北師大版高中英語選擇性必修第一冊UNIT3 Section Ⅰ TOPIC TALK Lesson1講義

1．Onlytoobeynatureinordertoovercomenature.—CharlesDarwin要征服自然就只能遵從自然。——查爾斯·達(dá)爾文2．Natureiskindofalovingmother，butalsoabutcherincoldblood.—VictorHugo自然不僅是位慈愛的母親，還是個冷血的屠夫。——維克多·雨果3．Itisusuallytheirownsurroundingsasaformoffreemerchandise，Idonotknowanywaytocherishandspoil.—GanHarman我們常把環(huán)境看作免費(fèi)商品而不知珍惜。——甘·哈曼4．Thelandtoallthepeoplearetheessenceofthematerial，andfinally，ithasbeentherefromthepeopleoftherebateisrubbishthesesubstances.—WaltWhitman土地對人類來說是根本，然而人類給予自然的是垃圾?！譅柼亍せ萏芈?．Foryearswe'vebeenconqueringnature.Nowwe'rebeatingittodeath.—TomMcMillan我們花了多年時間來征服自然，而如今又開始把它往死里推?！獪贰溈嗣滋mEnvironmentalproblemsarebecomingmoreandmoreseriousallovertheworld.Withthedevelopmentofindustryandagriculture，carsmakegreatnoisesandgiveoffpoisonousgas.Treesonthehillshavebeencutdown，andwastewaterisbeingpouredcontinuouslyintorivers.Furthermore，whereverwegotoday，wecanfindrubbishcarelesslydisposed.Thewholeecologicalbalanceoftheearthischanging.Massivedestructionofenvironmenthasbroughtaboutnegativeeffectsandevenposesagreatthreattomansexistence.Wemusttakeactionstosolveourenvironmentalproblems.Wehopethatallthesemeasureswillbeeffectiveandbringbackahealthfulenvironment.ThefirstEarthDaywasin1970.Peoplewerebeginningtoworryaboutwhatweweredoingtoourenvironment.SotheysetupEarthDaytotelleveryoneabouttheirworries.In2007，organizersover150countriesplannedover4，000bigevents.ButEarthDayisnotjustaboutmarches(游行)andbigevents.IntheweekaroundEarthDay(22April)thereweremanythousandsofsmaller，localevents.Theseeventsdealtwithenvironmentalproblemsintheneighborhood.TheWorldWideFundforNaturemadealistof5thingsthateachpersoncoulddotosavetheenvironment.*Don'tleavethetaprunning.*Turnofflightswhenyouleavearoom.*Turnoffyourcomputereverynight.*Washyourclothes，andyourself，inwarmorcoldwater，nothotwater.*Dishwashersuseaslittlewateraspossible.Ifwealldoatleast2oftheseallthetime，wecanmakeabigdifference.[探究發(fā)現(xiàn)]1．WhatisthepurposeofpeopletosetupEarthDay?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2．Whatshouldpeopledowhenthewaterkeepsrunningfromatap?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3．Besidesthefive，whatelsecanyoudotosaveourenvironment?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SectionⅠTOPICTALK&LESSON1Ⅰ.匹配詞義A．單詞匹配()1.conservation A．a(chǎn)dj.塑料制的()2.plastic B．n.onethingonalistofthingstobuy，do， talkabout，etc.()3.item C．tection()4.unrecyclable D．a(chǎn)dv.非法地，違法地()5.illegally E．a(chǎn)dj.有教育意義的；知識性強(qiáng)的()6.informative F．a(chǎn)dj.不可回收的()7.extinct G．n.物種，種()8.species H．a(chǎn)dj.nolongerinexistence()9.endangered I．a(chǎn)dj.太陽光(能)的()10.solar J．a(chǎn)dj.瀕危的B．短語匹配()1.havearole A．徹底毀滅()2.doone'spart B．起某種作用()3.wipeout C．盡自己的職責(zé)()4.betoblame D．消失；絕跡，滅絕()5.beatrisk E．(對某事)負(fù)有責(zé)任()6.dieout F．處境危險，受到威脅Ⅱ.默寫單詞1．________n. 威脅；(災(zāi)難等壞事)發(fā)生的可能2．________vi.&vt. 獵取，獵殺3．________adv. 非常地，極端地4．________adj. 異常的；不平常的5．________adj. 大量的6．________adj. 各種各樣的，形形色色的7．________vi.&vt. 減少n. 減少；減少的量8．________vt. 責(zé)怪，指責(zé)9．________vi.&vt. (使)孵化10．________vt. (使)恢復(fù)Ⅰ.語境填詞hunted；mass；affected；informative；destroyed；restore；species；switch；decreased；solar1．Noonewasinjuredintheexplosion，butthebuildingwascompletely________．2．