外研版初二(下)英語第8講：unit-4-語法篇(教師版)

Unit4語法篇____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________1.熟練掌握for，since在現(xiàn)在完成時中的應(yīng)用2.掌握非延續(xù)性動詞與延續(xù)性動詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)化3.掌握現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時（3）1.for，since在現(xiàn)在完成時中的應(yīng)用在表示行為或狀態(tài)從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在時,通常要與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用,這類狀語通常由for或者since引導。for后接一段時間，而since后多接時間點。Hehasbeenawayfortwoyears.他已離開兩年了。HehasbeenanEnglishteachersincelasttime.自去年以來他一直是英語教師。2.非延續(xù)性動詞(又叫短暫性動詞、瞬間動詞)與延續(xù)性動詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)化英語中的動詞從動詞延續(xù)性上可以分為延續(xù)性和非延續(xù)性兩種，在現(xiàn)在完成時中一定要注意動詞這一特征，在和表示一段時間的時間狀語連用時，應(yīng)將非延續(xù)性動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為延續(xù)性動詞。Ihavehadthebookfortwoweeks.那本書我買了兩個星期了。Mygrandfatherhasbeendeadfortwoyears.我的爺爺去世兩年了。1)將短暫性動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為：be+形容詞或副詞begin/start→beongothere→betherecomeback→bebackcomehere→behereopen→beopenclose→becloseddie→bedeadmarry→bemarriedfinish→beovergotobed→beinbedleave→beawayreturn→bebackgetout→beoutfallasleep→beasleeplose→belostfallill→beill如：這家商店開門6個小時了。Theshophasopenedfor6hours.(錯誤)Theshophasbeenopenfor6hours.(正確)2)有些短暫性動詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為意思相同的延續(xù)性動詞borrow→keepputon→wear/beonbecome→begettoknow→knowbuy→have(own)catchacold→haveacoldreceive→havegotosleep→sleep如：那本書我借了一個月了。Ihaveborrowedthatbookforonemonth.(錯誤)Ihavekeptthatbookforonemonth.(正確)3.現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別兩種時態(tài)除結(jié)構(gòu)、句式和相搭配的時間狀語都不同之外，最重要的就是意義不同。雖然都發(fā)生在過去，但現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)的是過去的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響，而一般過去時與現(xiàn)在沒有任何關(guān)系，只是描述一個發(fā)生在過去的事實而已。Ihaveseenthefilm.我看過這部電影。（對現(xiàn)在的影響是我了解這部電影的內(nèi)容）Isawthefilmlastweek.我上星期看了這部電影。（只說明上星期看了這部電影，不涉及現(xiàn)在的情況）單項選擇1.（2015重慶中考B卷）---MisslinhastaughtusEnglishwecametothisschool?A.for B.since C.before D.when2.（2015浙江杭州中考）I scaredofdogseversinceadoghurtmewhenIwasfiveyearsold.A.willbe B.was C.havebeen D.wouldbe 3.（2015江蘇南京第十八中學月考）Since2000,Jingmenhasbecomeanewcity.Everything .A.ischanged B.waschanged C.hadchanged D.haschanged 4.（2015云南昆明中考）--Longtimenosee!---Oh!It fiveyearssincewemetlasttime.A.was B.were C.hasbeen D.havebeen5.（2015新疆烏魯木齊中考）Mr.Brown hishometownsincehe thearmy.A.hasleft;joined B.hasbeenawayfrom;hasjoinedC.hasbeenawayfrom;joined D.left;joined6.（2015廣東中考）LeiFengformanyyears,buthisspiritisstillencouragingus.A.died B.hasdied C.wasdead D.hasbeendead 解析及答案：1.句意：自從我們來到這所學校，Lin老師就教我們英語了。本題考查連詞的用法。結(jié)合主句和從句的時態(tài)可推斷，所缺的連詞是since“自從；自…以來”。故選B。2.句意：自從我五歲時被一條狗弄傷之后，我就一直怕狗。本題考查動詞時態(tài)。由eversinceadoghurtme可推斷，主句要用現(xiàn)在完成時，故選C。3.句意：自2000年以來，荊門已經(jīng)成為一座新城市，一切都變了。本題考查動詞時態(tài)。根據(jù)句意可知要用現(xiàn)在完成時，故選D。4.句意：---好長時間不見了！---噢！自從我們上次見面已經(jīng)有五年時間了。根據(jù)sincewemetlasttime，故選C。5.句意：布朗先生自從參軍以來就一直離家在外。根據(jù)since的用法以及現(xiàn)在完成時中延續(xù)性動詞的使用可知，故選C。6.由空格后的formanyyears（許多年）可知，句子應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)，且謂語動詞應(yīng)為延續(xù)性動詞。die表示非延續(xù)性動詞，排除A、B兩項。bedead表示狀態(tài)，可與表示一段時間的狀語連用，故選D。基礎(chǔ)演練一、選詞填空(單句選詞填空)1.Wehavelearnedfivelessons

