2022年考博英語-桂林理工大學(xué)考前拔高綜合測試題含答案帶詳解第109期

2022年考博英語-桂林理工大學(xué)考前拔高綜合測試題（含答案帶詳解）1.單選題

Humanmemoryisnotoriouslyunreliable.Evenpeoplewiththesharpestfacial-recognitionskillscanonlyremembersomuch.

It’stoughtoquantifyhowgoodapersonisatremembering.Noonereallyknowshowmanydifferentfacessomeonecanrecall,forexample,butvariousestimatestendtohoverinthethousands—basedonthenumberofacquaintancesapersonmighthave.

Machinesaren’tlimitedthisway.Givetherightcomputeramassivedatabaseoffaces,anditcanprocesswhatitsees—thenrecognizeafaceit’stoldtofind—withremarkablespeedandprecision.Thisskilliswhatsupportstheenormouspromiseoffacial-recognitionsoftwareinthe21stcentury.It’salsowhatmakescontemporarysurveillancesystemssoscary.

Thethingis,machinesstillhavelimitationswhenitcomestofacialrecognition.Andscientistsareonlyjustbeginningtounderstandwhatthoseconstraintsare.Tobegintofigureouthowcomputersarestruggling,researchersattheUniversityofWashingtoncreatedamassivedatabaseoffaces—theycallitMegaFace—andtestedavarietyoffacial-recognitionalgorithms(算法)astheyscaledupincomplexity.Theideawastotestthemachinesonadatabasethatincludedupto1milliondifferentimagesofnearly700,000differentpeople—andnotjustalargedatabasefeaturingarelativelysmallnumberofdifferentfaces,moreconsistentwithwhat’sbeenusedinotherresearch.

Asthedatabasesgrew,machineaccuracydippedacrosstheboard.Algorithmsthatwereright95%ofthetimewhentheyweredealingwitha13,000-imagedatabase,forexample,wereaccurateabout70%ofthetimewhenconfrontedwith1millionimages.That’sstillprettygood,saysoneoftheresearchers,IraKemelmacher-Shlizerman.“Muchbetterthanweexpected,”shesaid.

Machinesalsohaddifficultyadjustingforpeoplewholookalotalike—eitherdoppelgangers(長相極相似的人),whomthemachinewouldhavetroubleidentifyingastwoseparatepeople,orthesamepersonwhoappearedindifferentphotosatdifferentagesorindifferentlighting,whomthemachinewouldincorrectlyviewasseparatepeople.

“Oncewescaleup,algorithmsmustbesensitivetotinychangesinidentitiesandatthesametimeinvarianttolighting,pose,age,”Kemelmacher-Shlizermansaid.

Thetroubleis,formanyoftheresearcherswho’dliketodesignsystemstoaddressthesechallenges,massivedatasetsforexperimentationjustdon’texist—atleast,notinformatsthatareaccessibletoacademicresearchers.TrainingsetsliketheonesGoogleandFacebookhaveareprivate.Therearenopublicdatabasesthatcontainmillionsoffaces.MegaFace’screatorssayit’sthelargestpubliclyavailablefacial-recognitiondatasetoutthere.

“Anultimatefacerecognitionalgorithmshouldperformwithbillionsofpeopleinadataset,”theresearcherswrote.

11.Comparedwithhumanmemory,machinescan_____.

12.WhydidresearcherscreateMegaFace?

13.Whatdoesthepassagesayaboutmachineaccuracy?

14.Whatissaidtobeashortcoming-offacial-recognitionmachines?

15.Whatisthedifficultyconfrontingresearchersoffacial-recognitionmachines?

問題1選項

A.identifyhumanfacesmoreefficiently

B.tellafriendfromamereacquaintance

C.storeanunlimitednumberofhumanfaces

D.perceiveimagesinvisibletothehumaneye

問題2選項

A.Toenlargethevolumeofthefacial-recognitiondatabase.

B.Toincreasethevarietyoffacial-recognitionsoftware.

C.Tounderstandcomputers’problemswithfacialrecognition.

D.Toreducethecomplexityoffacial-recognitionalgorithms.

問題3選項

A.Itfallsshortofresearchers’expectations.

B.Itimproveswithaddedcomputingpower.

C.Itvariesgreatlywithdifferentalgorithms.

D.Itdecreasesasthedatabasesizeincreases.

問題4選項

A.Theycannoteasilytellapartpeoplewithnear-identicalappearances.

B.Theyhavedifficultyidentifyingchangesinfacialexpressions.

C.Theyarenotsensitivetominutechangesinpeople’smood.

D.Theyhaveproblemsdistinguishingpeopleofthesameage.