EverytimeI________ontheTV，there'sfootball.It'soverkill.3．Whalesarestillbeing________andkilledintheArctic.4．Many________havebeenshottothevergeofextinction.5．Thegovernmentorderedthepoliceoutto________orderandpeaceinthestreets.6．Chinaistheworld'stopinvestorinwindand________power.7．Thesouthofthecountrywasworst________bythedrought.8．Thenumberofnewstudents________from210to160thisyear.9．TheUK，uniquely，hasnothadtofacetheproblemof________unemployment.10．Itrulyhopeyoufoundthiswritingenjoyableand________．Ⅱ.語法填空之派生詞1．Sheisinterestedin________(conserve)．2．Canwestopusingthe____________(recyclable)styleoflunchboxes?3．Uptotwothirdsof14-16yearoldsadmittobuyingdrink________(legally)．4．It'sagoodrestaurant，and________(incredible)cheap.5．Thebookisextremely________(information)aboutlifeinRomantimes.6．Hehadhad________(vary)trainingandheldmanyoffices.7．Itwasan________(usual)dayforsummer，dampandchilly.8．14percentofprimatespeciesarehighly________(endanger)．9．Hesaidarmyofficershad________(threat)todestroythetown.10．Anoperationisbeginningtotrytosaveaspeciesofcrocodilefrom________(extinct)．1．Extinctions,whereentirespeciesarewipedout,arenotunusualinourEarth'shistory.物種滅絕，即某個物種的完全消失，__________________________。2．Althoughitisnotunusualforspeciestodieoutnaturally，therateatwhichthisisnowhappeningiscauseforconcern.雖然物種的自然滅絕并不罕見，___________________________________。3．ItisclearthathumanactivityhasnegativelyaffectedallotherspeciesonEarth,includinganimalsandplants.很明顯，_________________________________，包括動物和植物。4．Withoutforests,wewouldhavenoairtobreathe，andwithoutcleanwaterwewouldbeunabletosurvive.__________________________，沒有干凈的水，我們就無法生存。5．Tohelpthemsurvive,peoplearerestoringtheirhabitatsandremovingsmallanimalsthathuntthem，suchasmiceandcatsfromtheislandswheretheylive.為了幫助它們生存，人們正在恢復(fù)它們的棲息地，_________________________________，___________________________________。課文助讀①entirespecies整個物種②wipeout徹底毀滅③unusualadj.異常的；不平常的④infact事實(shí)上⑤thethirdmassextinction第三次生物大滅絕⑥knownas以……而著稱⑦variedadj.各種各樣的，形形色色的⑧accordingto根據(jù)⑨volcaniceruptions火山爆發(fā)⑩asteroidn．小行星?thedecreaseoftheoxygencontent含氧量下降?globalwarming全球變暖?betoblame(對某事)負(fù)有責(zé)任?dieout消失；絕跡，滅絕?causeforconcern令人擔(dān)心的原因?duetonaturalcauses由于自然原因?thatis即?humanactivity人類活動?alonglistofreasons很多原因?factoryfarming工業(yè)化種植?overfishingn．過度捕撈?negativelyaffectallotherspecies對所有其他物種都有負(fù)面影響?studytheissue研究這個問題?uptothreequartersof多達(dá)四分之三的……?dependon依賴?beatriskof處于……的危險或威脅中?thebalanceinnature自然平衡?havenoairtobreathe沒有可以呼吸的空氣?beunabletosurvive無法生存?takeaction采取行動?takestepstodo...采取措施做某事?saveendangeredspecies拯救瀕危物種?setupspecialareas建立特別保護(hù)區(qū)?naturalsourcesofenergy天然能源?solarenergy太陽能?inshort簡而言之?stopdestroyingtheplanet停止破壞星球?onlyfiveblackrobinsleft只剩下5只黑知更鳥?offthecoastofNewZealand離新西蘭海岸不遠(yuǎn)?layeggs下蛋?wildlifeworkers野生動物工作者?beginaprogrammefor開始……的計(jì)劃?hatchvi.&vt.(使)孵化?takecareofthechicks照顧小鳥?thankstotheirefforts由于他們的努力?restoretheirhabitats恢復(fù)它們的棲息地原文呈現(xiàn)THESIXTHEXTINCTIONExtinctions，whereentirespecies①arewipedout②(1)，arenotunusual③inourEarth'shistory.Infact④，over90percentofallspeciesthateverlived(2)arenowextinct.Inthelast500millionyears，therehavebeenfivetimeswhenlifeonEarthhasalmostended(3)．