(since/for)thebeginningofthisterm.2.Mrs.Liaohasbeeninhospital

(since/for)lastweek.3.Ihavestayedatmyaunt's

(since/for)twoweeks.4.Amyhashadherfavoritetoy

(since/for)threeyears.5.I'vehadthebear

(since/for)Iwasababy.答案：1.since 2.since 3.for 4.for 5.since二、適當形式填空(單句適當形式)1.Myuncle

(teach)mathsince1986.2.She

(be)inhospitalfortwoweeks.3.They

ever

(hear)ofthesinger.4.I

(keep)thebikeforoneweek.5.Myparents

(notcome)backyet.答案：1.hastaught 2.hasbeen 3.have,heard 4.havekept 5.haven'tcome鞏固提高三、按要求轉(zhuǎn)換句型1.TheGreenshavelivedinBeijingsincetenyearsago.(對劃線部分提問)

theGreens

inBeijing?2.Ihavehadthebikefortwoyears.(用since改為同義句)Ihavehadthebike

.3.Ihavehadlunchatschool.(對劃線部分提問)

you

lunch?4.Theygotmarriedthreeyearsago.(改為同義句)They

marriedforaboutthreeyears.5.Theycametothisschoolin2011.(改為同義句)They

thisschoolfortwoyears.6.Ihavebeenillforaboutthreedays.(對劃線部分提問)

youbeenill?7.Myheadachestartedtwodaysago.(對劃線部分提問)

yourheadache

?答案：1.Howlonghave,lived2.sincetwoyearsago3.Wherehave,had4.havebeen5.havebeenin6.Howlonghave7.Whendid,start四、翻譯(根據(jù)中文提示完成句子)1.我買這輛自行車五年了。I

thebike

fiveyears.2.你像現(xiàn)在這樣多長時間了?Howlong

you

likethis?3.---你曾經(jīng)過去科學博物館嗎？---是的，我去過。---

youever

asciencemuseum?---Yes,

.4.我們已經(jīng)從我們的臥室里清掃出許多東西。We

outalotofthingsfromourbedrooms.5.詹姆斯自從2008年就在北京做外教。James

aforeignteacherinBeijing

2008.6.她還沒有關(guān)掉那臺電腦。She

thecomputeryet.7.從那時起，王先生就一直在這個工廠工作。

,Mr.Wanghasworkedinthisfactory.答案：1.havehad,for2.have,been3.Have,beento,Ihave4.havealreadycleared5.hasbeen,since6.hasn'tturnedoff7.Eversincethen一、單項選擇1.---Howlonghaveyouhadthebike?---

.A.TwoyearsagoB.FortwoyearsagoC.SincetwoyearsagoD.Sincetwoyears2.---Jack,Ihaven'tseenyouruncleforalongtime.---He

Shanghaionbusinessfortwomonths.A.wenttoB.hasgonetoC.hasbeeninD.hasbeento3.RosecametoBeijingin2002.She

hereforeightyears.A.waslivingB.liveC.willliveD.haslived4.---We'velivedhere

2001.---Soyou'velivedhere

aboutfiveyears.A.since;forB.for;sinceC.for;forD.since;since5.---Oh,Jack,yourMP4looksnice.Isitnew?---No.I

itsincetwoyearsago.A.hadB.boughtC.havehadD.havebought6.She

thisbookfornearlythreeweeks.A.hasborrowedB.haslentC.hasboughtD.haskept7.---HaveyoustudiedEnglishforalongtime?---Yes,Ihavestudiedit

.A.fiveyearsbeforeB.fiveyearsagoC.forfiveyearsD.sincefiveyears8.---

you

JeremyShu-HowLin?---Yes.Theonce-namelessyoungmanbecameabasketballherosuddenly.A.Did;hearB.Do;listentoC.Have;heardofD.Have;listenedto9.---Wouldyouliketowatchthethree-DfilmTitanicwithme?---Certainly.Idon'tmindseeingitagainalthoughI

ittwice.A.sawB.wasseenC.haveseenD.hadseen10.---Whendidtheyarrive?---They

twohoursago.They

herefortwohours.A.arrived;havearrivedB.got;havebeenC.arrived;havebeenD.reached;havereached答案：1-5CCDAC 6-10DCCCC二、完形填空Allovertheworldpeopleenjoysports.Sportshelppeopletokeep1