問題5選項

A.Nocomputerisyetabletohandlehugedatasetsofhumanfaces.

B.Theredonotexistpublicdatabaseswithsufficientfacesamples.

C.Therearenoappropriatealgorithmstoprocessthefacesamples.

D.Theyhavetroubleconvertingfacedatasetsintotherightformat.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】11.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第三段第二句話Givetherightcomputeramassivedatabaseoffaces,anditcanprocesswhatitsees—thenrecognizeafaceit’stoldtofind—withremarkablespeedandprecision“給計算機(jī)一個龐大的人臉數(shù)據(jù)庫，它就可以處理它看到的東西，然后以驚人的速度和精度識別出它被要求尋找的人臉”，從這里可知答案選A選項“更有效地識別人臉”。

B選項“把朋友和僅僅相識的人區(qū)別開來”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有；

C選項“存儲無限數(shù)量的人臉”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有；

D選項“感知人眼看不見的圖像”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

12.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到文章第四段第一、三句話Thethingis,machinesstillhavelimitationswhenitcomestofacialrecognition…Tobegintofigureouthowcomputersarestruggling,researchersattheUniversityofWashingtoncreatedamassivedatabaseoffaces—theycallitMegaFace“問題是，機(jī)器在人臉識別方面仍然有局限性……為了弄清楚電腦是如何掙扎的，華盛頓大學(xué)的研究人員創(chuàng)建了一個巨大的人臉數(shù)據(jù)庫——他們稱之為MegaFace”，由此可知答案選C選項“為了解計算機(jī)在面部識別方面的問題”。

A選項“以擴(kuò)大人臉識別數(shù)據(jù)庫的容量”，定位到第四段最后一句Theideawastotestthemachinesonadatabasethatincludedupto1milliondifferentimagesofnearly700,000differentpeople—andnotjustalargedatabasefeaturingarelativelysmallnumberofdifferentfaces,moreconsistentwithwhat’sbeenusedinotherresearch“他們的想法是在一個數(shù)據(jù)庫上測試機(jī)器，該數(shù)據(jù)庫包括近70萬人的100萬張不同的圖像，而不僅僅是一個擁有相對較少不同面孔的大型數(shù)據(jù)庫，這與其他研究中使用的更一致”，這里沒有說建立數(shù)據(jù)庫的目的是為了擴(kuò)大數(shù)據(jù)庫，這里屬于出處錯誤；

B選項“以增加面部識別軟件的多樣性”，文章沒有提及；

D選項“以降低人臉識別算法的復(fù)雜性”，定位到第四段第三句…testedavarietyoffacial-recognitionalgorithmsastheyscaledupincomplexity“……測試了多種面部識別算法，隨著其復(fù)雜性的增大”，由此可知這是探究機(jī)器在人臉識別時會遇到什么問題的步驟不是創(chuàng)造MegaFace的原因，這里屬于曲解原文，所以不選。

13.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到文章第五段第一句話Asthedatabasesgrew,machineaccuracydippedacrosstheboard“隨著數(shù)據(jù)庫的增長，機(jī)器的準(zhǔn)確性全面下降”，由此可知答案選D選項“它隨著數(shù)據(jù)庫大小的增加而減少?！?/p>

A選項“它沒有達(dá)到研究人員的預(yù)期”，定位到第五段最后一句話“Muchbetterthanweexpected,”shesaid（“比我們預(yù)期的要好得多，”她說。），由此可知A選項錯誤，屬于反向干擾；

B選項文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，所以不選；

C選項文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，所以不選。

14.推理判斷題。第一步，尋找句內(nèi)線索，定位到第六段第一句話Machinesalsohaddifficultyadjustingforpeoplewholookalotalike…“機(jī)器也很難適應(yīng)長得很像的人……”，這里運用擬人的手法把機(jī)器比做人，暗指其實機(jī)器區(qū)別不了長得很像的人，所以答案選A選項“他們很難區(qū)分長相幾乎相同的人”。

B選項“他們很難識別面部表情的變化”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，所以不選；

C選項“他們對人們情緒的細(xì)微變化不敏感”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，所以不選；

D選項“他們在區(qū)分同齡人方面有困難”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，所以不選。

15.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到倒數(shù)第二段第一句Thetroubleis…massivedatasetsforexperimentationjustdon’texist—atleast,notinformatsthatareaccessibletoacademicresearchers“問題是……用于實驗的大規(guī)模數(shù)據(jù)根本不存在——至少，不存在學(xué)術(shù)研究人員可以訪問的格式”，由此可知答案選B選項“沒有擁有足夠的人臉樣本的公共數(shù)據(jù)庫”。

A選項“目前還沒有能夠處理巨大的人臉數(shù)據(jù)的電腦”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，所以不選；

C選項“沒有合適處理人臉樣本的算法”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，所以不選；

D選項“他們在將人臉數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換成正確格式時遇到了困難”，見正確選項解析，這里說的是研究人員不能夠訪問的格式并不是說在格式轉(zhuǎn)換方面存在問題，所以D選項不選，屬于曲意理解。

2.填空題

Directions:Ineachofthefollowingsentences,thereisonepartthatisgrammaticallyincorrect.Markouttheerroneouspartandthenputthecorrectforminthebracketsfollowingthesentence.