Theseincludethethirdmassextinction⑤，knownas⑥the“GreatDying”，whichkilled90%to96%ofallspecies(4)．Andthefifthevent，whichoccurred66millionyearsago(5)，causedthedeathofthedinosaurs.Thereasonsforextinctionsarevaried⑦.Accordingto⑧scientists，theyincludevolcaniceruptions⑨，asteroids⑩hittingtheEarthfromspace，changesinsealevels，thedecreaseoftheoxygencontent?oftheseaandglobalwarming?.ManyscientistssaywearenowenteringtheEarth'ssixthmassextinction(6)．Thistime，humanactivitywillbetoblame?.(1)where引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞Extinctions。(2)that引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞species。(3)when引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞fivetimes。(4)which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞thethirdmassextinction。(5)which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞thefifthevent。(6)該句為省略that的賓語從句。Althoughitisnotunusualforspeciestodieout?naturally，therateatwhichthisisnowhappeningiscauseforconcern?.(7)A2015studybyscientistswhowerebasedatBrownUniversityandDukeUniversityintheUS，lookedathowquicklyspeciesdieoutduetonaturalcauses?，thatis?，the“backgroundextinctionrate”．(8)Theyfoundthathumanactivity?iscausingspeciestodieout1，000timesfasterthannormal(9)．Thereisalonglistofreasons?whysomanyspeciesaredyingout(10)：airandwaterpollution，forestsbeingdestroyed，factoryfarming?andoverfishing?.Itisclearthathumanactivityhasnegativelyaffectedallotherspecies?onEarth，includinganimalsandplants.(11)(7)句中although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句；atwhich...happening為限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞rate。(8)句中who...theUS為限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞scientists；how...naturalcauses為賓語從句。(9)that引導(dǎo)賓語從句。(10)why引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞reasons。(11)it為形式主語，真正的主語為后面的that從句。Ifasixthmassextinctionoccurs，scientistswhohavestudiedtheissue?believethatuptothreequartersof?allspeciesonEarthcoulddieout.(12)Ofcourse，aswehumansdependon?somanyspeciesforoursurvival(13)，wewouldalsobeatriskof?dyingout.Ourworldandourlivesdependonthebalanceinnature?betweenanimalsandplants.Withoutforests，wewouldhavenoairtobreathe?，andwithoutcleanwaterwewouldbeunabletosurvive?.(12)句中if引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句；who...theissue為限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞scientists；that...dieout為賓語從句。(13)as引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。Canasixthextinctionbeavoided？Expertssaythatitisnotyettoolate，ifwetakeaction?now.(14)Thiswouldmeanwehavetosignificantlychangethewaywelive(15)．Forexample，weneedtotakestepsto?saveendangeredspecies?，includingsettingupspecialareas?whereplantsandanimalscanbeprotected(16)．Weneedtochangehowweworkandtravelbyusingcleaner，morenaturalsourcesofenergy?，suchaswindandsolarenergy?(17)．Wealsoneedtoimproveourfarmingmethodstoreducewater，airandlandpollution.Inshort?，ifwewanttosurvive，weneedtostopdestroyingtheplanet?thatweliveonandstarttoprotectit.(18)(14)句中that引導(dǎo)賓語從句；ifwetakeactionnow為條件狀語從句。(15)省略that的賓語從句，其中welive為限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞theway。(16)where引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞specialareas。(17)how引導(dǎo)賓語從句。