisagain,lookedtheyhaveanyinfluencetothesystemotherparts.Theanalysisandtheoptimizationallrequestsustoestablishortomakethesystemtheabstractmodel,regardingthisinordertocarriesonthemathematicalanalysis.Wearecalledthesemodelsthemathematicalmodel.Whenestablishmentmathematicalmodel,wehopedcanfindtobeallowedtosimulatetheactualphysicalsystemwellthemathematicalmodel.Certainly,inmechanicalsystemoverallplandesignprocess,alsoshouldfollowsomebasicprinciples,guaranteedthedesignthequality,ceasesthewastewhichshouldnothave.Followingseveralprinciplesarethedesignswhichapersonnelhavetoobserve:Demandprinciple:Theproductfunctionoriginatesfromthedemand,theproductneedstosatisfythemarketdemandisalldesignsthemostbasicstartingpoint.Didnotconsidertheobjectiveneedcancreatetheproductthebacklogandthewaste.benefitsprinciples:Inthedesignmusteverywhere,attimesconsiderthebenefit,includingtechnologyeconomicefficiencyandsocialefficiency.informationprinciples:Inthedesignprocessinformationmainlyhasthemarketdemandinformation,thescienceandtechnologyinformation,thetechnicalsurveyinformation,theprocessingcraftinformationandthecolleagueinformationandsoon.Designsthepersonneltobesupposedcomprehensively,fully,correctlyandreliablygraspswiththedesignrelatedeachkindofinformation,usestheseinformationtocomethecorrectguidancemechanicaloverallplanthedesign.systemsprinciples:Sinceeachmechanicalproductallmaythinkisasystem,weshouldinstructownbythesystemsengineeringideadesign.innovationsprinciples:Theinnovationisthehumancivilizationfountainhead.Designspersonnel'sboldinnovation,isadvantageoustobreaksthrougheachtraditionalideasandtheconventionfetter,thecreationinventsvariousprincipletobeunique,thestructurenovelmechanicalproduct.Intheproductdesign,doesnothavethenovelidea,designstheproductgenerallydoesnothavethemarketcompetitionstrength.Themechanicalsystemoverallplandesignismostisadvantageousforthefulldisplaycreationabilitydesignstage.optimizedprinciples:Becauseorganizationtypemany,transmissionsystemandtheoriginmachinetypealsomany,thecombinationwayaremore,therefore,cansatisfythedesignbasicrequestthefeasibilitydesignproposaltohavemany,designsthepersonneltobesupposedtochoosesuperiorfromtheseplans.Appraiseeachkindofplanwiththesciencestandardandthemethod,commentingthehighestvalueplanastheoptimalplan.simplificationsprinciples:Inguaranteestheproductfunctionunderthepremise,designsplansimplificationwhichthepersonnelshouldmakeeveryefforttodesign,inordertoisguaranteeingthequalitysimultaneouslythelowerthecostprice.theoriesandthepracticeunifyprinciple:Designsthepersonnelnotonlytohavetohavethetheoryknowledge,shouldpaygreatattentiontotheprojectpractice,makeseveryefforttodothetheoryandthepracticeunifies,candesignthegoodproduct.projectsprinciples:Themachinedesignistheengineeringdesign,itbothincludesthetechnicalingredient,andincludesthenon-technicalingredient.Intheoverallplandesign,designsthepersonnelalreadytohavetoapplyinthenaturalsciencesthescientificprinciple,thescienceandtechnology,alsohadtopayattentionstodisciplineandsooninhumanities,socialsciences,artandeconomyrelatedfactor,theconsiderationatthattimelocalitynaturalenvironment,thesocialenvironment,theeconomicenvironmentandthetechnicalenvironment.Toassuresoundandeconomicaldesignfromastandpoint,carefulconsiderationofthefollowinggeneraldesignrules-bothseparatelyandtogether-isofparamountimportance.theorderofimportancemayvaryaccordingtodesignrequirement,orfactors,buttheoverallimportancealwaysremainsthesame.Toleranceonfinishanddimensionsplayanimportantpartinthefinalachievementorabsenceofpracticalproductiondesign.Acomprehensivestudyoftheprincipleofinterchangeabilityisessentialforathoroughunderstandingandfullappreciationoflow-costproductiontechniques.Detailsofallpartsshouldbesurveyedcarefullytoassurenotonlyinexpensiveprocessingbutalsorapid,easyassemblyandmaintenance.Itmustberememberedthateachproductionmethodhasawell-establishedlevelofprecisionwhichcanbemaintainedincontinuousproductionwithoutexceedingnormalbasiccost.Economicmanufacturingdoesnot“justhappen.”Itstartswithdesignandconsiderspracticallimitsofmachinetools,processes,tolerances,andfinishes.Neitherdimensionaltolerancenorsurfaceroughnessshouldbespecifiedtolimitsofaccuracycloserthanthosewhichtheactualfunctionordesignnecessitate.Thisisdonetoassuretheadvantagesoflowestpossiblecostandfastestpossibleproduction.Withoutneedingtoknowhowtooperateaparticularmachinetoattainthedesireddegreeofsurfaceroughness,therearecertainaspectsofallthesemethodsdegreeofsurfaceroughness,therearecertainaspectsofallthesemethodswhichshouldbeunderstoodbythedesignengineer.Knowledgeofsuchfactsasdegreeofroughnessobtainedbyanyoperation,andtheeconomicsofattainingasmoothersurfacewitheachoperation,willaidhimindecidingjustwhichsurfaceroughnesstospecify.Thedesignworkalsoincludesaveryimportantstage,thatappraisesthestage,Evaluationisthefinalproofofasuccessfuldesign,whichusuallyinvolvesthetestingofaprototypeinthelaboratory.Herewewishtodiscoverifthesuccessfullywithsimilarproducts?Isitecon0omicaltomanufactureandtouse?Isiteasilymaintainedandadjusted?Canaprofitbemadefromitssaleoruse?Communicatingthedesigntoothersisthefinal,vitalstepinthedesignprocess.Undoubtedlymanygreatdesigns,inventions,andcreativeworkshavebeenlosttomankindsimplybecausetheoriginatorswereunableorunwillingtoexplaintheiraccomplishmentstoothers.PresentationisasellingjobTheengineer,whenpresentinganewsolutiontosellortoprovetothemthatthissolutionisabetterone.Unlessthiscanbedonesuccessfully,thetimeandeffortspentonobtainingthesolutionhavebeenlargelywasted.Whatisworthmentioningis:theabovemethodsarenotcompletelyisolated,variousmethodsexisttosomeextentonthelinksIfmodularstructuredesign,moduledivisionstructurecontainsasystematicthinking,andtheestablishmentofproductcharacteristicsandthedesignknowledgebaseinferenceengine,itisusuallyalsoneedtouseasystematicandstructuralmodularapproachInaddition,theproductfeaturesoftheknowledge-baseddesignisalsoaprogramofintelligentdesignoneofthefoundations.Inmechanicalproductdesign,which,dependingonthespecificfunctionstoachievethecommonparts,componentsorstructureusedforthemodulebody,willbeappliedtothesystematicdesignofthespecificlevelsofdesign,upcomingfinancialstructuremodularapproachtosystemdesignmethods,itcanguaranteethestandardizationofthedesign,itcansimplifythedesignprocess,improvedesignefficiencyandquality,andlowerdesigncosts.Networktechnologytoflourish,CollaborativeDesignandManufacturing,andtheusersofproductsfromthefunctionalrequirements→Design→processing→finishedassemblingtheparallelprojectofthepossible.However,toachievetheseobjectivesbyoneoftheimportantprerequisitesforthatproductdesigneffectof3-Dvisualization.Tothisend,3Dgraphicssoftware,intelligentdesignsoftwareusedinmoreandmoreproductstothedesign,Virtualrealitytechnologyandmultimedia,hypermediatoolisthedesignofproductsbegantobearfruit.Currently,Germanyandotherdevelopedcountriesarefocusedonresearch-mediatechnology,productdataexchangestandardsSTEP,andthestandardVirtualRealityModelingLanguageVRML(VirtualInternetplatformenvironmentbasedonthestandardexchangeformat)Productdesignapplications.MechanicalProductsprogramsaremovingtowardscomputer-aideddesigntoachieve,IntelligentDesignCollaborativeandmeettheneedsofdesignandmanufacturingdirection.productdesigncomputermethodofalatestart,buttherewerenomature,toachievetheaboveobjectivesoftheprogramdesignsoftwaretools.Thewriterbelievesthattheintegrateduseoffourtype