36.Basingontheresearchoftheforeignlanguage,thispaperconcludesthewaystolearnEnglishwell.（）

37.Nations,sensingathreatoftheireconomies,triedtotakeactionstoprotectthemselves.（）

38.Thefundwasdesignedtoencouragingthegrowthofinternationaltradebystabilizingcurrencies.（）

39.Howmanylifeinsurancedoestheaveragepersonbuy?（）

40.SportsinAmericatakeavariousofforms:organizedcompetitivestruggles,athleticgamesandhuntingandfishing.（）

【答案】36.basing→based

37.economies→economy

38.encouraging→encourage

39.many→much

40.various→variety

【解析】36.非謂語動詞應(yīng)該和句子的主語保持一定的邏輯關(guān)系，現(xiàn)在分詞表主動，過去分詞表被動，發(fā)出base這個動作的施動者是人，所以應(yīng)該使用過去分詞-ed形式。

37.這里的主語是nations“國家”，所以economy在這里是“經(jīng)濟(jì)體制，經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況”的意思，是不可數(shù)名詞，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。

38.to在作介詞時，沒有表目的的意義，這里的to是與后面的動詞原形組合在一起組成不定式，所以encouraging應(yīng)該用動詞原形encourage。

39.lifeinsurance“人壽保險”這個名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，所以不能用howmany修飾，應(yīng)該把many改為much。

40.various是形容詞，可以直接修飾名詞，而of前面的詞一般都是名詞，所以這里應(yīng)該用variety。

3.單選題

Asthegreatlowebbofhightechsweepsthroughtheworldofonlinecommerce,twokindsofsitesareweatheringthestorm.Thefirstgroupisoftenreferredtoas“clicksandmortar”—onlineextensionsofstoreslikeWalmartorSears.Theytakeanexisting,traditionalbusinessandextenditintotheonlinearea.ThesecondgroupprovidesauniqueservicemadepossiblebytheInternet’sspecialcharacteristics.Jobsitesandonlineauctioneere-BayarebothgoodexamplesofthenewbreedofbusinessthattheInternetcontinuestofoster.

Cisoneofthelattergroup.It’sawebsitethatprovidesuserswithonlinestoreswheretheycansellshirts,mugs,andmousepadscustomizedwiththeirownlogosand/orslogans.Byitself,thisisafairlyusefulservice,andanexampleofhowtheInternethaschangedtheartofmarketingandcustomerservice.

C,however,isratherremarkableforanotherreason.Customersdon’tneedtoprintlargelotsofitems.Theydon’tneedtoworryaboutshippingthegoodstotheircustomers.Andtheydon’tneedtotalktoanotherhumanbeingtogettheirstore“built”inthefirstplace.Thesiteletsyouuploadanimageandchoosewhatsortofitemyou’dlikeittoappearon.Youcanthenchoosehowmuchtomarktheitemup—thedifferencebetweentheitem’sbasecostandyourmark-uppriceisyourprofit

Basepricesarehigh,butunderstandablewhenyouconsiderwhatdoesfortheinitialinvestment.An11ouncemugstartsat$10.99,Forthat,printsthemugonapiece-by-piecebasis,providestheorderingsoftware,handlesthemoney,packsit,andshipsitforyou.Themug’spurchaserpaysshippingandhandlingcosts;thestoreowner'seffortislimitedtouploadingtheoriginalimageforthemug,settingthecost,andwritingabriefdescriptionoftheitem.

Itseemstobecatchingon.“Moreandmorecompaniescometous,whowanttodosomekindofmerchandising,whowanttoofferarangeofproductstotheirusers,butdon’twantthehasslesassociatedwithit,”saysMaheeshJain,’sco-founderandvice-president.“That’swherewecomein—we’reoneofthefewcompaniesthatofferthiskindoffull-servicesolution.”

Butthemostexcitingaspectofisnotitsabilitytohelpmajorcorporationsoutsourceandcustomizetheirmerchandisingefforts.What’sremarkableaboutthesystemishowsimpleitistoopenastore.Anaverageindividualwithanideathatcouldsell50T-shirtsormugscan’tjustifyatraditionalmerchandisingeffort,butwith,userscaneasilybringideastofruitionwithverylittletimeandnofinancialrisk.Moreover,thequalityofthemerchandiseisgood;I’veorderedamugandashirtfrom,andbothwereshippedrelativelypromptly,andarrivedexactlyaspromised.