(18)句中if引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句；thatweliveon為限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞planet。TheBlackRobinBlackrobinsarethebirdsthathumanssavedfromextinction(19)．In1980，therewereonlyfiveblackrobinsleft?intheworld.TheyalllivedonasmallislandoffthecoastofNewZealand?.Onlyoneofthosebirds，afemalecalledOldBlue，wasabletolayeggs?.Wildlifeworkers?beganaprogrammefor?raisingblackrobinchicks.TheyprotectedOldBlue'seggs，helpedthemtohatch?，andtookcareofthechicks?.Thankstotheirefforts?，therearenowmorethan250blackrobins，andthepopulationisspreading.Tohelpthemsurvive，peoplearerestoringtheirhabitats?andremovingsmallanimalsthathuntthem，suchasmiceandcatsfromtheislandswheretheylive.(20)(19)that引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞thebirds。(20)句中thathuntthem為限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞smallanimals；wheretheylive也是限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞theislands。譯文參考第六次生物大滅絕物種滅絕，即某個物種的完全消失，在地球的歷史上并不罕見。事實(shí)上，超過90%的物種已經(jīng)滅絕。在過去的5億年里，地球上的生命有5次幾乎滅絕。其中包括第三次生物大滅絕，即所謂的“大滅絕”，導(dǎo)致90%到96%的物種滅絕。發(fā)生在6600萬年前的第五次滅絕事件導(dǎo)致了恐龍的滅亡。滅絕的原因多種多樣。科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為，造成物種滅絕的原因包括火山噴發(fā)、小行星從太空撞擊地球、海平面高度改變、海水中含氧量下降和全球變暖等。許多科學(xué)家說，我們現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)入地球的第六次大滅絕。這一次，人類活動將是罪魁禍?zhǔn)?。雖然物種的自然滅絕并不罕見，但現(xiàn)在滅絕的速度讓人擔(dān)憂。美國布朗大學(xué)和杜克大學(xué)的科學(xué)家們于2015年進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)研究，考察了自然原因?qū)е挛锓N滅絕的速度，即“背景滅絕率”。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類活動導(dǎo)致物種滅絕的速度是正常情況下的1000倍。有很多為什么如此多的物種滅絕的原因：空氣和水污染，森林被破壞，工業(yè)化種植和過度捕撈。很明顯，人類活動已經(jīng)對地球上所有其他物種產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面影響，包括動物和植物。如果第六次大滅絕發(fā)生，研究這個問題的科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為，地球上多達(dá)四分之三的物種可能會滅絕。當(dāng)然，由于我們?nèi)祟愐揽咳绱硕嗟奈锓N生存，我們也將面臨滅絕的風(fēng)險。我們的世界和我們的生活依賴于動物和植物之間的平衡。沒有森林，我們就沒有可以呼吸的空氣，沒有干凈的水，我們就無法生存。第六次物種滅絕可以避免嗎？專家們說，如果我們現(xiàn)在就采取行動，還為時不晚。這意味著我們必須顯著地改變我們的生活方式。例如，我們需要采取措施拯救瀕危物種，包括建立特別保護(hù)區(qū)，在這里動植物可以得到保護(hù)。我們需要通過使用更清潔、更自然的能源來改變工作和旅行的方式，如風(fēng)能和太陽能。我們還需要改進(jìn)我們的耕作方法，以減少對水、空氣和土地的污染。簡而言之，如果我們想要生存，我們需要停止破壞我們賴以生存的星球，并開始保護(hù)它。黑知更鳥黑知更鳥是人類從滅絕中拯救出來的鳥類。1980年，世界上只剩下5只黑知更鳥。它們都生活在離新西蘭海岸不遠(yuǎn)的一個小島上。其中只有一只名叫“老布魯”的雌鳥能下蛋。野生動物工作者開始了飼養(yǎng)黑知更鳥的計(jì)劃。他們保護(hù)老布魯?shù)牡埃瑤椭鼈兎趸⒄疹櫺▲B。由于他們的努力，現(xiàn)在有了250多只黑知更鳥，而且數(shù)量還在增加。為了幫助它們生存，人們正在恢復(fù)它們的棲息地，并將捕食它們的小動物，如老鼠和貓，從它們生活的島嶼上趕走。速讀課文，完成下列任務(wù)Ⅰ.閱讀判斷判斷以下句子提供的信息是正確(T)，還是錯誤(F)。1．Over90%ofallspeciesthateverlivedontheEartharenowextinct. ()2．Therewereaboutsixextinctionsinthepast. ()3．Itisbecauseofhumanactivitythatspeciesaredyingoutfasterthanbefore.()4．Expertssaythatitistoolatetopreventthesixthextinction. ()5．Blackrobinsliketohuntmiceandcats. ()Ⅱ.補(bǔ)全信息選擇正確選項(xiàng)填入空白處，補(bǔ)全所給句子提供的信息：A．whichoccurred66millionyearsagoB．whenlifeonEarthhasalmostendedC．whereentirespeciesarewipedoutD．whereplantsandanimalscanbeprotectedE．a(chǎn)twhichthisisnowhappeningF．whohavestudiedtheissue1．Extinctions，________，arenotunusualinourEarth'shistory.2．Inthelast500millionyears，therehavebeenfivetimes________．3．Andthefifthevent，________，causedthedeathofthedinosaurs.4．Althoughitisnotunusualforspeciestodieoutnaturally，therate________iscauseforconcern.5．