國(guó)際商務(wù)合同復(fù)習(xí)資料10

國(guó)際商務(wù)合同復(fù)習(xí)資料2、如何降低外匯風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Howtoreducetheriskofforeignexchange?①thesellercanpayinthecurrencyofhisorherowncountryormorestableandrelativelystrongercurrency②Thebuyercanpayinweakorsoftcurrency③Paymentinaunitofaccount(suchasaspecialdrawingrightSDR)④Useofafactor⑤Useofforwardandoptionscontractsinaprocessknownashedging3.為什么保護(hù)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)很重要？P71-P72+后果Whytheprotectionofintellectualpropertyisveryimportant?Uniquedesigns,methods,names,andsymbolsconstituteindustrialandintellectualproperty.Theexclusiverightstosuchpropertyarevaluable.Forexample,anamecanservenotonlytodistinguishyourgoodsareservicesbutalsotoextendthebuyer’strusttoyourentireproductorserviceline.Ifanothertraderuseyournameorcopyyourdesignwithoutyourconsent,youmaylosenotonlysalesbutalsothevalueofyourreputation.Youmayevenloseyourexclusiverightstoyourname,work,ordesign.Sothecontractualprotectionofyourexclusiverightstoyourindustrialandintellectualpropertyisveryimportant.4、合同糾紛解決要擴(kuò)展(page113)ContractdisputeresolutionCommunication,waiver,modificationandnegotiation溝通、豁免、修改、談判Communicationbetweenyouandyourforeignbusinesspartnerisessentialtokeepingtherelationship.你們和你的外國(guó)商業(yè)伙伴之間的交流是保持關(guān)系是至重要原因的。Negotiation,followedbywrittenconfirmationofanywaiverormodifiedcontractterm,isthemosteffectivemeansofresolutionintermsofcostandtime談判,緊隨其后的書面確認(rèn)任何放棄或修改合同期內(nèi),最有效的手段是在成本和時(shí)間方面決議Mediation調(diào)解TheprocessofMediationisinessenceanegotiationthatisfacilitatedbyanobjectthirdperson.調(diào)解的過(guò)程,本質(zhì)上是一次借助于一個(gè)對(duì)象是第三人的談判Advantagesanddisadvantages:thefocusofmediationisonthefuturerelationshipoftheparties.優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn):調(diào)解的焦點(diǎn)是對(duì)未來(lái)雙方的關(guān)系。Thisprocessisinformal,relativelyeasyandfast,andlesscostlythanarbitrationortrial.這個(gè)過(guò)程被非正式的、相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單和快速,仲裁費(fèi)用少于或?qū)徟?。Procedures:thepartiestypicallychooseamediatororarereferredtomediationbyacourtbeforelitigationispursued.ArbitrationArbitrationisanadjudicatoryprocessthatisheldbeforeanobjectthirdpartywhorendersadecisionbasedontheadversarialpresentationsofthedisputingparties.仲裁是一個(gè)評(píng)判過(guò)程舉行前呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)第三方的對(duì)抗性的演講Theprocessofarbitrationiscontrolledbylaws,rules,andregulationsspecifictotheforumchosenforthearbitration.Thustheprocedureswillvarydependingontheforumselectedbytheparties仲裁的過(guò)程的控制是由法律、規(guī)則和特定規(guī)定。因此,程序?qū)⑷Q于法庭當(dāng)事人選擇LitigationLitigationiscostly,timeconsuming,andevenifultimatelyresolvedinyourfavorstilldoesnotaddressaprimaryconcern.Thecourtsofmanycountriesarebiasedinfavoroftheirownnationals,andforeignersrarely,ifever,obtainsatisfaction.Thebestadvicesistoavoidlitigationaltogether訴訟是昂貴的,耗時(shí)的,即使最終解決有利于你，但是訴訟仍然沒有解決當(dāng)事人主要關(guān)心的問題。很多國(guó)家的法院訴訟都有利于自己的公民而不利于國(guó)外公民，如果可以的話，,皆大歡喜的情況，最好的建議完全是為了避免訴訟5、如何使合同條款更加嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)？