Cisanideathat’seasytogetexcitedabout.It’sasmall—buttangible—exampleofhowtheInternetcanchangethewaywelive.

6.Theexpression“weatheringthestorm”inthefirstsentencemeans.

7.Thefirstkindofsitediffersfromthesecondkindofsiteinthat.

8.WhichofthefollowingaboutCisNOTtrue?

9.WhatkindofcustomersneedCmostaccordingtoitsvice-president?

10.WhatisthemostoutstandingaboutCaccordingtotheauthor?

問題1選項

A.comingintobeing（形成，產(chǎn)生）

B.survivingacrisis

C.strugglinginthestorm

D.beingdominatedbyastormyhightechwave

問題2選項

A.thefirstkindsellscommoditieswhilethesecondoffersservice

B.thefirstkindextendsitemssoldbeyondthetraditionalcategories

C.thesecondkindisrisingwhilethefirstkindisdecliningintheworldofonlinecommerce

D.thesecondkindoffersuntraditionaljobstopeopleexperiencedillauctioning

問題3選項

A.Itscustomersarethosewhowanttosellthingsratherthanbuythings.

B.Italongwithsimilarsites,haschangedthetraditionalwayofmarketing.

C.Itkeepsitsprofittoaminimuminordertoattractonlinecustomers.

D.Itsusersdon’thavetotransacttheitemstobesoldface-to-facewiththeircustomers.

問題4選項

A.Thosewhosellagreatvarietyofitems.

B.Thosewhosellunconventionalcommodities.

C.Thosewhowanttoavoidthetroubleofnegotiatingwithclients.

D.Thosewhohaveproblemkeepingtheircommoditiesmoving.

問題5選項

A.Thehelpitoffersmajorcompaniesinmarketingtheircommodities.

B.Theconveniencesitgivestocompaniesinsellingtheircommodities.

C.Thehighqualityofthemerchandiseitofferstocustomers.

D.Thespeedandsecurityitoffersuserstoputtheirideasintopractice.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】6.詞匯推測題，定位到文章第一段第一句Asthegreatlowebbofhightechsweepsthroughtheworldofonlinecommerce,twokindsofsitesareweatheringthestorm，目標(biāo)詞前面半句的thegreatlowebbofhightechsweepsthrough“高科技的大低潮席卷而過”，后面的內(nèi)容是兩種網(wǎng)站中第一種公司的其中一個在蓬勃發(fā)展，所以這里weatheringthestorm是指這兩種科技網(wǎng)站度過危機(jī)所以答案選B選項“生存危機(jī)”。

A選項“形成”，定位到第一段第三句Theytakeanexisting,traditionalbusinessandextenditintotheonlinearea.（他們將現(xiàn)有的傳統(tǒng)業(yè)務(wù)擴(kuò)展到網(wǎng)絡(luò)領(lǐng)域），由此可知不是形成，某些是早就存在，這里屬于反向干擾；

C選項“在風(fēng)暴中掙扎”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有；

D選項“被暴風(fēng)驟雨般的高科技浪潮所主宰”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

7.判斷推理題，定位到第一段第二三四句Thefirstgroupisoftenreferredtoas“clicksandmortar”—onlineextensionsofstoreslikeWalmartorSears.Theytakeanexisting,traditionalbusinessandextenditintotheonlinearea.ThesecondgroupprovidesauniqueservicemadepossiblebytheInternet’sspecialcharacteristics.“第一種類型通常被稱為“點擊和實體店”——沃爾瑪或西爾斯(Sears)等商店的在線延伸。他們將現(xiàn)有的傳統(tǒng)業(yè)務(wù)擴(kuò)展到網(wǎng)絡(luò)領(lǐng)域。第二種類型提供獨特的服務(wù)，這是由于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的特點”，從這里可以看出第一類是把傳統(tǒng)門店拓展到網(wǎng)絡(luò)上，第二類是基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)來為客戶提供服務(wù)的，所以答案選B選項“第一類擴(kuò)展了傳統(tǒng)類別以外的銷售項目”正確；

A選項“第一種是賣商品，第二種是提供服務(wù)”，見正確選項，文中并沒有說第一類只提供商品第二類只提供服務(wù)，A選項錯誤，屬于無中生有；

C選項“在電子商務(wù)的世界里，第二類正在崛起，而第一類正在衰落”，定位到第一段第一句twokindsofsitesareweatheringthestorm.“有兩類網(wǎng)站正經(jīng)受住這場風(fēng)暴的考驗”，從這里可以看出，這兩類網(wǎng)站都在發(fā)展，都沒有衰落，這里屬于反向干擾；