Ifasixthmassextinctionoccurs，scientists________believethatuptothreequartersofallspeciesonEarthcoulddieout.細(xì)讀課文，完成下列任務(wù)Ⅰ.主旨匹配段落主旨大意1.Para.12.Para.23.Para.34.Para.4A．Theeffectofhumanactivityonspecies.B．Theconsequencesofthesixthextinction.C．Howtoavoidasixthextinction.D．Themassextinctionsinthehistory.Ⅱ.課文理解1．Whendiddinosaursdieoutaccordingtothepassage?A．Morethan500millionyearsago.B．Morethan66millionyearsago.C．Inthethirdmassextinction.D．Inthefourthmassextinction.2．Whichofthefollowingisoneofunnaturalreasonsforextinctions?A．Volcaniceruptions.B．AsteroidshittingtheEarth.C．Changesinsealevels.D．Airandwaterpollution.3．WhathasmadethespeciesonEarthdieoutatahigherrate?A．Naturalcauses.B．Globalwarming.C．Humanactivity.D．Nocleanwater.4．Whydoweneedtochangethewaywelivenow?A．Toavoidasixthextinction.B．Tolivewithothersinpeace.C．Tosavenaturalsourcesofenergy.D．Toworkbetterandtravelfaster.Ⅲ.概要寫作微技能概要寫作微技能——找出文中各個段落的主題句并進(jìn)行高度概括1．Para.1：___________________________________________________________→高度概括為：_______________________________________________________________________________________________________2．Para.2：___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________→高度概括為：________________________________________________________________________________________________________3．Para.3：_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________→高度概括為：_______________________________________________________________________________________________________4．Para.4：_____________________________________________________________→高度概括為：________________________________________________________________________________________________________1．conservev．保存；保護(hù)；儲藏→________n．保護(hù)→conservativeadj.保守的；守舊的2．________vi.&vt.再利用，回收利用→recyclableadj.可回收的→unrecyclableadj.不可回收的3．________n．威脅；(災(zāi)難等壞事)發(fā)生的可能→threatenv．威脅；恐嚇；危及→threatenedadj.受到威脅的4．informvt.通知；告知→informationn．信息→________adj.有教育意義的；知識性強(qiáng)的5．legaladj.合法的→legallyadv.合法地→________adv.非法地，違法地6．________adj.滅絕的，絕種的→extinctionn．滅絕；絕種；消亡7．incredibleadj.極好的；難以置信的→________adv.非常地，極端地8．urgev．督促；敦促；力勸→________adj.緊急的，急迫的→urgencyn．緊迫；急迫9．usualadj.經(jīng)常的，通常的；尋常的，慣常的→________adj.異常的；不平常的10．varyv．變化→________adj.各種各樣的，形形色色的→varietyn．變化；品種；種類11．endangervt.危及，使遭受危險→________adj.瀕危的1．decreasevi.&vt.減少n．減少；減少的量①Thepopulationbegantodecrease. ________②Theydecreasedthesizeofthegroupfrom25to15. ________③Thedecreaseinsaleswasalmost20percent. ________2．a(chǎn)ffectv．影響；侵襲；使感染；(感情上)深深打動①Youropinionwillnotaffectmydecision. ________②Theyweredeeplyaffectedbythenewsofherdeath. ________③Arthritisisacripplingdiseasewhichaffectspeopleallovertheworld.________知識要點(diǎn)1switchvi.&vt.轉(zhuǎn)換，改變[例]TheremotecontrolallowsyoutoswitcheasilybetweenTVchannels.遙控器讓你在不同電視頻道之間輕松地轉(zhuǎn)換。[知識拓展]switchoff 切斷(電源、氣體等)switchon 打開(開關(guān))；接通(電源等)switch(from...)to... (從……)轉(zhuǎn)變成，(從……)轉(zhuǎn)換到switchsth.withsb. 和某人交換某物switchover 轉(zhuǎn)換；換臺，換頻道[即學(xué)即練]——單句語法填空①Switch________theTVbeforeyougoout.②Sheswitched________thelampbecauseitwasdark.③Weaskedthemiftheywouldswitchplaces____________us.知識要點(diǎn)2urgentadj.緊急的，急迫的[例]Heaskedtoseethemanagerforsomethingurgent.他有急事求見經(jīng)理。[知識拓展](1)urgev. 催促；力勸；強(qiáng)烈要求urgesb.todosth./intodoingsth. 敦促某人做某事urgethatsb.(should)do... 