Howtotightenyourclauses?P8810選66、仲裁與訴訟的比較Advantagestoarbitration仲裁的優(yōu)勢(shì)ItislessexpensiveandfasterthanacourttrialThepartiestendtohavemorecontroloverthechoiceofthedecisionmakersManyoftherulesgoverningproceduresandadmissionofevidencearerelaxedinarbitrationproceedingsDisadvantagestoarbitration仲裁的不足Inmanycountries,arbitrationisunavailableorisjustbeingdevelopedTherelativelylowcostofarbitrationwhencomparedwithtrialproceedingsdoesnotmeanthatarbitrationischeapThearbitrationwillresolvepastdifferences,butoftenwillnotbuildacontinuingrelationshipLitigationtoAdvantages訴訟的優(yōu)勢(shì)Inmanycountries,thecourtsystemsarewell-developedandeffective,youmayjustgetaquickandfairtrialYoumayevenbeaawardedcostsandattorney’sfeesasthewinningpartyYoumayfindthatenforcementisfairlyeasyDisadvantagestolitigation訴訟的不足1、Litigationismoreexpensiveandslowerthanarbitration2、Thepartiestendtohavelesscontroloverthechoiceofthedecisionmaker3、ManyoftherulesgoverningproceduresandadmissionofevidencearestrictinLitigation7、買方的隱形成本P16——P19寫滿即可不用全部抄下TheBuyer’sHiddenCosts一、Internationalshipping→P16Customsclearance→Ifthesellerisnotresponsibleforclearinggoodsthroughcustoms,youwillbeInsurance→Youshouldconsiderobtainingagainsttheriskoflossofdamagetothegoodsintransport,particularlyifasubstantialamountofmoneyisinvolvedInterruptionofbusiness→Youshouldconsiderwhetheryouwillhaveanyinterruptioninyourownbusinesswhenthegoodsarrive,whetherfortraining,installation.Testing,maintenance,orotherwiseHospitalityCost→Whetheryouarebuyinggoodsorservices,youmayincurcostsforentertainingavisitingsellerThirdPartyExpensesLostsalesorproductionDelays→Ifsatisfactorygoodsdonotarriveorservicesareinadequate,youmayloseyourownsalesoryoumayhavetodelayyourownproductionTemporaryFacilities→Ifashipmentislate,youmayhavetoretainanemptystoragefacilityfortheimminentbutuncertainarrivalofthegoodsReplacementGoodsorServices→Adelayinperformancemayrequireyoutopayforreplacementgoodsforservices二、TheSeller’sHiddenCosts賣方的隱形成本ProductAdaptations→InternationalmarketsmayrequiremodificationofyourgoodsofservicetofollownationallawsorconsumerculturalpreferencesInternationalShipping→P18CustomsClearance→Dependingonthedealyouareabletomake,youmayberesponsibleforclearinggoodsthroughcustomsinyourowncountryandpossiblythroughcustomsinthecountryofimportationInsurance→Youshouldconsiderobtaininginsuranceagainsttheriskoflossordamagetothegoodsintransport,atleastuntilthegoodsaredeliveredtothebuyerThird-PartyExpensesTemporaryFacilitiesMitigationExpenses→Ifacontractforthesaleofgoodsfailscompletely,youwillhavetofindanewbuyer8、賣方如何保護(hù)自己的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)？sellersprotectionagainstinfringementP73小標(biāo)題下Thesellerhowtoprotecttheirintellectualproperty?（1）First,Maketheapplicationtoregister.Nevervoluntarilyallowsalesofyourgoodsinacountrywhereyouhavenotappliedtoregisteryourintellectualpropertywithagovernmentagency.(2)Yourcontractshouldspecifythatyouhaveregisteredorhaveapendingregistrationofthepropertyrightsinthebuyer’scountry.(3)AddanincentivefortheBuyer’shelpinstoppinginfringement.(4)Makealiquidateddamagesclause.(5)SellershouldknowtheBuyer’sbusinessbackgroundbeforemakingthesale.(6)Sellermustbecertaintofollowtheprogressofthebuyer’ssales.9、inwhatcircumstancesitisaninvalidcontract什么情形下的合同是無(wú)效合同Onepartyinducedconclusionofthecontractthoughfraudofduress,therebyharming