D選項“第二種提供非傳統(tǒng)的工作給那些經(jīng)歷過糟糕拍賣的人”文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

8.事實細(xì)節(jié)題，C選項“為了吸引在線客戶，它將利潤保持在最低水平”，文章沒有提及，這里屬于無中生有，所以答案選C；

A選項“它的顧客是那些想賣東西而不是想買東西的人”，定位到第二段第二句話It’sawebsitethatprovidesuserswithonlinestoreswheretheycansellshirts,mugs,andmousepadscustomizedwiththeirownlogosand/orslogans.“這是一個為用戶提供在線商店的網(wǎng)站，在那里他們可以出售帶有自己的商標(biāo)和/或口號的襯衫、馬克杯和鼠標(biāo)墊”從這里可知選項A正確；

B選項“它和類似的網(wǎng)站一起改變了傳統(tǒng)的營銷方式”，定位到第二段第三句話Byitself,thisisafairlyusefulservice,andanexampleofhowtheInternethaschangedtheartofmarketingandcustomerservice.“就其本身而言，這是一項相當(dāng)有用的服務(wù)，也是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)如何改變營銷和客戶服務(wù)藝術(shù)的一個例子”從這里可知B選項正確；

D選項“它的用戶不需要與他們的客戶面對面地交易出售的物品”，定位到第三段第三句話Theydon’tneedtoworryaboutshippingthegoodstotheircustomers.“他們不需要擔(dān)心把貨物運送給他們的客戶”從這里可知D選項正確。

9.事實細(xì)節(jié)題，根據(jù)題干定位到第五段第二三句“Moreandmorecompaniescometous,whowanttodosomekindofmerchandising,whowanttoofferarangeofproductstotheirusers,butdon’twantthehasslesassociatedwithit,”saysMaheeshJain,’sco-founderandvice-president.“That’swherewecomein—we’reoneofthefewcompaniesthatofferthiskindoffull-servicesolution.”的聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人兼副總裁MaheeshJain表示：“越來越多的公司來找我們，他們想做某種商品推銷，想向用戶提供一系列產(chǎn)品，但不想為此帶來麻煩。這就是我們的切入點，我們是少數(shù)幾家提供這種全方位服務(wù)解決方案的公司之一?！睆倪@里可知答案選C“那些想要避免與客戶談判的麻煩的人”；

A選項“那些賣各種各樣商品的人”，見正確選項，選項中提到的是agreatvariety但是文章提到的some，這里屬于偷換概念；

B選項“那些出售非傳統(tǒng)商品的人”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有；

D選項“那些無法保持商品流通的人”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

10.事實細(xì)節(jié)題，定位到倒數(shù)第二段第二三句What’sremarkableaboutthesystemishowsimpleitistoopenastore.Anaverageindividualwithanideathatcouldsell50T-shirtsormugscan’tjustifyatraditionalmerchandisingeffort,butwith,userscaneasilybringideastofruitionwithverylittletimeandnofinancialrisk.“這個系統(tǒng)的非凡之處在于，開店非常簡單。一個普通人的想法可以賣出50件t恤或杯子，這并不能證明傳統(tǒng)的營銷努力是合理的，但有了，用戶可以在很少的時間和沒有財務(wù)風(fēng)險的情況下輕松實現(xiàn)想法”從這里可知答案選B選項“它給公司銷售商品帶來的便利”；

A選項“它為大公司營銷其商品提供的幫助”，定位到倒數(shù)第二段第一句話Butthemostexcitingaspectofisnotitsabilitytohelpmajorcorporationsoutsourceandcustomizetheirmerchandisingefforts.“但是，最令人興奮的方面并不是它能夠幫助大公司外包和定制他們的銷售工作”，從這里可知選項A錯誤，屬于反向干擾；

C選項“向顧客提供高質(zhì)量的商品”定位到倒數(shù)第二段第四句Moreover,thequalityofthemerchandiseisgood“此外，商品的質(zhì)量也很好”，文章雖然提到商品質(zhì)量好，但是這只是補充點，在方便開店的基礎(chǔ)上他們商品的質(zhì)量也很好，這里屬于出處錯誤；

D選項“它為用戶將他們的想法付諸實踐提供的速度和安全性”，見正確選項解析，文章雖然有和選項的同義替換句，即倒數(shù)第二段第三句，但是這只是為了解釋說明開店的簡單程度，所以不選，這里屬于偷換概念。

4.單選題

Internationalgovernments,inactionconcerningsustainabledevelopmentisclearlyworryingbuttheproactive(主動出擊的)approachesofsomeleading-edgecompaniesareencouraging.Toyota,Wal-Mart,DuPont,M&SandGeneralElectrichavemadetacklingenvironmentalwastesakeyeconomicdriver.