敦促某人做某事urgesth.onsb. 向某人提出/力陳某事(2)urgencyn. 緊急的事[即學(xué)即練]——單句語法填空①Thereporturgedthatallchildren________________(teach)toswim.②Hedenouncespeoplewhourgehim__________(change)hisways.③Ineednotpressonyouthe________(urgent)ofthematter.知識要點(diǎn)3dieout消失；絕跡，滅絕[例]Asaresulttheseendangeredanimalsmayevendieout.結(jié)果，這些瀕危動物甚至?xí)缃^。[知識拓展]dieaway 逐漸減弱，逐漸模糊，逐漸消失diedown 逐漸降低，逐漸平息dieoff 相繼死去dieof 死于(內(nèi)因)diefrom 死于(外因)[即學(xué)即練]——單句語法填空①Astheregionisbecominghotter，thiskindofgrassisdying________．②Theirchatterandlaughterdied________asthegrouprushedoutoftheclassroom.③Whenalltheguestshadleft，thewholehousedied________．④Weneedtotakeactionbeforealltheendangeredanimalsdie________．知識要點(diǎn)4wipeout徹底毀滅[例]Theplagueoncecouldwipeoutavillage.鼠疫曾一度可以奪走整個村莊村民的生命。[知識拓展]wipeaway 擦去，消除wipeoff 擦掉，除掉wipeup 擦凈，打敗，消滅wipesth.from/offsth. 從……上擦去某物wipe...with... 用……擦……[即學(xué)即練]——單句語法填空①Whenyou'vefinishedwithit，simplywipeitclean________adampcloth.②Hewipedthemarks________thewall.知識要點(diǎn)5variedadj.各種各樣的，形形色色的[例]Itisessentialthatyourdietisvariedandbalanced.關(guān)鍵是你的飲食要多樣化，并保持均衡。[知識拓展](1)variousadj. 各種各樣的forvariousreasons 因種種理由(2)varietyn. 種種；種類；多樣化avarietyof/varietiesof 多種多樣的(3)varyv. 變化，不同varywith... 隨……而變化varyfrom...to... 從……到……變化不等[即學(xué)即練]——單句語法填空①Theywerelateforthemeetingfora______(vary)ofreasons.②Thereare________(vary)plantsandflowersinthepark.③Theweatherhere________(vary)withseasons.知識要點(diǎn)6decreasevi.&vt.減少n．減少；減少的量[例]Iftheirhabitatisthreatenedortheycannotfindenoughfood，theirnumbersmaydecrease.如果它們的棲息地受到威脅或者它們找不到足夠的食物，它們的數(shù)量就會減少。[知識拓展](1)onthedecrease 在減少中adecreasein... 在……方面減少(2)decreaseto... 減少到……decreaseby... 減少了……decreasefrom...to... 從……減少到……[即學(xué)即練]——單句語法填空①Thereisadecreaseofnearly7%________thenumberofvisitorstothemuseum.②Thenumberofindependentfirmsdecreasedfrom198________96.③Becauseofhumanactivity，thenumberofsomerareanimalsis________thedecrease.[名師點(diǎn)津]decrease的反義詞increase的用法increaseto增加(長)到……increaseby增加(長)了……ontheincrease在增加中知識要點(diǎn)7blamevt.責(zé)怪，指責(zé)[例]Itseemedthatthewaterwastoblame.看來水是罪魁禍?zhǔn)?。[知識拓展](1)betoblame 把……歸咎于betoblameforsth. 對某事負(fù)有責(zé)任，應(yīng)受責(zé)備blamesb.forsth. 因某事責(zé)備某人；把某事歸咎于某人blamesth.onsb./sth. 把某事歸咎于某人/某事(2)put/laytheblameforsth.onsb. 將某事歸咎于某人get/accept/bear/taketheblameforsth. 對某事承擔(dān)責(zé)任[即學(xué)即練]——單句語法填空①Ifthathappens，thecoachwilltake________blameforit.②Youarenot__________(blame)．Ican'tputtheblame________you.③Youshouldn'tblameJohn________thefailure.＝Y(jié)oushouldn'tblamethefailure________John.知識要點(diǎn)8affectvt.影響[例]Ihadtomakeanimportantdecisionthatwouldaffectmefortherestofmylife.我不得不做出將影響我后半生的重大決定。[知識拓展](1)affectsb./sth. 影響某人某物(2)effectn. 結(jié)果；效力；影響；效果；作用put/oeffect 使生效，實(shí)行ineffect 事實(shí)上；實(shí)際上takeeffect 生效；奏效comeintoeffect 開始實(shí)施；開始生效haveaneffecton 影響……[即學(xué)即練]——單句語法填空/一句多譯①________effect，wefeelsuperiortothem.②Thenewlawissaidtohavecome________effectfromApril.③Greatscientificachievementswill________________________________aswellassociety.＝Greatscientificachievementswill________________________________aswellassociety.重大的科技成果將對我們的生活和社會產(chǎn)生很大的影響。知識要點(diǎn)9beatrisk處境危險，受到威脅[例]Aswithalldiseases，certaingroupswillbemoreatriskthanothers.所有的疾病都是如此，一些人比另一些人更容易受到威脅。