,happyandtolive2

.Peopleplaydifferentgamesinwinterandsummer.3

isgoodforswimming.Andinwinterpeopleoftengoskating.Somesportsarevery4

andpeopleeverywherelikethem.Forexample,footballisverypopular.InChina,mostpeople,men,5

,boysandgirls,liketowatchfootballgames.Theyoftentalkaboutthem.6

andjumpingbeganlong,longago.Butbasketballandvolleyballarerather7

.Peoplebegantoplaythemnotlongago.Andpeopleare8

newsportsorgamesallthetime.Waterskiingisoneof9

.People10

differentcountriesmaynotbeabletounderstandeachother,butafteragametheyoftenbecomefriends.1.A.healthB.busyC.healthyD.lazy2.A.longB.longerC.happyD.happily3.A.WinterB.SummerC.AutumnD.Spring4.A.boringB.difficultC.expensiveD.interesting5.A.womanB.womenC.oldD.young6.A.RunB.RunsC.RunningD.Torun7.A.newB.interestingC.popularD.old8.A.startB.playC.playingD.starting9.A.oldestB.newestC.theoldestD.thenewest10.A.inB.ofC.fromD.at答案：1-5CBBDB 6-10CACDC__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________閱讀理解AWhenpeoplegotothebeachonvacation,manypeopleliketoeatseafood.Butnoteveryonecanenjoyit.Somepeoplethinkseafoodtastesgreat,buttheirbodiesdon'tlikeitatall.Whentheyeatit,theirskingetsredanditchy(癢的).That'sbecausethey'reallergic(過敏的)toseafood.Whensomeoneisallergictoafood,hisbodydoesn'tseethatthingasafood.Itseesitasanenemyandtriestofightit.Itfightsbymakingantibodies(抗體).Sometimes,whenthebodyfightsafood,itcanmakeapersonverysick.Therearesomewaystodealwithfoodallergies.Oneistostopeatingthefoodthatyou'reallergicto,butthismaybehard.Peopleareoftenallergictoveryhealthyfoods,andit'shardtoalwaysavoidthem.Peoplecanbeallergicatdifferentagestodifferentfoods,likeeggs,milkorpeanuts(花生).Ifyouthinkyoumightbeallergictoafood,askadoctortohavealookfirst.1.Somepeoplecannotenjoyseafood,because

.A.itdoesn'ttastegoodB.itmakestheirskinhurtC.itgivesthemaheadacheD.itmakesthemallergic2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"enemy"meaninChinese?A.伙伴B.支持者C.敵人D.病人3.Accordingtoparagraphs3-4,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?A.Agoodwaytodealwithafoodallergyisnottoeatthatfood.B.Unhealthyfoodsoftenmakepeopleallergic.C.Peoplewithskinproblemsoftengetallergic.D.Foodallergiesoftencausepeopletodie.4.Whenapersonisallergictoafood,

.A.itcanalwaysmakethepersondieB.itcanmakethepersonverysickC.itcanmakethepersonveryexcitedD.itcanmakethepersonangry5.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A.Oldpeopleoftenhavefoodallergies.B.Someeverydayfoodsmakepeopleallergic.C.Mostpeopleareallergictothesamefood.D.Doctorsmustbeabletotreatfoodallergiessuccessfully.BIstalkingonacellphonebadforyourhealth?Itisdifficulttoknowforsure.Someresearchsuggeststhatheavyusersofcellphonesareatagreaterriskofdevelopingbraindiseases.However,manyotherstudiessuggestthereisn'tanyrelationshipbetweencancerandcellphoneuse.Infact,cellphoneshaveonlybeenpopularsince1990s.Anddoctorspointoutthatmanycancerstakeatleast10yearstodevelop.Theytakecigarettesforexample.Manyyearsago,peoplesmokedalotanddidn'tknowthebadeffectonhealth.Today,weknowthatcigarettescauselungcancer,thoughitisstillunknownhoworwhy.Medicalexpertsfearthatthesamethingwillhappenwithcellphones.Arecellphonesdangerous?It'sreallyhardtoanswerthisquestion.However,thereissomethingtrue.Similartomicrowaveovens,cellphonesalsogiveoffelectromagneticradiation(電磁輻射).Overthreebillionpeopleusecellphonesformorethananhouraday.Cellphonesgethotwhentheyareusedforalongtimeorbeingcharged(充電).Soholdingaheatsourcenearyourbrainduringsleepisreallybadforyourhealth.Scientistssuggestkeepingelectronicthings,likecomputersandcellphones,outofbedroomsoratleastsixfeetfromyourbed.6.Theunderlinedwords"heavyusers"referto