DuPontcommitteditselftoa65%reductioningreenhousegasemissionsinthe10yearspriorto2010.By2007,DuPontwassaving$2.2billionayearthroughenergyefficiency,thesameasitstotaldeclaredprofitsthatyear.GeneralElectricaimstoreducetheenergyintensityofitsoperationsby50%by2015.Theyhaveinvestedheavilyinprojectsdesignedtochangethewayofusingandconservingenergy.

CompanieslikeToyotaandWal-Martarenotcommittingtoenvironmentalgoalsoutofthegoodnessoftheirhearts.Thereasonfortheiractionsisasimpleyetpowerfulrealizationthattheenvironmentalandeconomicfootprintsfitwelltogether.WhenM&Slaunchedits“PlanA”sustainabilityprogrammerin2007,itwasbelievedthatitwouldcostover￡200millioninthefirstfiveyears.However,theinitiativehadgenerated￡105millionby2011/12.

Whenwepreventphysicalwaste,increaseenergyefficiencyorimproveresourceproductivity,wesavemoney,improveprofitabilityandenhancecompetitiveness.Infact,thereareoftenhuge“quickwin”opportunities,thankstoyearsofneglect.

However,thereisaconsiderablegapbetweenleading-edgecompaniesandtherestofthepack.Therearefartoomanycompaniesstilldelayingcreatingaleanandgreenbusinesssystem,arguingthatitwillcostmoneyorrequiresizablecapitalinvestments.Theyremainstuckinthe“environmentiscost”mentality.Beingenvironmentallyfriendlydoesnothavetocostmoney.Infact,goingbeyondcompliancesavescostatthesametimethatitgeneratescash,providedthatmanagementadoptsthenewleanandgreenmodel.

Leanmeansdoingmorewithless.Nonetheless,inmostcompanies,economicandenvironmentalcontinuousimprovementisviewedasbeinginconflictwitheachother.Thisisoneofthebiggestopportunitiesmissedacrossmostindustries.Thesizeoftheopportunityisenormous.The3%ReportrecentlypublishedbyWorldWildlifeFundandCDPshowsthattheeconomicprizeforcurbingcarbonemissionsintheUSeconomyis$780billionbetweennowand2020.Itsuggeststhatoneofthebiggestleversfordeliveringthisopportunityis“increasedefficiencythroughmanagementandbehavioralchange”—inotherwords,leanandgreenmanagement.

Some50studiesshowthatcompaniesthatcommittosuchaspirationalgoalsaszerowaste,zeroharmfulemissions,andzerouseofnon-renewableresourcesarefinanciallyoutperformingtheircompetitors.Conversely,itwasfoundthatclimatedisruptionisalreadycosting$1.2trillionannually,cuttingglobalGDPby1.6%.Unaddressed,thiswilldoubleby2030.

11.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutsomeleading-edgecompanies?

12.WhatmotivatesToyotaandWal-Marttomakecommitmentstoenvironmentalprotection?

13.Whyaresomanycompaniesreluctanttocreateanenvironment-friendlybusinesssystem?

14.Whatissaidabouttheleanandgreenmodelofbusiness?

15.Whatisthefindingofthestudiesaboutcompaniescommittedtoenvironmentalgoals?

問題1選項

A.Theyoperateinaccordancewithgovernmentpolicies.

B.Theytakeinitiativesinhandlingenvironmentalwastes.

C.Theyarekeydriversintheirnations’economicgrowth.

D.Theyaremajorcontributorstoenvironmentalproblems.

問題2選項

A.Thegoodnessoftheirhearts.

B.Astrongsenseofresponsibility.

C.Thedesiretogenerateprofits.

D.Pressurefromenvironmentalists.

問題3選項

A.Theyarebentonmakingquickmoney.

B.Theydonothavethecapitalfortheinvestment.

C.Theybelievebuildingsuchasystemistoocostly.

D.Theylacktheincentivetochangebusinesspractices.

問題4選項

A.Ithelpsbusinessestosaveandgainatthesametime.

B.Itisaffordableonlyforafewleading-edgecompanies.

C.Itislikelytostartanewroundofintensecompetition.

D.Itwilltakealongtimeforallcompaniestoembraceit.

問題5選項

A.Theyhavegreatlyenhancedtheirsenseofsocialresponsibility.

B.Theydomuchbetterthantheircounterpartsintermsofrevenues.