[知識拓展](1)beatriskof 處于……危險之中atallrisks＝atanyrisk 無論冒什么風(fēng)險attheriskof... 冒……的危險takerisks/arisk 冒險take/runtheriskofdoingsth. 冒險做某事；冒做某事的危險/風(fēng)險(2)riskdoingsth. 冒險做某事riskone'slifetodosth. 冒著生命危險做某事[即學(xué)即練]——單句語法填空①Hejumpedintotheriver________theriskoflosinghislife.②Ididn'twanttotake/runtheriskof______________(leave)Johnalone.③Heworkedhard，forhecouldn'trisk________(lose)thegoodjob.＝Heworkedhard，forhecouldn'ttake/runtherisk________losingthegoodjob.重點(diǎn)句式it形式主語(教材P53)ItisclearthathumanactivityhasnegativelyaffectedallotherspeciesonEarth，includinganimalsandplants.很明顯，人類活動已經(jīng)對地球上所有其他物種產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面影響，包括動物和植物。[句式分析]句中it是形式主語，真正的主語是后面的that從句。[例1]Itiscertainthatfreemedicalcarewillbegiventomostpeopleinourcity.可以確定的是我們城市的多數(shù)人將享受免費(fèi)醫(yī)療。[例2]Itwasobviousthatthedrivercouldnotcontrolhiscar.顯然這位司機(jī)無法控制他的汽車了。[知識拓展]it作形式主語，真正的主語為that引導(dǎo)的從句的常見形式有：(1)Itbe＋形容詞(obvious，possible，strange，natural，important...)＋that從句。(2)Itbe＋名詞短語(apity，afact，awonder，ashame，anhonour，nowonder...)＋that從句。(3)Itbe＋過去分詞(said，thought，hoped，believed，declared，supposed，reported...)＋that從句。(4)It＋不及物動詞(seem，occur，happen...)＋that從句。[即學(xué)即練]——完成句子①________________nobodywillliketohavedinnerinsuchadirtyplace.很明顯，沒有人想在這么臟的地方吃飯。②________________wefailedtofulfilthetaskaheadoftime.我們沒能提前完成任務(wù)，真感到慚愧。③________________________itistheearliestandlargestpaper-makingworkshopsiteeverfoundinancientChina.人們認(rèn)為這是迄今為止在中國發(fā)現(xiàn)的最早的也是最大的造紙作坊。④________________________Ihadleftmyticketathome.我突然想起把票忘在家里了。1．Althoughitisnotunusualforspeciestodieoutnaturally，therateatwhichthisisnowhappeningiscauseforconcern.[分析]句中Althoughitisnotunusualforspeciestodieoutnaturally為________引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句；atwhichthisisnowhappening為限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞________。[翻譯]雖然物種的自然滅絕并不罕見，但現(xiàn)在滅絕的速度讓人擔(dān)憂。2．Ifasixthmassextinctionoccurs，scientistswhohavestudiedtheissuebelievethatuptothreequartersofallspeciesonEarthcoulddieout.[分析]句中Ifasixthmassextinctionoccurs為________引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句；whohavestudiedtheissue為________引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞________；名詞性從句thatuptothreequartersofallspeciesonEarthcoulddieout作動詞____________的賓語。[翻譯]如果第六次大滅絕發(fā)生，研究這個問題的科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為，地球上多達(dá)四分之三的物種可能會滅絕。教材高考1.Thistime，humanactivitywillbetoblame.(2021·全國甲卷)It'stheseasidebirdsthatdeserveatleastpartoftheblameforgettingNickBurchillblacklistedattheFairmontEmpressHotelinVictoria，Canada.2.ItisclearthathumanactivityhasnegativelyaffectedallotherspeciesonEarth，includinganimalsandplants.(2021·全國乙卷)Indeed，theresearchersfoundthatface-to-faceinteractionsandconversationsaffectthecreativeprocess，...Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Itwassurprising________shepassedthedifficultexam.2．Attheriskof________(blame)，hedrovehisfather'scartoschool.3．Oilspillsarehavingadevastatingeffect________coralreefsintheocean.4．Thenumberofteachingstaffmembersinthisschoolhasdecreased________700persons.5．Tom'slifewas________(vary)andpleasantenough，onthewhole.6．Thetsunamithatfollowedengulfedthenortheastandwiped________entiretowns.7．