.A.thosepeoplewhousecellphonesalotB.thosecellphoneuserswhoarestrongC.thosepeoplewholikeexpensivecellphonesD.thosepeoplewholikecellphoneswithbigscreen7.Whendidthecellphonesstarttobepopular?A.Since1980s.B.Since1985s.C.Since1990s.D.Since1995s.8.Medicalexpertsfearthatcellphones

.A.gethotwhenbeingchargedB.havenorelationshipwithcancersC.giveoffelectromagneticradiationD.willbeprovedtohavebadeffectsonhealth9.Accordingtoscientists,we'dbetternotputelectronicthingsinthe

.A.studyroomB.kitchenC.bedroomD.livingroom10.What'sthebesttitleofthepassage?A.CellPhonesandHealthB.WheretoPutCellPhonesC.WhatWillHappentoCellPhonesD.CellPhonesandMicrowaveOvensCGerms(細菌)areeverywhere.Youcan'tseethem,buttheyareonyourdesk,onyourcomputer,andevenintheair!Likepeople,germsmovearoundtheworld.Theyflywithusonplanes.Whenfood,clothes,andotherthingstravelaroundtheworld,germstravel,too.Somegermsaresafe,butsomearedangerous.Germscauseillnesseslikecoldsandtheflu.WarmerWeatherBringsGermsTheworld'sweatherischanging.Coolercountriesaregettingwarmer,soinsectsfromhotcountriescanmovethere.Someoftheseinsects,likemosquitoes,carrydangerousgerms.Thesegermscauseheadaches,fever,andcanevenkillpeople.UnderYourSkinYourskinprotectsyoufromgerms.Itstopssomegerms,butnotall.Theycanenteryourbodywhenyoueat,orwhenyouhaveacut.Germsareonyourhands,too.Theyenteryourbodywhenyoutouchyoureyes,nose,ormouth.FightingGermsYourimmunesystem(免疫系統(tǒng))protectsyou,too.Whengermsgetinsideyourbody,yourimmunesystemfindsandkillsthem.Specialcells(細胞)movearoundyourbodyandfightgerms.Theyhelpyoustayhealthy.Othercellsmakeantibodies.Antibodieshelpyourbodyfindandstopgerms.Whatcanyoudotofightgerms?Youshouldwashyourhandswithsoapandwater.Soapkillsmanygerms,andwaterwashesthemaway.11.Accordingtothetext,insects

.A.killgermsB.carrygermsC.protectgermsD.lovegerms12.Theunderlinedword"there"refersto

.A.coolercountriesB.hotcountriesC.everywhereD.theworld13.Whichofthefollowingisrightaccordingtothetext?A.AllgermsaredangerousB.TherearemoregermsincoldplacesC.SoapcankillallgermsD.Germscangetintoyourbody14.Whichcanbethebesttitleforthistext?A.GermsAreEverywhereB.WeatherIsChangingC.SkinStopsGermsD.GermsAreDevelopedD（浙江金華市2014年六校期中）Happinessisimportantforeveryone.Mostpeoplewanttobehappybutfewknowhowtofindhappiness.Moneyandsuccessdon’tbringlastinghappiness.Happinessdependsonourselves.Inotherwords,wemakeourownhappiness.Somepeoplebelievethatiftheyarewealthy,theywillbeabletodoanythingtheywant,whichmeanshappiness.Ontheotherhand,somepeoplebelievethatholdingahighpositioninthegovernmentishappiness.Inthisway,youhavenotonlymoney,butalsomanyotherthingswhichcan’tbeboughtbymoney.However,otherpeoplebelievethathavinglotsofmoneyisnothappiness,norisholdingahighpositioninthegovernment.Thesepeoplevaluetheirbeliefs,ortheirintelligence,ortheirhealth.Theythinkthesecanmakethemhappy.2-1-c-n-j-yHereareafewwaystohelpyoubehappier.Thefirstsecretofhappinessistoenjoythesimplethingsinlife.Toooften,wespendsomuchtimethinkingaboutthefuture,forexample,gettingintocollegeorgettingagoodjob