C.Theyhaveabandonedalltheoutdatedequipmentandtechnology.

D.Theymakegreatercontributionstohumanprogressthantheirrivals.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】11.事實細(xì)節(jié)題，第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第一段最后一句Toyota,Wal-Mart,DuPont,M&SandGeneralElectrichavemadetacklingenvironmentalwastesakeyeconomicdriver.（豐田（Toyota）、沃爾瑪（Wal-Mart）、杜邦（DuPont）、瑪莎百貨（M&S）和通用電氣（GeneralElectric）都把處理環(huán)境垃圾作為一項關(guān)鍵的經(jīng)濟(jì)驅(qū)動力。），由此可知B選項“他們在處理環(huán)境廢物方面采取行動”正確。

A選項“他們按照政府政策運作”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有；

C選項“他們是國家經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的主要驅(qū)動力”，見正確選項，是把垃圾處理作為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的推動因素，不是這些公司是該國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵推動力，所以C選項錯誤，這里屬于曲意理解；

D選項“他們是環(huán)境問題的主要貢獻(xiàn)者”，定位到第二段第二句By2007,DuPontwassaving$2.2billionayearthroughenergyefficiency,thesameasitstotaldeclaredprofitsthatyear.（到2007年，杜邦每年通過提高能源效率節(jié)省了22億美元，與當(dāng)年公布的利潤總額相同），從這里可知這些公司對經(jīng)濟(jì)的貢獻(xiàn)是對其自身來說的不是對其國家來說，這里屬于張冠李戴，所以不選。

12.事實細(xì)節(jié)題，第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第三段第一二句CompanieslikeToyotaandWal-Martarenotcommittingtoenvironmentalgoalsoutofthegoodnessoftheirhearts.Thereasonfortheiractionsisasimpleyetpowerfulrealizationthattheenvironmentalandeconomicfootprintsfitwelltogether.（豐田（Toyota）和沃爾瑪（Wal-Mart）等公司并非出于好心而致力于環(huán)保目標(biāo)。他們這樣做的原因很簡單，但也很有力地認(rèn)識到，環(huán)境足跡和經(jīng)濟(jì)足跡是相輔相成的），由此可知C選項“對利益的渴望”正確。

A選項“他們出于好心”，見正確選項解析，由這里可以看出A選項錯誤，屬于無中生有；

B選項“強(qiáng)烈的責(zé)任感”，文中沒有提及，屬于無中生有；

D選項“來自環(huán)保主義者的壓力”，文中沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

13.推理判斷題，第一步，尋找句內(nèi)線索，定位到第五段第三句Theyremainstuckinthe“environmentiscost”mentality.（他們?nèi)匀煌Ａ粼凇碍h(huán)境就是成本”的心態(tài)中），從這里可以推斷C選項正確“他們認(rèn)為建立這樣一個系統(tǒng)太昂貴了”。

A選項“他們一心想賺快錢”，定位到第四段最后一句Infact,thereareoftenhuge“quickwin”opportunities,thankstoyearsofneglect.這里的quickwin是指多年來很多公司對環(huán)境有疏忽，就導(dǎo)致那些先采用環(huán)保計劃的公司更能夠快速的獲得意想不到的收獲，這里不是公司不愿意采取行動的原因，屬于出處錯誤，不選；

B選項“他們沒有投資的資本”，定位到第六段第一二句話Leanmeansdoingmorewithless.Nonetheless,inmostcompanies,economicandenvironmentalcontinuousimprovementisviewedasbeinginconflictwitheachother.Thisisoneofthebiggestopportunitiesmissedacrossmostindustries.（精益意味著用更少的錢做更多的事。然而，在大多數(shù)公司中，經(jīng)濟(jì)和環(huán)境的持續(xù)改善被認(rèn)為是相互沖突的。這是大多數(shù)行業(yè)錯失的最大機(jī)遇之一。），從這里關(guān)鍵詞，mostindustries可知其實很多公司是承擔(dān)得起的，只是覺得會減少自己的利益，所以不愿意去做，所以B選項錯誤，這里屬于反向干擾；

D選項“他們?nèi)狈Ω淖兩虡I(yè)慣例的動機(jī)”，文章沒有提及，這里屬于無中生有，所以不選。

14.事實細(xì)節(jié)題，第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第五段最后一句話Infact,goingbeyondcompliancesavescostatthesametimethatitgeneratescash,providedthatmanagementadoptsthenewleanandgreenmodel.（事實上，如果管理層采用新的精益和綠色模式，超越合規(guī)可以在節(jié)約成本的同時產(chǎn)生現(xiàn)金），從這里可知答案選A選項“它幫助企業(yè)省錢，同時獲利”。