Manyofouroldcustomsare________(die)outdaybyday.8．Weneedtoswitch________thecell-phoneandleavethechildrentoplaybythemselves.9．Thecountryneedsnewleadershipifsheistoplayarole________futuredevelopment.10．Thesocietywassetuptopreserve______(endanger)speciesfromextinction.Ⅱ.短語填空havearole；doone'spart；dieout；wipeout；betoblame；beatrisk1．Everystudentoughtto____________tomakesteadyprogress.2．Atonestageitlookedasifitmightnot__________atall.3．Onlyinthiswaycanwe________theenemytroops.4．Aloneinhisroom，heaskedhimselfwhetherhe____________fortheaccident.5．Therearenewusesofwordscominginandolduses________．6．123，000people____________ofearlydeathoverthenext20years，thestudysaid.Ⅲ.課文語法填空InourEarth'shistory，therehavebeenfivetimes1.________lifeonEarthhasalmostended.Thethirdmassextinction2.________(kill)90%to96%ofallspeciesandthefiftheventcausedthe3.________(die)ofthedinosaurs.Thenaturalreasonsincludevolcaniceruptions，asteroidshittingtheEarthfromspace，changesinsealevels，thedecrease4.________theoxygencontentofthesea5.________globalwarming.Thistime，manwillbe6.________(blame)fortheEarth'ssixthmassextinction.Airandwaterpollution，forestsbeingdestroyed，factoryfarmingandoverfishingarecausingspeciestodieout1，000times7.________(fast)thannormal.Weoughttotakeactiontoavoida8.________(six)extinctionnow，whichmeanswehavetosave9.________(endanger)species，changehowweworkandtravelandimproveourfarmingmethodstoreducewater，airandlandpollution.Inshort，ifwewanttosurvive，weneedtostop10.________(destroy)theplanetthatweliveonandstarttoprotectit.限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句[觀察例句]1．Ericsetsailonceagain，thistimewith25ships，ofwhichonly14madeittoGreenland.2．EricreachedGreenlandanddiscoveredthatpeoplecouldliveintheplacewherehelanded.3．BiarniwasthemanwithwhomLeifdiscussedhisplans.4．Byaround900AD，thereweremanyplacesinNorthernEuropewheretheVikingschosetolive.[歸納用法]一、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句概述1．限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的一部分，若去掉，主句的內(nèi)容就不完整，意義也會發(fā)生改變。從句和先行詞的關(guān)系十分密切，從句緊跟先行詞，兩者之間不可用逗號隔開。Shehasfoundthenecklace(that)shelosttwoweeksago.她找到了那條兩周前丟失的項(xiàng)鏈。2．非限制性定語從句是先行詞的一個補(bǔ)充說明。沒有它，主句也能獨(dú)立存在；非限制性定語從句和先行詞的關(guān)系不是很密切，兩者之間用逗號隔開。Hehastwosisters，whoareworkinginthecity.他有兩個姐姐，她們在城里工作。二、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別1．標(biāo)點(diǎn)的運(yùn)用有所不同限制性定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞后，其后不可用逗號分開；而非限制性定語從句也常放在先行詞后，但必須用逗號與主句分開。Whoisthegirlthatisstandingunderthetree?站在樹下的那個女孩是誰？Heisateacherofmuchknowledge，fromwhommuchcanbelearned.他是一個學(xué)識淵博的老師，從他那兒可以學(xué)到許多東西。2．從句的作用不同限制性定語從句對先行詞起到修飾限制的作用，是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語，一旦省略，主句的意思就不完整。而非限制性定語從句則是對一個概念清楚的先行詞進(jìn)行附加說明，若將其去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。Thenextday，mybrotherandIwenttothebeachwherewewatchedsomepeopleplayvolleyball.第二天，我和弟弟去了海邊。在那里，我們看到一些人在打沙灘排球。Alicereceivedaletterfromherformerclassmate，whichcameasasurprise.艾麗斯收到了她以前同學(xué)的一封信，這真是件令人驚奇的事情。3．關(guān)系詞的選用不同限制性定語從句可以用關(guān)系代詞who，whom，whose，that，which，關(guān)系副詞when，where，why等引導(dǎo)，而非限制性定語從句不可用that或why來引導(dǎo)(上述引導(dǎo)詞除了這兩者以外均可用來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句)。Yesterdayheboughtanewcar，whichwasmade