B選項“只有少數(shù)領(lǐng)先的公司才負(fù)擔(dān)得起”，定位到第六段第一二句話Leanmeansdoingmorewithless.Nonetheless,inmostcompanies,economicandenvironmentalcontinuousimprovementisviewedasbeinginconflictwitheachother.Thisisoneofthebiggestopportunitiesmissedacrossmostindustries.（精益意味著用更少的錢做更多的事。然而，在大多數(shù)公司中，經(jīng)濟(jì)和環(huán)境的持續(xù)改善被認(rèn)為是相互沖突的。這是大多數(shù)行業(yè)錯失的最大機(jī)遇之一。），從這里關(guān)鍵詞，mostindustries可知其實很多公司是承擔(dān)得起的，只是覺得會減少自己的利益，所以不愿意去做，所以B選項錯誤，這里屬于反向干擾；

C選項“這可能會引發(fā)新一輪激烈的競爭”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有；

D選項“所有公司都需要很長時間才能接受它”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

15.事實細(xì)節(jié)題，第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第七段第一句話Some50studiesshowthatcompaniesthatcommittosuchaspirationalgoalsaszerowaste,zeroharmfulemissions,andzerouseofnon-renewableresourcesarefinanciallyoutperformingtheircompetitors（大約50項研究表明，那些致力于實現(xiàn)零浪費、零有害排放、零使用不可再生資源等雄心勃勃的目標(biāo)的公司，在財務(wù)上勝過競爭對手），B選項“在收入方面，他們比同行做得更好”是該句的同義替換，所以答案選B。

A選項“他們的社會責(zé)任感大大增強(qiáng)了”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有；

C選項“他們已經(jīng)放棄了所有過時的設(shè)備和技術(shù)”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有；

D選項“他們比他們的對手對人類進(jìn)步做出更大的貢獻(xiàn)”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

5.單選題

Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalike.Progressinbothareaisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties,however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatitis,becausebuildingneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.Thefindingsofaresearchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradicalhigherproductivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.

Ironically,thefirstevidenceforthisideaappearedintheUnitedStates.Notlongago,withthecountryenteringarecessionandJapanatitspre-bubblepeak.TheU.S.workforcewasderidedaspoorlyeducatedandoneofprimarycauseofthepoorU.S.economicperformance.Japanwas,andremains,thegloballeaderinautomotive-assemblyproductivity.YettheresearchrevealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHonda,Nissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductivityoftheirJapanesecounterparts—aresultofthetrainingthatU.S.workersreceivedonthejob.

Morerecently,whileexaminehousingconstruction,theresearchersdiscoveredthatilliterate,non-English-speakingMexicanworkersinHouston,Texas,consistentlymetbest-practicelaborproductivitystandardsdespitethecomplexityofthebuildingindustry’swork.

Whatistherealrelationshipbetweeneducationandeconomicdevelopment?Wehavetosuspectthatcontinuingeconomicgrowthpromotesthedevelopmentofeducationevenwhengovernmentsdon’tforceit.Afterall,that’showeducationgotstarted.Whenourancestorswerehuntersandgatherers10,000yearsago,theydidn’thavetimetowondermuchaboutanythingbesidesfindingfood.Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywastheretimeforotherthings.

Aseducationimproved,humanity'sproductivitypotentialincreasedaswell.Whenthecompetitiveenvironmentpushedourancestorstoachievethatpotential,theycouldinturnaffordmoreeducation.Thisincreasinglyhighlevelofeducationisprobablyanecessary,butnotasufficient,conditionforthecomplexpoliticalsystemsrequiredbyadvancedeconomicperformance.Thuspoorcountriesmightnotbeabletoescapetheirpovertytrapswithoutpoliticalchangesthatmaybepossibleonlywithbroaderformaleducation.Alackofformaleducation,however,doesn’tconstraintheabilityofthedevelopingworld'sworkforcetosubstantiallyimproveproductivitytotheforestedfuture.Onthecontrary,constraintsonimprovingproductivityexplainwhyeducationisn’tdevelopingmorequicklytherethanitis.

1.Theauthorholdsinparagraph1thattheimportanceofeducationinpoorcountries______.

2.Itisstatedinparagraph1thatconstructionofaneweducationsystem_____.

3.AmajordifferencebetweentheJapaneseandU.S.workforcesisthat_____.

4.Theauthorquotestheexampleofourancestorstoshowthateducationemerged_____.

5.Accordingtothelastparagraph,developmentofeducation_____.

問題1選項

A.issubjectgroundlessdoubts

B.hasfallenvictimofbias

C.isconventionaldowngraded

D.hasbeenoverestimated

問題2選項

A.requiressufficient